Soil in Suitability Evaluation for Irrigated Lowland Rice Culture in Southwestern Nigeria: Management Implications for Sustainability

Rice grows in all agro‐ecological zones in Nigeria and it is largely grown by small‐scale farmers. An investigation was conducted to assess the representative pedons used for rice cultivation in the southwestern part of Nigeria. The aims were to assess how suitable these lands are for rice cultivation and what constraints to continuous and sustained rice production occurs on these soils. Data (climate, soil, water, etc.) were collected from rain‐forest agro‐ecological zones (AEZ) in which these pedons are located. After laboratory analyses, the land qualities/characteristics (LQ/LC) of these pedons were compared with the land‐use requirements (LUR) for cultivating lowland rice using two methods of evaluation (conventional/FAO approach and the parametric method). Results showed that the two methods rated the aggregate suitability of these pedons for rice between marginal (S3) and unsuitable (N1). Major constraints identified in these pedons are poor soil texture, which translates to poor water management coupled with suboptimal nutrient contents [i.e., available phosphorus (P), exchangeable potassium (K), and cation exchange capacity (CEC)], which may predispose rice plants to excessive iron (Fe²⁺) uptake (or bronzing or yellowing symptoms). Grain yields (GYs) collected from the farmers' field (1994 and 1995 cropping seasons) showed that in the current state of two of the soil series (Apomu and Matako), the GY of the two rice cultivars ranged between 0.61 and 2.13 t/ha and declines progressively across years in the two cropping seasons. The result suggests that in spite of good climate for irrigated lowland rice cultivation in SW Nigeria and indeed all Nigeria, special attention must be paid to the soils on which this crop is grown in terms of the soil texture, appropriate water management, and optimum contents of soil nutrients, especially available P, exchangeable K, and CEC. Thus for a sustained and continuous rice production on these soils, it is important that nutrient contents of the soil be augmented with fertilizer (organic and inorganic) coupled with appropriate water management.     

喀斯特山区生态恢复中土壤剖面无机磷形态分布特征及其影响因素

[目的]研究贵州喀斯特高原峡谷生态恢复过程中土壤剖面无机磷的形态分布特征,为喀斯特山区生态恢复过程土壤磷素的研究及科学管理提供科学依据。[方法]选取贵州省晴隆县莲城镇内4种代表性样地(耕地、退耕还草地、荒草地和林草间作地)为对象,研究土壤无机磷形态特征及影响因素。[结果] 4种代表性样地土壤全磷和速效磷含量分别在1.96～3.88 g/kg,1.16～11.25 mg/kg范围。无机磷总量在591.39～1 024.79 mg/kg之间,表现为:耕地退耕还草地林草间作地荒草地。不同土壤剖面磷素活化系数(PAC)均远小于2%。不同形态的无机磷含量依次表现为:O-PFe-PCa-PAl-P;各形态的无机磷均与速效磷呈极显著正相关关系(O-P除外);各无机磷形态之间呈显著相关关系。不同形态的钙素(水溶性钙和交换性钙)以及pH值、黏粒含量均会影响各形态无机磷的比例以及相互间的转化。[结论]在生态恢复过程中,研究区由耕地→退耕还草地→荒草地→林草间作地,地表植物逐渐恢复,土壤理化性质得到了改善,土壤磷素含量也随之增加。     

EXCHANGEABLE PHOSPHORUS, ESTIMATES OF IT FROM AMORPHOUS IRON OXIDES, AND SOIL SOLUTION PHOSPHORUS, IN RELATION TO PHOSPHORUS TAKEN UP BY MAIZE

Amounts of phosphorus taken up by maize plants during 23 days from an Entisol, two Alfisols and an Ultisol from Nigeria, each with three histories of management, were related to the concentration of soil phosphorus extracted in 0.01 m CaCl₂; but the relationships differed between kinds of management. Phosphorus in plants 51 days old was not related to concentration. Relationships of plant phosphorus with isotopically exchangeable phosphorus, and with phosphorus extracted from the soils by anion exchange resin, were poor in young plants but were good in the older plants, irrespective of field management. Amounts of phosphorus in the older plants were also well related to estimates of exchangeable phosphorus computed from P in solution and amounts of amorphous iron oxides extracted by ammonium oxalate from the soils, using equations derived in an earlier investigation with a larger group of soils. Thus estimates of exchangeable phosphorus made from simple measurements of the soil constituents that largely control it, and from extraction by resins, are potentially useful to indicate the ability of soils to supply phosphate to crops, and hence to guide fertilizer policies.     

