Treatment of growth deformities with external skeletal fixation.

Growth deformities of the long bones are usually caused by premature closure of the physis. The most commonly affected bones are the radius, ulna, and tibia. Premature closure of the physis can result in shortened, angular, and rotational bone deformities, especially when one bone of a paired bone system like the radius and ulna is affected. Adjacent joints may develop osteoarthritis. Corrective osteotomy to realign in joint surfaces is indicated in mature animals. Bilateral or type II external fixation frames are used to stabilize the osteotomies. The advantages of ESF are: (1) The transfixation pins can be used as guide pins to realign joints. (2) The fixation allows rigid stabilization of the osteotomy site. (3) Postoperative correction of alignment can be achieved. (4) Implant removal after bone union is simple.     

Androgen and estrogen receptors in bovine skeletal muscle: relation to steroid-induced allometric muscle growth

The presence of free androgen (AR) and estrogen receptors (ER) was demonstrated in bovine skeletal muscle. Androgen receptor concentrations in neck muscle from cattle of different sexes and stages of development were related to hormonal status. In mature bulls (mean weight 600 kg), no free AR was detectable. Highest AR concentrations were measured in mature bulls (517 kg) castrated 24 h prior to slaughter (.85 +/- .21 fmol/mg protein). In female calves (155 kg), AR concentrations (.56 +/- .14 fmol/mg) were greater (P less than .01) than in male calves (.20 +/- .08 fmol/mg) of the same weight. Androgen receptors and ER in skeletal muscle of neck, shoulder, abdomen and hind leg of female and male calves were compared. There was no significant difference between AR concentrations in the neck, shoulder and hind leg, but concentrations were lower (P less than .05) in abdominal muscle. Estrogen receptor concentrations in neck, shoulder, abdomen and hind leg were not different between sexes (P less than .05). In male calves, ER content was lower (P less than .05) in abdominal than in other muscles. Estrogen receptor concentrations in muscles of female calves did not differ (P less than .05). The pronounced sensitivity to estrogens and androgens in the neck, shoulder, and hind leg of calves, being free of the respective hormone, may partly explain the characteristic conformation in calves treated with estrogenic and androgenic steroids and the sexual dimorphism of muscle growth.     

Prognostic factors in treating antebrachial growth deformities with a lengthening procedure using a circular external skeletal fixation system in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate treatment of antebrachial growth deformities (AGD) with a lengthening procedure using a circular external skeletal fixation (CESF) system and to determine prognostic factors. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. ANIMALS: Thirty-four dogs with unilateral AGD. METHODS: Length deficits, angular and rotational deformities, elbow incongruity (EI), osteoarthritis (OA) of the elbow and carpal joint, function, and cosmesis were determined before and after a CESF lengthening procedure. RESULTS: On admission, EI (21 dogs; 62%), OA of the elbow joint (17 dogs; 50%), carpal OA (12 dogs; 35%), and concomitant elbow and carpal OA (5 dogs; 7%) were common findings. Treatment significantly improved function (normal, 20 dogs; 60%) and cosmesis (normal, 22 dogs; 65%). Angular and rotational deformities were almost completely corrected with small remaining length deficits. Elbow and carpal OA increased significantly during the follow-up period. Significant correlations were demonstrated between initial elbow OA and final function (R=0.42, P=.02), initial function and final function (R=0.41, P=.02), and initial ulnar and radial deficit and final cosmesis (R=0.58, P=.0001 and R=0.45, P=.008). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of AGD by a CESF lengthening procedure was successful despite small remaining length deficits. Initial elbow OA, function, and ulnar and radial length deficits are prognostic factors in the treatment of AGD. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Initial elbow OA and initial function are prognostic factors in predicting the functional outcome of treatment of AGD with a CESF lengthening procedure in the dog.     

