Assisting nonsoil specialists to identify soil types for land management: an approach using a soil identification key and toposequence models

Conventional soil survey information is often unclear except to specialists. An approach using soil toposequences and a soil identification key was used to aid the translation of soil survey information into a form suitable for a nonspecialist audience with a case study from Brunei. Soil Taxonomy was used to characterize the major soil types; however, to assist end users, a complementary special‐purpose soil classification system was developed in the form of a soil identification key using plain language terms in English that were also translated into Malay. Easily recognized soil features such as depth, colour and texture were used to categorize soils to match Soil Taxonomy classes. To complement the soil identification key, conceptual soil toposequence models presented the soil distribution patterns in a visual format that local land users understood. Legacy soil survey information along with a widespread distribution of 172 soil sites from 35 traverses in 16 study areas provided a dataset to develop and test soil toposequence models and the soil identification key which both proved reliable and robust. The approach demonstrated in Brunei could be applied to other countries and landscapes.     

Web geographic information system decision support system for irrigation water management: a review

This paper reviews literatures on Web geographic information system decision support system (Web GIS DSS), its development, and applications in irrigation water management. The purpose is to summarize and synthesize the most useful approach used in developing web applications for irrigation water management. It encompassed varieties of reports and publications for wider understanding of the topic. The review provides the concept, methodologies, and various uses of the applications. Critical analysis on the choice of structural framework and Graphical User Interface has been discussed. Among problems encountered during system development were: data management, security, user needs, etc. The use of Web GIS DSS is gaining more attention from Irrigation Engineers, System Developers, and Cartographers. Web GIS and especially the real-time capability can be of importance in solving many problems regarding irrigation water management. When system is well design, it can be safe, cheap, and maximize profit of any business. The future of development and application of web GIS applications were well discussed by presenting the latest technology in the systems development. There is need for standardization of some aspect of methodologies issues concerning information security and customization to ensure flexibility and viability. The web GIS is simply the future of many spatial transactions.     

Distribution of water-stable aggregates under soil tillage practices in a black soil hillslope cropland in Northeast China

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Soil aggregates are the basic units of soil structure. Water-stable aggregates (WSAs) are greatly influenced by tillage practices. The main objective of our study...     

Variability of soil physical quality and erodibility in a water-eroded cropland

Physical degradation of the soil increases its susceptibility to erosion by water action. However, relatively few studies have evaluated the opposite, i.e., the impact of water erosion on soil erodibility. This study was conducted in a corn field in Ohio. Some sites within the field have experienced water-induced soil erosion following heavy rainstorms. Physical characteristics of the soil were compared between eroded (ER) and un-eroded sites (UN). Compared with ER, the soil in UN had lower penetration resistance (4.87 vs. 4.53 MPa), bulk density (1.45 vs. 1.33 Mg m^?3), and sand content (17.4 vs. 14.2%), and higher shear strength (80.1 vs. 125.3 KPa), hydraulic conductivity (3.0 vs. 3.4 cm h^?1), intrinsic permeability (31.9 vs. 36.4 × 10^?10 cm²), and contents of soil organic carbon (36.1 vs. 32.1 g kg^?1), total nitrogen (3.3 vs. 3.1 g kg^?1), clay (25.2 vs. 24.2%), silt (60.5 vs. 58.4%), and very fine sand (3.4 vs. 1.1%). Also Munsell's variables differed between ER and UN (1.24 vs. 0.54 for hue, 4.59 vs. 4.35 for value, and 1.99 vs. 1.79 for chroma, respectively). The erodibility factor (K) was lower in UN than in ER (0.00327 vs. 0.00354 Mg ha h ha^?1 MJ^?1 mm^?1, respectively). Hence, it is suggested the ER sites within the corn field agroecosystem are more susceptible to accelerated erosion as compared with UN sites.     