Long-term effects of land clearing methods, tillage systems and cropping systems on surface soil properties of a tropical Alfisol in S.W. Nigeria

Abstract. The long-term effects of land clearing methods (manual, shear blade, tree-pusher/root-rake combination, traditional), tillage systems (disc ploughing, mechanized no-tillage, traditional) and cropping systems (annual cropping, alley cropping, graxed pasture) on surface soil physical and chemical properties were evaluated on an Alfisol in south-western Nigeria ten years after land clearing. Long-term soil physical degradation was greatest after mechanized land clearing or tillage systems. The erosion resulting from soil compaction with mechanized land management systems resulted in exposure of subsoil. Cropping system had no significant effect on soil physical properties. Alley cropping decreased exchangeable calcium and pH, and increased total acidity mainly through the greater demand for calcium by the hedgerow species. Grazed pasture depleted exchangeable potassium because it was taken up by the grass and exported from the site by the cattle following consumption of the grass.     

Development of hydromorphism in soils of agrolandscapes in the depressions of Western Ciscaucasia

The current state and rate of hydromorphism development in the soils of flat bottomed depressions in Western Ciscaucasia are assessed. The dynamics of the soil cover pattern on a plain with numerous mesoand microdepressions and on a watershed with weakly pronounced erosion relief were revealed. The relationship between the expansion of the waterlogged areas and the pattern of the soil cover of the agrolandscapes in the depressions was revealed. The dependence of the areas of excessively moistened sites on the changes in the topography was shown. The direction and parameters of the changes in the morphology, chemical composition, and hydrological properties of the degraded hydromorphic soils were investigated. The relationships between the density of the soils and the humus content and the composition of the exchangeable bases were studied. Methods for the assessment of the rates of the degradation processes based on the comparison of aerial photographs and soil maps for typical sites in the territory investigated are proposed. The specific features of decoding the aerial photographs of the soils in the depressions were revealed. The relations between the differences in the photos’ tone and the degree of the hydromorphic degradation of the soils were found. Promising methods for interpretation of aerial photographs with the help of image analysis programs can be recommended.     

