简评《中国积雪和雪灾防治》

《中国积雪与雪灾防治》一书于2013年8月由中国环境出版社正式出版发行。该书由长期从事积雪研究的胡汝骥研究员主编,以丰富的第一手资料,全面系统地分析了中国积雪和雪灾防治。地球系统是由各圈层之间相互作用相互联系的非线性多重耦合系统。作为地球表层系统则是直接与人类生存和发展相关联的部分,是由岩石圈、大气圈、水圈、冰冻圈、生物圈和人类社会组成     

简评《中国积雪和雪灾防治》北大核心CSCD

《中国积雪与雪灾防治》一书于2013年8月由中国环境出版社正式出版发行。该书由长期从事积雪研究的胡汝骥研究员主编,以丰富的第一手资料,全面系统地分析了中国积雪和雪灾防治。地球系统是由各圈层之间相互作用相互联系的非线性多重耦合系统。作为地球表层系统则是直接与人类生存和发展相关联的部分,是由岩石圈、大气圈、水圈、冰冻圈、     

生物圈变化的总势趋

在世界人口不断增长的同时,必须满足人们对粮食和其它动植物原料的需要。因而需要人类在自然科学和生存科学方面,特别是与提高生物产量有关的土壤和生态系统方面,有一个大的发展。世界各国都必须在基础科学方面、发展经济方面和保护住居环境,即保护生物圈方面,走在人口发展的前头。人类及其社会通过经济活动参予生物圈和地球的物质循环。近期以来(从历史的观点),特别是近50年中,人类以其经济活动和机器,在巨大范围内强力地影响着生物圈的某些成分和它的动态。人类对自然界作用的基本特点,是获取眼前最大的个人利益,有时不按科学办事,酿成不良后果。     

生物农药的发展现状与管理对策

随着国际市场和国内消费者对农副产品的品质和质量要求的提高 ,人们对应用有毒化学品造成农副产品污染所导致的直接或间接的危险和潜在的危害越来越重视。同时 ,由于地球人口不断增加 ,而可耕地面积不断减少 ,粮食问题仍是２１世纪的突出问题。只有不断提高农作物产量 ,减少农作物损失 ,才能满足人类的需要。要实现人类可持续生存发展 ,又要保证人类生活的质量提高 ,作为人类生存和发展不可缺少的救灾物资的农药 ,其生产和应用领域必然产生某些变化 ,高效、安全、经济、使用方便是农药追求的目标和发展方向 ,符合健康、环保、持续发展概念的…     

《新疆气候变化及短期气候预测研究》出版

全球气候变化是当前世界面临的一个很重要的问题 ,它不仅仅是科学问题 ,环境问题 ,而且是经济问题 ,政治问题 ,涉及到人类的生存与发展。其研究对象是气候系统及其各子系统内部之间的相互作用。它的目标是描述和理解人类赖以生存的气候系统运行的机制 ,变化规律以及人类活动在其中的作用和影响。近 2 0年来 ,全球气候变化的研究发展到与人类社会可持续发展密切相关的生存环境和人类活动对环境变化的影响 ,以及人类如何适应和减缓环境的变化方向。IPCC第三次评估报告 (2 0 0 1年 )认为 ,过去 5 0年全球范围的增暖主要是人类活动造成的。张…     

用流域系统的观点看待荒漠化及其治理

荒漠化严重影响人类的生产和发展,是现今地球上最为严重的生态灾难之一,已 对人类的生存造成了很大的威胁;其成因类型多、分布范围广、涉及领域多,具有显著的地域 性、差异性和多学科性以及发育上的相似性。国内外对荒漠化的发生和发展及其许多相关方 面已进行了大量卓有成效的研究,但到目前为止,还很少有人从流域系统的观点来看待荒漠化 的发生和发展,本文尝试作这方面的努力,以作抛砖引玉之功效。     

从持续农业看植保事业

从持续农业看植保事业李家荣（云南省植保站昆明６５００３４）当今世界面临人口、资源、环境、生态、食物重大问题。走可持续发展之路，是人类共同呼唤和必然选择。可持续发展农业。是人类和自然界可持续生存和发展的良性循环农业，是现阶段公认较理想的农业。发展高产优...     

甘肃中部区域生态系统分析与生态经济建设途径

一、区域生态系统思想理论生态学的产生,系统工程科学的出现,生态系统的引入,对于我们考察自然环境以方法论的指导。人类社会发展到今天,对环境的影响已到了无孔不入的地步。地球上任何区域都或多或少打上了人类活动的烙印。人类通过对物质与能量的迁移转化、信息的传递加入人的因素,改变了原始自然环境的组成与结构,改变了功能特征。环境是人类生存的环境,而     

人类环境资源的劣化及其防治对策--以中国新疆维吾尔自治区为例

人类周围客观存在并作用人类生存的所有自然与社会物质和的总和称为环境资源。人类不科学的生存、生产活动直接或间接造成的环境资源结构、功能和质量的破坏和污染现象称为环境资源劣化。自１９７７年世界荒漠化会议召开以来世界各国共识人类生存环境资源劣化已成为全球的环境资源问题。新中国成立５０年来在新疆大规模的水土开发和工业区建设,促进了新疆社会经济的很大进步,在荒漠区产巩固了大面积的绿洲使荒漠环境得到了改善和优     