黄河下游典型滩区土壤重金属污染特征及来源解析

针对黄河滩区土壤重金属污染、来源复杂的问题，该研究以原阳滩区复合污染土壤为例，结合土壤重金属含量空间分布和正定矩阵因子分解（positive matrix factorization, PMF）模型，探讨滩区土壤重金属富集特征及来源。源解析结果表明，原阳滩区土壤重金属污染受工业源、交通源、自然来源、燃煤污染源和农业源影响，农业源占主导，相对贡献率达23.5%，其次为工业源、自然来源、交通源、和燃煤污染源。该研究能够准确解析多金属复合土壤复杂成因，可为黄河滩区多金属复合污染土壤的污染源识别提供参考。     

Characterizing soil surface roughness using a combined structural and spectral approach

The ability to quantitatively and spatially assess soil surface roughness is important in geomorphology and land degradation studies. This paper describes the results of an experiment designed to investigate whether hyperspectral directional reflectance factors can describe fine‐scale variations in soil surface roughness. A Canadian silt loam soil was sieved to an aggregate size range of 1–4.75 mm and exposed to five different artificial rainfall durations to produce soils displaying progressively decreasing levels of surface roughness. Each soil state was measured using a point laser profiling instrument at 2 mm spatial resolution, in order to provide information on the structure and spatial arrangement of soil particles. Hyperspectral directional reflectance factors were measured using an Analytical Spectral Devices FieldSpec Pro Spectroradiometer (range 350–2500 nm), at a range of measurement angles (θ_r=?60° to +60°) and illumination angle conditions (θ_i= 28°–74°). Directional reflectance factors varied with illumination and view angles, and with soil structure. Geostatistically‐derived indicators of soil surface roughness (sill variance) were regressed with directional reflectance factors. The results showed a strong relationship between directional reflectance and surface roughness (R²= 0.94 where θ_r=?60°, θ_i= 67°–74°). This fine‐scale quasi‐natural experiment allowed the control of slope, initial aggregate size and rainfall exposure, permitting an investigation into factors affecting a soil’s bidirectional reflectance response. This has highlighted the relationship between fine‐scale variations in surface roughness, illumination angle and reflectance response. The results show how the technique could provide a quantitative measure of surface roughness at fine spatial scales.     

东北黑土典型坡耕地土壤呼吸特征的研究

本研究以东北黑土典型坡耕地为研究对象,利用LI-8100土壤呼吸测量仪对玉米全生育期土壤呼吸进行了原位监测,分析了坡耕地不同部位(坡顶、坡肩、坡背、坡趾)土壤呼吸速率变化规律、土壤呼吸总量、土壤呼吸速率与土壤水热因子之间的关系。结果表明:该地区土壤呼吸速率呈现"春秋季低夏季高"的季节性变化规律,坡趾位置土壤呼吸峰值显著高于坡顶、坡肩、坡背位置(P0.05)。不同部位土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度呈现显著线性关系(P0.05),与土壤含水量相关性不显著(P0.05)。土壤呼吸总量以坡趾位置最高[523.97 g(CO_2-C)×m~(-2)],显著高于坡背[443.13 g(CO_2-C)×m~(-2)]、坡肩[426.81 g(CO_2-C)·m~(-2)]、坡顶[388.5g(CO_2-C)·m~(-2)]3个位置18.5%、22.8%和34.9%(P0.05)。说明黑土坡耕地不同位置土壤呼吸存在显著差异,准确评价黑土坡耕地土壤呼吸需要综合考虑坡耕地不同坡位的差异,减少引用平地监测结果来评估坡耕地土壤呼吸量所造成的偏差。     

免耕与秸秆还田对中国农田土壤有机碳贮量变化的影响

农田碳汇管理措施的增汇效应是全球变化研究内容的重要命题之一.本文基于土地动态模拟系统(DLS)模拟了2012与2020年全国栅格尺度的农田分布,同时利用基于遥感反演的1988、2000年农田分布数据,应用CENTURY模型模拟了实施免耕、秸秆还田措施下中国1988～2020年农田土壤有机碳贮量的时空变化特征,分析了1988～2000年、2000～2012年与2012～2020年3个时段中国农田土壤有机碳贮量变化情况,揭示了九大农业生态区农田土壤有机碳贮量变化的时空分异特征.在不实施农田碳汇管理措施的情况下,1988～2000年全国大部分地区的农田土壤有机碳呈增长态势;而2000～2012年的全国农田土壤有机碳贮量出现一定幅度的下降.2012～2020年间,虽然全国范围内的土壤有机碳贮量表现为下降趋势,但下降幅度较2000～2012年间显著减少.研究结果表明,实施秸秆还田与免耕措施能够有效促进农田土壤有机碳贮量的增加,同时这两种管理措施的增汇效应具有显著的空间分异特征,黄淮海区、长江中下游区、华南区和西南区的增汇效果相对明显.上述研究结论为制订和实施农田增汇措施、减缓气候变化影响并保障农业发展的相关政策提供决策参考信息.     