近40年泥河沟流域耕地土壤磷素含量的时空变化

【目的】磷是限制黄土高原地区农业生产的重要元素,研究黄土高原已治理小流域耕地土壤磷素含量的时空变化对该区耕地的评价与管理有着重要的指导意义。【方法】在实地调查研究的基础上,通过细致试验、微观分析和流域信息反馈检验,在不同时间、空间尺度上,计算整理归纳了近40年泥河沟流域耕地土壤磷素含量的变异性,并对引起变异的有关因素进行了分析。【结果】从时间上看,近40年泥河沟流域耕地土壤全磷含量呈现加速下降趋势,有效磷含量呈现先上升后下降的波动变化。土壤全磷含量随时间的变异与作物产量和施磷量的改变有关,1980—1998年耕地施用农家肥和磷肥较多,土壤磷的“输入”与“输出”较平衡,土壤全磷含量稳定在1.31~1.34g/kg之间;1998—2015年农家肥和磷肥投入减少,氮肥和复合肥投入增多,农作物产量持续增加,土壤全磷含量降低了27.1%。土壤有效磷含量的时间变异与施肥结构和速效磷肥施用量的改变有关,1980—2004年耕地速效磷肥的投入量增加了120kg/hm^2,土壤有效磷含量随之提高了2.6倍;2004—2015年由于施肥结构改变,速效磷肥的投入量减少,土壤碱性增强,土壤有效磷含量降低了24.7%。从空间上看,土壤磷素含量的空间变异主要受土壤侵蚀和土地管理的综合影响。均整坡耕地上土壤磷素含量呈现坡上<坡下,全坡面断面上呈现塬地>塬畔地>沟底地>沟坡地,全流域呈现平耕地>坡耕地>新修梯田。整坡耕地上土壤侵蚀使径流挟带泥沙和养分顺坡单向迁移,因为有效磷的迁移性比全磷强,所以差异性为有效磷>全磷;全坡面断面上靠近分水岭的塬地由于靠近居民区管理较为精细,土壤培肥程度高,土壤有效磷含量比其他位置耕地高出1倍以上;通过治理,全流域耕地的地形条件差异逐渐缩小,梯田面积由1980年的100hm^2增加至现在的250hm^2,坡耕地面积由1980年的250hm^2降低到现在的50hm^2;新修梯田由于受到土壤扰动的影响,其土壤磷素含量接近母质,比老梯田和坡耕地低。【结论】流域经历近20年的治理和10年以上的社会化自由管理,耕地土壤全磷含量呈现降低的趋势,土壤有效磷含量依然主要依赖于速效磷肥的补给,这将是流域农业发展的重大隐患。随着农村劳动力的季节性流动,耕地利用管理需要在省工省时的基础上得到优化,调整施肥结构,实现集约化经营将是今后该区农业发展的重要方向。     

大庆盐碱地立地质量评价

根据盐碱地土壤性质与植物的生态关系,调查分析植物群落种类、生物量与土壤理化性质（pH值、有机质、水解氮、有效磷、速效钾、阳离子交换量、交换性钠和水溶性总盐含量）之间的相互关系。利用多元统计分析的因子分析和聚类分析方法,以盐碱地土壤理化性质为分类依据,以地上草本植物群落生物量为验证标准,进行立地分类和立地质量评价,将大庆市盐碱地分为高生物量轻度盐碱地、高生物量中度盐碱地、中生物量中度盐碱地、低生物量中度盐碱地和重度盐碱地5种立地类型。研究结果可为恢复植被,提高土地资源生产力提供科学参考。     

Soil–landscape variability: mapping and building detail information for soil management

The study of soil–landscape relationships at a detailed scale (1:10 000) and its use for soil management was less common in developing countries. The study was conducted in western Ethiopia with the aim to explain the soil variability across landscapes, classify soils into mapping units and produce a map of these soils. This study was performed based on a discrete model of spatial variation. Five soil reference groups: Vertisols, Cambisols, Fluvisols, Luvisols and Leptosols were identified in the study site. Distribution of the soil reference groups was determined by landscape position. Variation in soil texture, colour, pH , exchangeable acidity, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus (av. P), carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N), exchangeable potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) and cation exchange capacity (CEC ) was observed within and among soil mapping units (SMU s). Variability was considerably high for exchangeable Ca and CEC . Factor analysis result indicated that variation in soil properties within land unit was comparatively highest in Leptosols of SMU 9 (88.87%) and lowest in Vertisols of SMU 1 (60.82%). Moderate‐to‐fine scale mapping of soil properties helps to build detail information for soil management. Grouping fields into mapping units that require more or less similar management measure would be an important soil–landscape concept. As a result, mapping units could be used as cost‐effective means of treating variable field so as to optimize the forecasted benefits.     