Energy metabolism in relation to skeletal muscle fibre properties during treadmill exercise

The skeletal muscle metabolism of horses with a wide range of cardiocirculatory capacities was studied during a standardised near-maximal exercise test in relation to muscle fibre composition. Although the same amount of work was performed by all horses the amount of triglycerides and glycogen utilised and lactate accumulated differed widely. Both blood and muscle lactate accumulation were positively related to the amount of glycogen utilised. These factors were in turn positively associated with the percentage of Type IIB fibres and consequently negatively associated with the percentage of Type IIA fibres. The percentage of Type IIB fibres was negatively correlated to the activities of the oxidative enzymes citrate synthase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA-dehydrogenase and positively associated with the lactate dehydrogenase activity. The results indicate that the horses with a high proportion of Type IIB fibres had a lower muscle oxidative capacity and were, therefore, for energy production, more dependent upon glycolysis with subsequent lactate accumulation than horses which had a high proportion of Type IIA fibres. The different metabolic properties of the muscle fibre types indicate that the pattern of muscle fibre recruitment could have a significant effect on intramuscular substrate utilisation.     

肌内脂肪的营养调控及其与肉质的关系

<正>随着生活水平的提高,消费者越来越注重肉的质量。肌内脂肪的含量影响肉的多汁性、嫩度和风味,2%～3%的肌内脂肪含量是新鲜肉的一个理想标准。Patrici等(1985)对丹麦商品猪的肉质研究发现,提高肌内脂肪含量,肉质嫩度、多汁性也会相应地得到改善。     

Growth and skeletal development in the dog in relation to nutrition; a review

Summary

Longitudinal growth of the appendicular skeleton in the growth plates and the adjacent metaphyseal area includes chondrocyte differentiation, proliferation, maturation, and hypertrophy in the physis and bone (re‐)modelling in the metaphysis. The rate and extent of longitudinal growth are regulated by interactions between biomechanical factors and endogenous growth regulators, i.e., systemic endocrine factors, and local paraor autocrine factors, that act on the growth plate chondrocytes. The most important endogenous regulators of growth and skeletal development are growth hormone (GH) and insulin‐like growth factors (IGFs), and calciotropic hormones, i.e., parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D (vitD), and calcitonin (CT).

The biochemistry, synthesis, secretion, target organs, and effects of these endogenous factors are reviewed, and the calcium homeostatic mechanisms, dietary intake, bone turnover, and calcium excretion are discussed. Energy, protein, and calcium are nutritional factors of great importance to (skeletal) growth. The effects of low and high dietary intake of these nutrients are discussed, especially with reference to longitudinal growth and disturbances in endochondral ossification.     

不同植龄啤酒花根区营养环境的变化及与产量和品质的关系

试验以22年、20年、18年、8年和5年植龄啤酒花Humulus lupulus为研究对象,测定了啤酒花农田土壤养分含量,分析了土壤养分含量及与啤酒花产量和品质的关系.结果表明:随啤酒花植龄的延长,土壤pH值略有降低,而有机质、全氮、速效氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾含量显著增加.与5年生的相比,植龄为18年、20年、22年的啤酒花农田土壤pH值分别降低了1.69%、3.23%和4.19%;有机质分别增加32.11%、67.34%和84.50%;全氮分别增加56.34%、76.06%和83.10%,速效氮分别增加62.36%、100.00%和180.00%;全磷分别增加了39.07%、39.74%和49.01%,速效磷分别增加了126.77%、311.27%和317.31%;速效钾分别增加了61.44%、79.86%和150.64%.相关分析结果表明,α-酸含量与土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾呈显著的负相关关系,而产量与全氮和全磷呈显著的正相关关系.因此,随着啤酒花植龄增加,由于连年不合理施肥,啤酒花农田营养元素的大量积累尤其是硝态氮累积可能是造成啤酒花品质弱化的重要原因之一.     