南方典型镉污染稻田土壤有效态镉预测模型研究

为了更好地指导重金属镉污染稻田实施土壤修复、管控土壤镉毒害风险,以我国南方典型镉污染稻田为研究对象,基于316个监测点位的土壤镉及理化性质指标测定,分析土壤有效态镉含量与土壤理化因子间的相互关系,并通过逐步多元回归方程,建立稻田土壤有效态镉的预测模型。结果表明,土壤总镉、有效锌、有效硫、有效磷及有效铜是影响南方稻田土壤有效态镉含量的主要因素。通过区域调研,借助逐步回归分析得到南方稻田土壤有效态镉含量的预测模型方程:Cdext=-0.006+0.371(Cdtot)+0.014(A-Zn)+0.001(A-S)-0.001(A-P)+     

Accumulation properties of cadmium in a selected vegetable-rotation system of southeastern China

A rotation experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with three vegetable crops on red yellowish soil (RYS) and silt loamy soil (SLS) to study Cd accumulation in pak choi ( Brassica chinensis L.), tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum), and radish ( Raphanus sativus L.). Critical Cd concentrations in the two soils were evaluated for these vegetables based on human dietary toxicity. Cadmium was added as Cd(NO 3) 2 at a rate of 0-7.00 mg Cd kg (-1) soil. Shoot growth was not inhibited by Cd except for radish grown on RYS. A small amount of Cd stimulated growth of the vegetables. Cadmium concentration in edible parts of the vegetables generally increased with Cd concentration in soils but was higher in RYS than SLS. The distribution of Cd in pak choi and tomato decreased in the order root > shoot > fruit, but the order was shoot > root for radish. When Cd content in the edible parts reached maximum contaminant levels for safety food standards, the soil total Cd concentrations were 0.327 and 0.120 mg kg (-1) in RYS and 0.456 and 0.368 mg kg (-1) in SLS for pak choi stem and radish, respectively, whereas ammonium acetate-extractable Cd was 0.066 and 0.089 mg kg (-1) in RYS and 0.116 and 0.092 mg kg (-1) in SLS for pak choi leaf and tomato, respectively, based on food safety standards.     

基于多元统计学和地统计学的土壤重金属源解析

The main objectives of this study were to introduce an integrated method for effectively identifying soil heavy metal pollution sources and apportioning their contributions, and apply it to a case study. The method combines the principal component analysis/absolute principal component scores (PCA/APCS) receptor model and geostatistics. The case study was conducted in an area of 31 km² in the urban-rural transition zone of Wuhan, a metropolis of central China. 124 topsoil samples were collected for measuring the concentrations of eight heavy metal elements (Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni and Co). PCA results revealed that three major factors were responsible for soil heavy metal pollution, which were initially identified as “steel production”, “agronomic input” and “coal consumption”. The APCS technique, combined with multiple linear regression analysis, was then applied for source apportionment. Steel production appeared to be the main source for Ni, Co, Cd, Zn and Mn, agronomic input for Cu, and coal consumption for Pb and Cr. Geostatistical interpolation using ordinary kriging was finally used to map the spatial distributions of the contributions of pollution sources and further confirm the result interpretations. The introduced method appears to be an effective tool in soil pollution source apportionment and identification, and might provide valuable reference information for pollution control and environmental management.     

Effect of soil application of cadmium contaminated lime on soil cadmium distribution and cadmium concentration in strawberry leaves and fruit

Heavy metal environmental pollution which occurs as a result of lime contaminated with cadmium (Cd) poses a potential health hazard. This investigation was undertaken to study uptake of Cd by strawberry plants grown in soil amended with three different sources and two different rates of industry waste lime containing 3.4, 14.3, and 60.0 mg Cd/kg, respectively. The effects of Cd applied to the soil were investigated, including its distribution in the soil and effect on Cd concentration in strawberry cv. Senga Sengana (Fragaria anassa) leaves and fruit in response to soil organic matter content and lime rates. Cadmium accumulated mainly in the plough layer, increasing from 0.170 mg Cd/kg (background level) to a maximum of 1.2 mg Cd/kg. Fruit had very high, hazardous Cd concentrations regardless of its content in the soil. This indicates that Cd was easily taken up by strawberry plants and accumulated in upper plant parts, including the fruit. Soil Cd content had no effect on concentration of this element in strawberry fruit. However, plant Cd uptake and fruit concentration was increased in acid soils even when soil Cd concentration was low.     

