澳洲坚果花粉管荧光显微观察制片方法的对比分析

【目的】探索荧光显微观察澳洲坚果花粉管原位生长的最佳制片方法,为澳洲坚果品种间杂交(不)亲和性及生殖生物学研究提供技术支撑。【方法】以品种‘HAES842’为母本、‘HAES863’为父本,异花授粉5 d后,采集雌蕊为试验材料,经过固定、软化、染色、镜检等步骤,比较分析不同制片方法下澳洲坚果花粉管的荧光显微观察效果。【结果】1)28℃下,NaOH溶液软化、徒手切片法中,选择1、2 mol·L^-1 NaOH溶液对雌蕊软化,徒手切片容易获得雌蕊的完整组织;浓度为4、6 mol·L^-1时,雌蕊细胞反应剧烈,迅速失水后缓慢复水,切片时花柄易脱离,子房和柱头易破裂。2)100℃高温高压整体软化透明法中,NaOH溶液和Na2SO3溶液对澳洲坚果雌蕊均具有很好的软化效果,虽然镜检时花粉管被花柱其他组织遮挡,但此方法为整体观察澳洲坚果花粉管提出了新方向。3)未调节pH值和pH值7.0的染色液对澳洲坚果雌蕊进行染色,均未能明显区分花粉管和花柱其他组织;染色液pH值10.0时,花柱其他组织仅发微弱荧光,花粉管发黄绿色荧光,花粉管清晰明了,根根分明。【结论】28℃...     

分子标记在澳洲坚果研究中的应用

澳洲坚果(Macadamia spp.)具有很高的经济和营养价值,在国际市场上极受青睐,被誉为"坚果之王"。分子标记技术作为植物育种工作中极具效率的一种研究工具已被广泛用于澳洲坚果研究。本文论述了目前分子标记技术在澳洲坚果遗传连锁图谱构建、遗传多样性分析及DNA指纹图谱构建等方面的研究进展,并分析了其在澳洲坚果研究中的应用前景。     

雷竹大孢子发生与雌配子体发育

利用常规石蜡切片技术对雷竹大孢子发生与雌配子体发育的过程进行研究。结果表明:雷竹单子房,子房1室,内具1个倒生胚珠;双珠被,厚珠心;大孢子母细胞由1个雌性孢原细胞直接发育而成,大孢子四分体呈线型;蓼型胚囊,成熟胚囊包括1个卵细胞、2个助细胞、2个极核组成的中央细胞以及多个反足细胞,助细胞具明显丝状器。雌配子体发育多数正常,不是造成雷竹结实率低的主要原因。     

云南依托科技创新做大做强坚果产业

被誉为"植物王国"的云南经过20多年的引种试验,依靠科技创新,选育了15个适生优良品种,培育了2户省级重点龙头企业,研究制定了《云南澳洲坚果丰产栽培技术》和《澳洲坚果果仁》国家行业标准,目前全省澳洲坚果种植面积55万亩,年产坚果8000吨、产值3.2亿元,已成为全国澳洲坚果第一大省。     

青皮竹花形态结构与雌、雄配子的发育研究

[目的 ]揭示青皮竹自然条件下不同发育阶段花器官的形态及其雌、雄配子体的解剖结构特征。[方法 ]采用形态解剖及石蜡制片的方法对青皮竹花器官的各部分外观形态特征以及雌、雄配子体的发育过程进行观察与描述。[结果 ]青皮竹小穗为无限花序,下部的小花先发育,但因小穗基部具有潜伏芽,因此又具有有限花序的特征。每个小穗约有8～10朵小花,顶端小花不育,小穗基部含有2～3枚黄棕色苞片。每朵小花均有内、外稃各1枚,浆片3枚,雄蕊6枚,雌蕊1枚。雌雄异熟,异花授粉。子房呈花瓶状,下部光滑不具棱,上部有绒毛。子房1室,侧膜胎座,倒生胚珠,双珠被。短花柱长柱头,花柱具绒毛,三分枝羽状柱头。花药呈黄色,4药室。未成熟的花药的花药壁由外向内依次为表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层。绒毡层为腺质型,花药成熟后绒毡层退化,仅剩表皮和纤维层。花粉成熟后2或3核花粉粒,花药壁纵裂散粉。[结论 ]青皮竹花器官形态与解剖结构发育正常,而雌、雄配子体发育过程中出现多种败育情况,可能是青皮竹结实率低的重要原因。     

澳洲坚果种植管理技术要点分析

指出了澳洲坚果属于山龙眼科,果仁中含有大量的蛋白质、碳水化合物、维生素B等,且还有78.2%的脂肪,果仁经过加工之后,质细而脆、清香,营养价值较高,被称为世界最佳食用干果。基于此,分析了澳洲坚果的形态特征,提出了澳洲坚果种植管理的技术措施。     

澳洲坚果果壳综合利用研究综述

澳洲坚果被誉为世界坚果类中的"坚果之王",较其他木本坚果有更高的经济价值.近年来我国澳洲坚果种植面积增长迅猛,已占到世界总面积的60.5％.伴随种植面积的扩增,我国澳洲坚果产量稳步提升,而澳洲坚果加工副产物成为产业发展中亟待解决的问题.本文综述国内外有关澳洲坚果果壳综合利用的相关研究,以期为澳洲坚果果壳精深加工利用和澳...     