我国华南地区不同利用条件下土壤演变对障碍因子的影响

华南地区不同土壤利用条件下土壤性质演变和障碍因子的识别,对该地区土壤发生过程和管理利用有重要参考价值。本文根据中国土壤系统分类的检索原则,在收集华南9省土种志典型剖面资料的基础上,确定了系统分类的土壤类型,并基于此,研究了不同利用条件下,土壤性质的演变,分析了土壤障碍因子及其影响程度。总的来看,发育在林地条件下的土壤,粉粒、pH、阳离子交换量(CEC)、盐基饱和度(BS)、速效磷、速效钾都明显低于旱耕地土壤,有机质、全氮则相反。林地土壤随着风化作用增强,从雏形土、淋溶土、富铁土到铁铝土,土壤黏粒含量逐渐增加,而土壤pH、CEC、有效CEC(ECEC)、有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾等逐渐降低。对旱耕地而言,各种土壤性质基本具有与林地土壤性质一致的变化趋势,但是增加或减少的程度有所不同。结合主成分中土壤性质的组合特征来分析土壤障碍,结果表明华南地区土壤在不同土壤利用和类型下都存在养分贫瘠化、酸化、黏化、磷和钾供应能力低下的主要障碍因子,但各障碍因子发生的次序不同,随着风化作用加强,土壤黏化成为最主要的障碍因子。因此,在土壤利用和管理过程中应因土制宜,根据土壤类型来确定适当的改良措施。     

喀斯特山区不同土地利用方式下土壤质量变化及其对水环境的影响

对贵州中部喀斯特山区不同土地利用方式(阔叶林地、灌木林地、灌丛草地、耕地)对土壤、地表径流和浅层地下水进行采样与分析。结果表明,在喀斯特山区土地利用模式从阔叶林地—灌木林地—灌丛草地方向的演变过程中,土壤有机质、速效氮磷钾、交换性钙镁含量出现明显的下降,粘粒含量增加,土壤质量出现退化,耕地有机质含量明显低于林地和草地;耕地地表径流中SO42-,NH4 ,PO43-,COD均显著高于林地和草地;浅层地下水的SO42-,NH4 ,NO3-,PO43-,COD也显著增加;土地利用由林地变为耕地后,地下水质量出现一定程度的下降。     

Quantification of land-use dynamics: An illustration from Costa Rica

In many cases, studies dealing with land degradation require the quantification of land-use dynamics. Although research has been carried out to describe land-use dynamics and its driving forces, very little has been done on the recognition of indicators for the quantification of land-use dynamics. This article presents and discusses three different indicators recognised during a Costa Rican case-study: (1) a single-time analysis of spatial patterns; (2) standard Markov chains with a soil-type modifier; (3) geo-referenced Markov chains with indices for size, shape and land cover in neighbouring polygons. The first indicator is applied to a study area of 2942 km² in the northeast of Costa Rica for which 1992 aerial photographs are available. Spatial patterns of land cover can only be related to land cover modifications when good insight into the colonization history exists. For the study area, clear land-use sequences have been found. Both standard and geo-referenced Markov chains have been calculated for a smaller pilot area of 151 km² for which aerial photographs taken on five different dates area available. Clear differences in probabilities are found for soil type and polygon size. For the shape and boundary index, no clear relations were found in the pilot area. The quantification of land-use dynamics using these kinds of indicators is necessary for the comparison of regions and for land degradation modelling.     

雾灵山低山区土地利用类型对土壤理化性质的影响

针对雾灵山低山区不同土地利用类型的土壤进行采样和分析,研究农田、果园、绿化林、果农间作和未利用地5种土地利用类型对土壤理化性质的影响,以期为雾灵山地区的土地合理利用和水土保持等提供科学依据.结果表明:5种土地利用类型中,绿化林的有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾含量均为最高,而含水量最低;果农间作的有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量最低;未利用地的含水量和容重最高,而速效磷和速效钾含量最低.不同土地利用类型土壤有机质含量随土层深度的增加而减少,而其他土壤养分含量随土层深度的增加其减少量有明显差异.同全国第二次土壤普查养分分级标准相比,各土地利用类型的土壤速效磷和速效钾含量较为丰富,全氮和有机质含量较为缺乏,其中绿化林的各养分均较为丰富.     