Dynamics of soil microbial biomass C and soil fertility in cropland mulched with plastic film in a semiarid agro-ecosystem

Microbial biomass C (MBC) is one of the soil properties used as an indicator for the fertility status of a soil. A study was conducted on a semi-arid Loess Plateau in China. The field was planted with spring wheat and mulched with plastic film for various lengths of time. Our primary objectives were to (i) explore the influence of film mulching on soil MBC and soil fertility, and (ii) seek an effective approach of maintaining and improving sustainability of cropland mulched with plastic film in two growing seasons. Four treatments were tested, non-mulching (M0), mulching for 30 days after sowing (M30), mulching for 60 DAS (M60) and mulching for the whole growing period (Mw). An increasing air temperature with time within the growing season promoted soil MBC in the two growing seasons, but a severe drought led to a lower MBC in 2000 compared with the wet year of 1999. Film mulching promoted MBC significantly in the 2 years, but decreased soil organic carbon (SOC). SOC is very low in the experimental soil, accounting for the higher MBC/SOC ratio compared with ratios reported by others. The SOC is greatly reduced in the non-mulched and the Mw treatments compared to the M30 and M60 treatments. In conclusion, the benefits of film mulching in semi-arid agricultural systems are enormous but realizing their full potential depends on how long the mulching material is maintained during the growing season. In the system tested, it is desirable to mulch the plots for 30-60 DAS in order to enhance microbial biomass and cycling of nutrients and also to provide a more stable soil micro-environment that generates more residues in the rhizosphere.     

镉-乙草胺胁迫对蚯蚓-土壤-玉米系统的影响

重金属与农药复合型污染成为重要的环境问题之一,然而当前关于两者共同作用对蚯蚓-土壤-植物系统的影响研究还很少。为了探讨镉-乙草胺复合污染对蚯蚓-土壤-玉米农田系统的生态毒理效应和生态过程的影响,本研究通过室内模拟试验,从镉-乙草胺复合胁迫下蚯蚓生理响应、土壤理化性质及玉米形态特征等变化,探讨两者复合污染对玉米生长的影响机制。结果表明:1)随着处理时间的延长,镉-乙草胺复合胁迫下蚯蚓体内SOD活性呈先降低再升高的趋势,而MDA含量呈先升高后降低的趋势;复合胁迫处理第2d和50d时, 20～30 cm土层的蚯蚓数量占所有土层蚯蚓总量百分比比对照分别增加1.34倍和1.14倍,蚯蚓对镉-乙草胺复合污染作出规避效应而向深层土壤迁移。2)镉-乙草胺复合胁迫下土壤有机质和速效磷含量与处理时间、处理方式、污染物无关,随着处理时间的延长,土壤碱解氮含量呈先显著降低后升高的趋势。3)处理第50d,30 mg·kg~(-1)镉、200 mg·kg~(-1)乙草胺及30 mg·kg~(-1)镉+200 mg·kg~(-1)乙草胺处理组玉米根数均显著低于对照,抑制率分别为23.21%、42.86%和50.00%,玉米生物量与株高呈相同趋势,即30mg·kg~(-1)镉处理200mg·kg~(-1)乙草胺处理30 mg·kg~(-1)镉+200 mg·kg~(-1)乙草胺处理。相关分析表明,两种污染物除对蚯蚓SOD活性产生拮抗效应外,对蚯蚓MDA、土壤养分与玉米生长指标均不存在交互作用。本研究得出镉-乙草胺复合污染促进蚯蚓向下迁移影响其垂直分布,并且可以通过改变土壤营养元素含量最终抑制玉米的生长。     

长期施肥对华北农田褐土团聚体微结构与稳定性的影响

为定量分析不同施肥措施对华北农田褐土微观结构及稳定性的影响,该研究依托长期定位施肥试验,集成同步辐射显微CT（SR-μCT）与图像处理技术对不施肥（CK）、氮磷钾肥（NPK）和有机、无机配施（OF）三种处理土壤团聚体微结构及其稳定性进行定量分析,结果表明：经过26 a不同施肥处理,研究区土壤孔隙微结构与稳定性产生了实质性变化,其中长期OF处理土壤孔隙度、大孔隙率、狭长孔隙率、平均孔隙直径、平均弯曲度、孔喉平均表面积及平均质量直径等指标较CK处理分别提升了23.84%、145.71%、21.43%、37.16%、21.3%、51.12%和59.26%,表明长期OF处理显著改善了研究区土壤微结构,提升了团聚体稳定性。长期NPK处理与CK处理土壤团聚体在微结构特征与稳定性方面相似,但大孔隙（等效直径≥500 μm）率均显著低于OF处理（P<0.05）。研究结果可为农业土壤质量评价与保护提供支撑。     