未来除草剂的研究与开发

一、前言人类现已超过40亿,而且人口增长的倾向越来越明显,确保人类生存的粮食就成为一个极大的问题。目前,世界上提供栽培植物生存的农田已超过15亿公顷,它为人类永久生存下去提供了保证。农田的环境遭到破坏,就直接威胁人类的生存,这个环境的破坏者就是栽培植物的病害、虫害,而危害最大的就是农田中的杂草。自古以来都认为“所谓农业就是与农田中的杂草作斗争”,人类自开始有农业那天起一直到今天,始终和杂草进行斗争,在农业的     

实施植保创新工程促进服务体系建设

临汾市植保社会化服务体系建设，自１９９８年以来，坚持改革创新，以促进农村经济发展，服务产业结构调整为己任，不断探索市场农业形势下植保社会化服务的新路子，初步建立健全了一支由村、镇（乡）、县三级组成的具有较高素质和较高效率的植保社会化服务体系，强化了科技服务工作，促进了当地的经济发展，实现了农作物病虫防治效果、经济效益和社会效益的同步提高，显示出旺盛的生命活力。１组织创新在计划经济体制下，植保技术的推广主要依靠市、县、乡农业技术推广机构，人员组成比较单一，力量薄弱，效率较低。面对新形势，植保工作急…     

New Tendencies in Plant Protection

Concern about pesticide residues and the unprofitability of classical treatments through secondary complications has led to a new approach to plant protection problems. Applications must be based on the assessment of their necessity and full account must be taken of the advantages offered by various possibilities of biological control (introduction of parasites or predators, their mass-breeding, genetical control, use of attractants) and other procedures (breeding for resistance, cultural measures). Close co-operation between the various sectors of research involved is recommended.     

Plant Protection with and without Risks

Conventional plant protection procedures and integrated control are being compared in the light of their profitability. Control measures must be based on the density of pest populations. The fluctuations concerned can be usefully reproduced by means of a mathematic pendulum oscillating over a logarithmical scale of the densities. The model shows that better crop yields can be obtained through a reduced application of chemicals. Moreover, the expenditure incurred in integrated control is less and risks of failure are also lower.     

XXVl International Symposium on Crop Protection

Abstract

The millet head worm, the larval stage of the Noctuidae moth Raghuva albipunctella has become the most serious pest of millet in the Sudan. The adults emerge seven weeks after the first effective rainstorm of over 30 mm, which coincides with the heading of most millet varieties. The female lays eggs on newly emerged millet heads. Larvae enter the head and mine within the head, eating the bases of the flowers pushing up the severed florets in a characteristic spiral trace. Long‐maturing varieties and delayed planting are both effective in reducing the incidence of infestation but are impractical in the environmental conditions in Western Sudan. Varietal tolerance has been identified and should be used as one aspect of control. Synthetic pyrethroids reduce incidence but do not significantly increase yield. The use of triple superphosphate fertilizer increases yield and reduces the incidence of the head worm by reducing the time interval from planting to heading and resulting in the emergence of the main heads prior to the emergence of the pest.     

Research on Plant Protection in Indonesia

Abstract

A protocol for biological control of weeds is described. It consists of preintroductory studies on the distribution and ecology of the weed, the discovery of organisms adapted to it, the estimation of their effectiveness, the selection of the most damaging strain and the examination of their safety as biological control agents and post-introductory studies to obtain establishment of non-infected stocks and to observe their effect on the weed populations.

Recent biological control studies on weeds are shown to support the proposals and the biological basis underlying the proposals is discussed. It is shown that where these have been ignored biological control has not been successful whereas when the protocol has been fully applied the weed has been successfully controlled.     

全国植保工程通过论证

20 0 0年 5月 1 6～ 1 9日 ,受国家计委委托 ,中国国际工程咨询公司在京召开了《全国植物保护工程建设规划》专家组评估会。这个“规划”是农业部为建立起适应现代化农业要求的全国植物保护防灾减灾体系 ,提出的 2 0 0 0～ 2 0 0 5年全国植物保护基础设施建设规划。它是在 1 998年 ,全国农业技术推广服务中心邀请国内著名昆虫学家、植物病理学家和生态学家对“规划”进行初步论证的基础上 ,经过了 2ａ初步实施 ,最近 ,针对我国农业生产发展过程中出现的新情况、新形势 ,进一步完善、充实的一个更科学的建设方案。专家一致认为 ,该“规划”思…     

The Plant Protection Service in the Netherlands

A survey is given of the history, the tasks and the organization of the Plant Protection Service in the Netherlands. Its activities encompass two major fields, concerning phytosanitary and phytopharmaceutical aspects. In the phytosanitary field, a distinction can be made between long-term and short-term phytosanitary policy, depending on whether one has to deal with existing and established pests or diseases, or with a suddenly arising plant health problem. Two examples are given as illustrations, viz. the approach followed in designing new regulations for controlling potato root eelworm, and the campaign against the recent outbreak of fireblight. A further outline is given on the activities of the Plant Protection Service in the pesticides field, on the responsibilities of the different Ministries concerned, and on the basic elements of pesticides legislation. The restrictions imposed on the use of persistent organochlorine insecticides and organomercury fungicides are summarized. Finally, it is emphasized that the problems of plant protection are becoming increasingly complex as a result of a developing antagonism between phytosanitary and phytopharmaceutical requirements, and of a potential antagonism between these two on the one hand and environmental demands on the other. This situation calls for an integrated approach in plant protection matters, and for an intensified international collaboration.