基于高光谱的鲁西北平原土壤有效磷含量快速检测研究

土壤有效磷含量是农田土地评价的指标, 也是农作物施肥的基本指标, 快速准确测量土壤有效磷含量是土壤信息化管理和资源评价的前提条件。高光谱技术的发展为快速有效监测土壤有效磷含量提供了新的途径。本文对466个样点的土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量进行了测定, 通过聚类分析和方差分析选取48个有机质、碱解氮、速效钾含量相近而有效磷差别较大的样点作为研究样点, 采用美国ASD Fieldspec3光谱仪, 对不同有效磷含量的土壤样本高光谱反射率进行测量, 并对反射率进行倒数、对数、平方根、对数的倒数、倒数的对数的变换及其各自相应的一阶导数变换, 将每个土样测定的有效磷含量值与350~ 2 500 nm光谱范围的反射率数据及反射率的9种变换形式逐一逐波段地进行单相关分析, 筛选出对有效磷敏感的光谱波段。将所选取的显著相关波段反射率或变换形式作为自变量, 与土壤中有效磷含量进行一元线性回归方程拟合, 对所建立的回归方程进行优选和检验。研究得出: 采用相关分析方法得出土壤有效磷含量的敏感波段为711 nm, 利用一元线性回归方法, 基于该波段的估算模型为最佳估算有效磷含量模型, 该模型的拟合优度R²达0.822 1, 验证决定系数R²达0.959 1。由此说明, 利用单个敏感波段建立土壤有效磷的反演模型, 可作为快速测量土壤有效磷含量的一种简单而可靠的方法。     

鲁北低平原内陆盐碱地不同种植方式对土壤理化性质的影响

采用农户调查和室内试验相结合的方式,研究内陆盐碱地农田管理方式对土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,作物种植方式主要有小麦—玉米轮作、小麦—棉花轮作、西瓜—棉花套种、玉米—大豆间作和春玉米单作5种。这5种种植方式的土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾平均含量分别为20.1,60.1,106.2和170.2mg/kg,不同种植方式间差异显著,西瓜—棉花套种方式的养分含量最高。不同种植方式下,土壤碱解氮含量最高值仅为70.2mg/kg,应适当增施氮肥;土壤速效磷含量平均值高于作物所需磷含量15mg/kg,应适当减少磷肥的施用;土壤速效钾平均值为170.2mg/kg,应根据作物对钾的需求特点,控制钾肥的使用。     

桂西北环境移民安置区新垦土地土壤质量与可持续利用研究——土壤肥力特征

本文对环江肯福环境移民安置示范区所采 88个表层土样及 4个剖面土样有机质 ,全氮 ,全磷 ,全钾 ,水解氮 ,速效磷 ,速效钾 ,pH等指标进行了测定。结果表明该区表层土壤有机质含量较高 ,土壤氮相对丰富 ,钾含量偏低 ,磷严重缺乏 ,pH偏酸性。土壤剖面发育完整 ,在土壤剖面中有机质、氮、速效磷、交换性钾主要聚集在 2 0cm的表层土壤中 ,全磷随深度的增加而降低 ,全钾和 pH值则随土壤深度增加而上升     

质量指数法表征不同处理模式对滨海盐碱地土壤质量的影响

以自然演化模式、林业治理模式和农业治理模式的土壤为研究对象,运用土壤单质量指数(Soil single quality index, SSQI)和土壤综合质量指数(Soil comprehensive quality index,SCQI)法,研究了滨海盐碱地土壤质量的动态变化规律。结果显示：根据土壤单质量指数,研究区土壤容重、总孔隙度、通气度和含盐量总体属于优、良级水平, pH、全磷、有效磷和速效钾属于中级水平;而质地、有机质、全氮和微生物生物量属于中、差级水平。农业和林业治理模式能有效地优化滨海盐碱地土壤的含盐量、有机质、全氮、全磷、有效磷和速效钾指数。根据土壤综合质量指数,研究区土壤综合质量指数平均为1.2?0.1(中级水平),土壤质量一般,不利于植物生长。其中农业治理模式的土壤综合质量指数为1.24?0.11,林业治理模式为1.2?0.1,自然演化模式为1.14?0.09。土壤综合质量指数显示不同处理模式的土壤质量有一定的差异,这一差异的稳定性较高,但未达统计分析的显著性水平。人为干扰如农业和林业治理模式是滨海盐碱地土壤质量在短期内产生时空变异的主要诱因,加速了滨海盐碱地土壤质量的演化进程。     