北莫尔顿地区六个澳洲坚果主要商业品种的形态特征及其鉴别

北莫尔顿地区六个澳洲坚果主要商业品种的形态特征及其鉴别ＡＬｅｘＢａｎｋｓ１种间差异己知澳洲坚果有１０个种，但仅有两个种：光壳型种（Ｍ．ｉｎｔｎｇｒｉｆｏｌｌ’ａ）和粗壳型种（Ｍ．ｔｅｔ－。．ａＰ沁１１ａ）被作商业性种植。这两个种杂交获得中间型杂交种。...     

云南澳洲坚果速衰病两种病原菌接种试验

对从云南澳洲坚果速衰病株上分离的色二孢属(Diplodia sp.)和腐霉属(Pythium sp.)D.13、P.01菌株形态进行了描述;同时通过对澳洲坚果苗根系的接种试验证实,两种真菌是云南澳洲坚果速衰病的致病病原菌。     

云南省澳洲坚果产业发展现状及对策

指出了云南省澳洲坚果产业已成为云南新兴高原特色生物产业,且种植面积位居全国第一。但目前云南省澳洲坚果总产量较低,经济效益不明显,产业大而不强。基于此,分析了云南省坚果生产模式及现状,针对云南省澳洲坚果发展现状的问题,提出了相应的对策及产业发展建议,以将云南的澳洲坚果资源优势发挥到最大化,助力云南省"大力发展高原特色现代农业,打造绿色食品牌"的战略部署,为云南省澳洲坚果产业的可持续健康发展提供参考。     

In vivo interspecific pollination success between Pinus radiata,P. maximinoi,P. oocarpa and P. tecunumanii

The objective of the study was to investigate in vivo interspecific pollination success between Pinus radiata, P. maximinoi, P. oocarpa and P. tecunumanii. Pinus radiata was control pollinated with pollen lots of P. maximinoi, P. oocarpa and P. tecunumanii in a P. radiata seed orchard at Karatara (Southern Cape, South Africa). Pollination success was determined by counting the number of visible ovules, pollen grains inside and outside P. radiata ovules, as well as pollen tubes visible inside P. radiata ovules. Conelets were harvested and studied at eight time intervals, including 24 h after pollination, and weekly for 7 weeks after pollination. Histology studies with a standard fixation-dehydration-embedding sequence and paraffin wax method were used to determine the number of visible pollen grains inside versus outside the ovules and number of pollen tubes. Results indicated that pollen grains did sift through the cone scales within 24 h after pollination. However, P. radiata differed significantly (time by type of cross interaction) from the other three hybrid combinations in terms of number of visible ovules, visible pollen grains inside and outside of the ovules as well as pollen tubes, confirming limited interspecific hybridisation success. Future studies need to determine the percentage of fertile ovules in cross combination as a tool in predicting pollination success.     

油松雌性不育无性系的发现及其原因分析

辽宁兴城油松种子园＃28无性系嫁接树,自7a生时雌性孢子叶球就能正常生长、膨大和开裂,经不同杂交组合制种,至15a生时仍不能生产正常的种子。据对大、小孢子叶球发育的观察,胚珠中途停止发育,球果成熟时,胚珠直径仅3mm,内部空瘪。本文首次报道油松雌配子体不育。     

Anatomic Study of Female Sterility of Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.

The anatomic research on the mutant clone of Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.in the seed orchard in Xingcheng,Liaoning Provinces was carried out.The female cone of the mutant clone looked like normal,but its ovules degenerated in early stage.This paper trics to find out the reason and time of ovule abortion.It seems that the ovule abortion is probably caused by female sterility because the microspores of this mutant clone were normal.Through the serial observations on the one-year-old macrosporangiates and the ovules of two-year-old female cones of mutant and normal clone,it is found that the reason of ovule abortion in mutant clone is the failure of the mitosis of free nuclei in the female gametophyte,and the time is about in the early April.     

叶籽银杏种实形态解剖特征比较

以山东境内发现的8株叶籽银杏正常种实和叶生种实为试材,对其种实形态多样性进行比较研究.结果表明:1)成熟的叶生种实具有明显的外种皮、中种皮、内种皮、胚乳、珠领.叶生种实形态上具有多样性,在叶顶端或边缘着生1～2(15)个大小不等的胚珠,珠领不连续.核体顶端锐尖,或直立,或为喙状,内种皮中缢线明显移向珠孔端、上端赤褐色的内种皮缺如或萎缩.种仁仅有胚乳、无胚.2)叶生种实质量和种核质量约为正常种实质量和种核质量的1/3,叶生种仁质量约为正常种仁质量的1/4.正常种实和叶生种实出核率分别为25.23%和20.16%,出仁率分别为74.26%,48.91%.对银杏的胚珠及种实的植物学和栽培学术语进行了说明.     