基于UNMIX模型的安徽大矾山废弃矿区土壤重金属源解析

为了摸清安徽庐江废弃矿区土壤重金属含量及其来源情况,该研究通过区域网格布点划分,以大矾山为中心向周围扩散,最终确定50个典型特征点位,分析测定土壤重金属元素砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)、锰(Mn)、镍(Ni)含量,应用UNMIX模型进行土壤重金属源解析,并结合ArcGIS地统计模块中的普通克里金插值法分析土壤重金...     

化肥减量配施有机肥对盐碱地土壤性状及镉形态的影响

盐碱地盐分含量高,会对植物生长起抑制作用或直接造成危害,盐碱地的安全利用对保障粮食安全具有重大意义。为探讨化肥减量配施不同有机肥对盐碱地土壤性状及镉形态的影响变化特征,试验在化肥施用减量20%的基础上,设厩肥30000 kg/hm²(AM)、生物有机肥600 kg/hm²(BF)、厩肥30000 kg/hm²+生物有机肥600 kg/hm²(AM+BF)及化肥正常施用量(CK)4种施肥处理,研究不同有机肥配施对土壤性状、镉含量及形态的影响。结果表明:2020年,处理BF较CK土壤镉含量显著降低了16.99%;2021年,处理BF和AM与CK相比,土壤镉含量分别降低了14.06%和10.16%,且差异显著。2020年,与CK相比,处理BF、AM和AM+BF土壤有效态镉含量分别显著降低了67.44%、34.88%和60.47%;2021年,处理BF、AM和AM+BF与CK相比,有效态镉含量分别降低了66.67%、27.27%和51.52%,且差异显著。与CK相比,有机肥配施对土壤中镉形态的分配比例有明显影响,交换态镉降低19.34%～75.69%、有机结合态镉提高45.78%～135.22%、土壤pH提高1.06%～5.81%;阳离子交换量提高5.29%～29.11%、有机质含量提高4.35%～30.14%、土壤容重降低0.76%～9.09%、过氧化氢酶活性提高7.84%～56.02%、脲酶活性提高14.67%～29.07%、碱性磷酸酶活性提高16.54%～40.09%、微生物量碳提高8.02%～25.09%、微生物量氮提高12.28%～33.12%。综上,在盐碱土壤条件下,配施有机肥可改善土壤理化性状、生物学特性,促进土壤交换态镉向有机结合态镉的转化,达到降低土壤有效态镉的目的。     

Effects of cropland abandonment and afforestation on soil redistribution in a small Mediterranean mountain catchment

In slopes of Mediterranean mid-mountain areas, land use and land cover changes linked to the abandonment of cropland activity affect soil quality and degradation and soil redistribution; however, limited attention has been paid to this issue at catchment scale. This paper evaluates the effects of cropland abandonment and post-land abandonment management (through natural revegetation and afforestation) on soil redistribution rates using fallout ¹³⁷Cs measurements in the Araguás catchment (0.45 km², Central Spanish Pyrenees). A total of 52 soil core samples, distributed in a regular grid, from the first 30–40 cm and 9 sectioned reference samples were collected across the catchment and soil properties were analysed. Fallout ¹³⁷Cs was measured in a 5 cm sectioned references samples and in bulk grid samples. ¹³⁷Cs inventories were used to estimate soil erosion and deposition rates across the catchment. Results show that the highest erosion rates were recorded under sparsely vegetated sites in the badland area, while the lowest rates were found in the afforested area, but no significant differences were observed between the different uses and covers in soil redistribution rates likely due to a long history of human intervention through cultivation in steep slopes and afforestation practices. However, the recovery of the soil organic matter in afforested areas suggest that afforestation can reduce soil degradation at long-term scale. The information gained achieve a better understanding of soil redistribution dynamics and provide knowledge for effective land management after cropland abandonment of agroecosystems in Mediterranean mountain areas.