耕地不同利用方式下的土壤养分状况分析

以山东青州市为例,在对耕地土壤养分状况进行全面的调查分析,获取大量土壤养分数据的基础上,以数理统计方法对5种耕地利用方式下17种土壤养分状况的差异性进行分析,进而系统地探讨了耕地不同利用方式对土壤养分状况的影响。研究结果表明：耕地不同利用方式对土壤有机质及大量元素、交换性钙、镁、有效硅、锌、硼、土壤pH值和全盐含量有显著影响。由于菜地高施肥量及高产出的影响,大部分菜地土壤养分的含量明显高于粮田,但有效硅含量粮田则远高于菜地。粮田土壤pH值高于菜地,全盐含量菜地高于粮田。在旱地、水浇地粮田和露天菜地中有效磷含量变异最大,但设施菜地中全氮、有效硫含量的变异最大。研究结果对于探明耕地利用对土壤的养分状况的影响,对研究区耕地资源的合理利用与保护将具有积极意义。     

Irrigation and dryland cultivation effects on the surface properties and erodibility of a Zimbabwe vertisol

Abstract. Changes in chemical and physical properties and erodibility of a vertisol were studied in relation to land use. The vertisol, which occurs extensively in the semi-arid south-east of Zimbabwe, is derived from basalt and has a self mulching surface layer. Irrigated crops show static yields despite introduction of improved varieties. Four uncultivated sites were selected as controls and compared with five irrigated and four dryland sites. Surface soils were analysed for a range of chemical and physical properties, and laboratory rainfall simulation was used to measure soil erodibility under high intensity rain. The irrigated soils had greater exchangeable sodium and available phosphorus than the uncultivated soils. In contrast, dryland soils showed no such changes apart from a decrease in the amount of small water-stable aggregates. The soils are very erodible under high intensity rain but no significant differences were found between sites. We conclude that, although soil chemical changes have taken place in the irrigated soils, significant soil degradation has not occurred at the sites examined. The static yields probably result from management problems. However, immediate measures should be taken to improve drainage and irrigation management in the irrigated soils to avoid further sodium increases.     

勐海县甘蔗土壤养分空间分布特征及肥力评价

对勐海县10个甘蔗生产乡镇进行土壤调研取样,共采集0～20 cm土层样品200份,测定了土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙和交换性镁含量,运用ArcGIS的Kriging插值法分析了蔗区土壤肥力现状与空间分布特征,并采用改进后的Nemerow综合指数法评价了土壤的肥力等级.结果表明:勐海县蔗区土壤主要为...     

城市不同功能区绿地土壤理化性质及微生物生物量的分布特征

为提高城市绿地生态系统服务功能和促进城市可持续发展，本文研究了南京市不同功能区绿地表层土壤养分和微生物量的分布特征。结果显示，土壤pH整体呈碱性且容重偏大；公园绿地土壤全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量显著高于道路绿地；不同功能区绿地土壤有机质含量无显著差异，但公园绿地土壤微生物量碳含量和微生物熵显著高于居住区和道路绿地；公园绿地土壤结构和养分均优于道路绿地。土壤微生物量碳含量与有机质、全氮和速效钾含量呈极显著正相关，与速效磷含量呈显著正相关，与容重呈极显著负相关；土壤有机质与全氮和速效钾含量呈极显著正相关，与速效磷含量和pH无显著相关性，与容重呈显著负相关。因此，勤松土，合理施肥，增加枯枝落叶等凋落物覆盖，提高土壤养护管理水平对修复城市土壤生态和建设生态城市具有重要意义。