Urinary oestrone concentration in relation to piglet viability,growth and mortality

This experiment was conducted to study the relationship of oestrone excretion during late pregnancy to piglet viability, growth and mortality. Oestrone production was quantified by a radioimmunoassay of daily samples for urinary oestrone (UE) and expressed as a ratio of UE to urinary creatinine (UC). Following parturition and estimation of piglet viability (time from birth to suckling) six litters and their dams were divided into a high and low viability group for further analysis. The average birth to suckling interval for litters judged to have low viability was 96 ± 12 min and for those with high viability 42 ± 4 min. The dams of litters with high viability excreted > 2100 μg UE/g UC during the final 4 days of gestation, whereas the dams of the litters with low viability excreted < 1800 μg UE/g UC during the same period.Ten percent of the piglets produced by gilts who excreted < 1800 UE were stillborn, whereas a stillbirth was not observed in the litters from gilts excreting > 2100 UE. It was concluded that the data from this preliminary study would suggest that further research be conducted with regard to the association between UE and piglet losses pre- and postpartum.     

不同营养水平日粮对奶公牛直线育肥性能的影响

为了研究不同能量和蛋白质水平日粮对奶公牛直线育肥性能的影响。选择4~5月龄左右、平均体重为121 kg的奶公犊36头,随机分成两组,试验Ⅰ组(饲喂低营养水平日粮)、试验Ⅱ组(饲喂高营养水平日粮),每组18头。试验期440 d。整个育肥试验以12月龄划分为前期和后期2个阶段。结果表明,整个育肥期,试验Ⅱ组的平均日增重比试验Ⅰ组提高了5.83%(P>0.05),料重比降低了3.11%(P>0.05)。试验Ⅱ组的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、钙和磷的表观消化率较高,但是与试验Ⅰ组差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验Ⅱ组的谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、生长激素、甲状腺素含量比试验Ⅰ组显著提高了8.27%,13.85%,6.70% 和1.26%(P<0.05)。血清尿素氮含量降低了12.22%(P<0.01)。两个营养水平日粮对屠宰率、胴体产肉率和净肉率没有影响。随着营养水平的提高,pH、剪切力、蒸煮损失、失水率有下降的趋势,牛肉中的蛋白质和脂肪含量有上升的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。与试验Ⅰ组相比,试验Ⅱ组的pH、剪切力、蒸煮损失和失水率分别降低了2.34%,12.97%,18.30%和3.38%,牛肉中粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量分别提高了4.95%和8.55%。养殖效益试验Ⅱ组比试验Ⅰ组多收入0.98元/(日·头),全期效益试验Ⅱ组比试验Ⅰ组多收入431.20元/头。因此,提高日粮的营养水平,可以促进奶公牛的生长、改善肉品质和增加经济效益。     

不同紫花苜蓿品种在不同生育期营养品质特性的比较

采用随机区组设计,以20个紫花苜蓿品种作为研究对象,对头茬草在现蕾期、初花期、盛花期取样,分别测定了各生育期的粗蛋白、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维、粗脂肪、粗灰分含量。结果表明:同一紫花苜蓿材料的营养成分含量在不同生育期差异显著(P0.05),在现蕾期、初花期、盛花期等不同生育期,粗蛋白含量最高的品种分别为:北极星(22.06%),哥萨克(18.81%),陇东苜蓿(16.41%);酸性洗涤纤维含量最低的品种分别为:甘农1号(22.18%),陇中苜蓿(31.16%),苜蓿王(36.97%);各生育期中性洗涤纤维含量最低的品种分别为:甘农7号(27.59%),苜蓿王(38.10%),苜蓿王(44.35%);粗灰分含量最低的品种分别为:陇东苜蓿(9.40%),皇后(9.00%),甘农8号(6.02%);粗脂肪含量最高的品种分别为:中苜1号(2.91%),哥萨克(2.78%),甘农7号(3.04%)。粗蛋白含量和粗灰分含量随着生育期的推进明显下降;中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维含量随着生育期的推进呈明显上升趋势;粗脂肪含量随着生育期的推进出现小幅上升。苜蓿王各营养指标在不同的生育期表现最好,在武威地区的黄羊镇有较高的推广利用价值。     

不同营养调控对草地早熟禾生长和内源激素含量影响研究

养分在促进草坪生长中发挥着重要的作用。为了探讨不同肥料在草地早熟禾生长中的作用机理,采用不同的施肥组合进行草地早熟禾草坪的建植试验,研究了不同养分调控下草地早熟禾生长发育状况与内源激素含量水平的相关性,并对草地早熟禾坪用质量状况进行了评价。研究结果表明,在配合施用一定量生物菌肥和柠檬酸的情况下,较少量的氮、磷肥施用(处理3)能显著提高草地早熟禾坪用质量;各施肥组合能显著促进植株体IAA和ZT含量的提高,抑制ABA含量在根部的合成和体内的积累;在施肥后的35 d内,IAA和ZT含量随着施肥后时间的推移而不断增加,而ABA含量在除对照以外的各处理中相对较低,且随着施肥后时间的推移,其含量也明显下降,但在对照处理中却表现出一定的增加态势。     

Different growth rates of male chicken skeletal muscles related to their histochemical properties

1. Early, M. pubo‐ischio‐femoralis pars medialis (PIF muscle) and late, M. iliotibialis lateralis pars postacetabularis (ITL muscle), maturing muscles were studied. These two muscles contained different populations of histo‐chemical fibre types.

2. The profile measurements of the muscles showed diphasic allometric growth relative to the weights. In the early stage of growth (up to 15 weeks after hatching), the muscle length, width and depth all increased, while in the later stage (from 15 to 35 weeks) muscle growth resulted mainly from the marked increase in the depth and to a lesser degree, from an increase in the width.

3. Type I fibres, observed predominantly in PIF muscle matured earlier than the Type II fibres of ITL muscle.

4. From these results, the detailed process of skeletal muscle growth in the chicken was discussed.     

Thyroid activity in relation to growth rate and body composition in four breeds of sheep

Four breeds of sheep, Hampshire, Southdown, Cheviot and Scottish Blackface, which differ in mature body size and body composition were intensively reared under an ad libitum or a restricted feeding regime. Thyroid activity was assessed at 13 weeks of age by the¹³¹I uptake method. Slaughter at 24 weeks (ad lib) or 32 weeks (restricted) was followed by carcass dissection. The anticipated differences in body type represented by the 4 breeds was confirmed in terms of size and fatness. The Hampshires had the highest growth rate (liveweight for age) and the lowest thyroid uptake, and the breed differences in thyroid activity were shown to be independent of liveweight. Thyroid activity was positively related to growth rate in the Hampshires and negatively related to growth rate in the 3 other breeds. No association could be found however between the thyroid activity and the proportionate growth of body fat or lean. None of these conclusions were affected by a mild restriction in feed intake.     

Cyclical changes in collagen concentration in relation to growth and development of buffalo corpus luteum

In the present study, changes in luteal fresh weight and concentration of collagen in cyclic buffalo corpus luteum were investigated at 4 stages of its growth and development/regression. The collagen concentration was determined by estimating hydroxyproline, a collagen specific amino acid present in luteal tissues. The mean fresh weight increased (P < 0.001) over the luteal phase, reached maximum at late-luteal stage and decreased (P < 0.001) subsequently at follicular stage. The weight of the mature CL was 2.5 times heavier than the CL haemorrhagicum and regressing CL. Results showed that cyclic buffalo CL contains collagen at all 4 stages of development during oestrous cycle. The collagen in luteal tissues constitutes about 0.9% to 1.2% of luteal fresh weight with the highest content appearing in mature tissue. The concentration of collagen increased (P < 0.001) with the stages of CL development over the luteal phase and the highest concentration was recorded at follicular phase with the decline of luteal weight. The total content of collagen per CL also showed the same trend during luteal phase but decreased at follicular phase with the loss of luteal tissues. In conclusion, collagen concentration in cyclic buffalo CL changes with the growth and development of CL across the oestrous cycle. The synthesis of collagen is faster between early- to mid-luteal stage than mid- to late-luteal stage.