Histology of Pinus maximinoi cones infected by Cronartium conigenum1

Apparently healthy and C. conigenum infected female strobili of Pinus maximinoi, collected in Guatemala, were histopathologically studied by light microscopy. Scales from infected cones were fused and fertile scales had aborted seeds. Infected cone scales lacked fibre cells in the cortex, which are abundant in healthy cone scales. Intercellular spaces of cortex contained abundant hyphae compared to phloem and xylem. The cell walls of infected tissues in the ovules were darkly stained, while those of comparable healthy tissue were colourless under Pianeze's IIIB stain. Infected ovules of different developmental stages with nucellus, or nucellus plus spongy tissue, were observed. The cells of each tissue type contained many haustoria and did not develop into female gametophyte and embryo. Ovule colonization by hyphae appeared after pollination and subsequently caused their early abortion.     

山东槭属一新种

发表了山东槭属一新种．即蒙山槭Acer mengshanensis Y．Q．Zhu。该新种与色木槭A．mono Maxim和元宝槭A．truncatum Bunge近缘,但叶多为7裂,基部心形或近心形,子房微有毛,小坚果与果翅近等长;树皮不裂或微裂。     

华北落叶松传粉生物学的研究

本文研究了华北落叶松雌雄球花在树冠上的分布和树冠周围花粉密度变化规律、传粉机制、胚珠接收花粉量及结实状况等。雌球花主要分布在树冠中上部2－4龄枝上，雄球花分布范围较广，且常与雌球花混生；树冠周围花粉密度与雄球花的分布密切相关，中部最大，依次向上下两端减少。依据雌球花形态特征的变化，可将传粉期为5个阶段，整个期间无传粉滴出现，由球被顶端大裂片的珠被毛接收花粉。最佳传粉期约为2天。胚珠平均接收4粒花粉，虽然胚珠接收的花粉数与饱满种子的产量有一定的关系，但并不是造成空粒的主要原因。此外，讨论了不同授粉方式对种子产量的重要意义。     

Somatic embryogenesis of Pinus sylvestris

Embryogenic cultures (EC) of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) were initiated from immature embryos. Whole ovules were used as expiants. The responsive period for initiation began just after fertilization and remained throughout the development of first stages of early embryos. The main part of the embryogenic cultures were initiated by the time of cleavage polyembryony. Strong correlation was obtained between degree days and the responsive period. During subsequent years the experiments were repeated in Finland and Sweden. In all cases the responsive period for initiating embryogenic cultures was the same, about two weeks after fertilization.

In 1991–1993, a total of 138 clones of elite pine trees were tested for their ability to initiate embryogenic cultures. Of these, 33% were responsive under our experimental conditions. Based on about 300 ovules per clone the number of embryogenic lines induced by the responding clones varied from 0.2% to 9.0% of the expiants.

Several nutrient media were found to be suitable for initiation and proliferation of ECs. About half of the cell lines responded to abscisic acid by producing maturing embryos. The embryos reached full maturity in cultures of only a few cell lines. Some of the embryos that produced roots were planted in soil and transferred to a greenhouse.     

空气湿度对富士系苹果花过冷却点的影响

【目的】明确不同湿度条件下富士系苹果花过冷却点的分布频率,为苹果霜冻监测和预测提供参考。【方法】以中国种植最广泛的富士系苹果为研究对象,使用人工霜冻试验箱控制温湿度,模拟霜冻降温过程,设置高、中、低3个湿度范围,对富士系苹果花蕾和花朵子房过冷却点进行监测,研究环境相对湿度对富士系苹果花器官过冷却点的影响。【结果】富士系苹果花蕾和花朵子房过冷却点在-6.4^-1.9 ℃,50%的过冷却点集中在-4.4^-3.5 ℃,80%的过冷却点集中在-4.4^-2.5 ℃,平均过冷却点为-3.7 ℃。苹果花蕾和花朵子房的累积冻害率达到30%(轻度)的温度为-3.2 ℃,累积冻害率达到50%(中度)的温度为-3.6 ℃,累积冻害率达到80%(重度)的温度为-4.2 ℃。花蕾过冷却点的变异大于花朵子房过冷却点,不同湿度处理下花蕾和花朵子房过冷却点差异显著。中湿(相对湿度50%~70%)条件下,过冷却点最高,抗寒性最差,而低湿(相对湿度50%以下)和高湿(相对湿度大于70%)处理均可降低植株的过冷却点。【结论】-4.4^-2.5 ℃是富士系苹果花组织开始出现损伤的主要温度范围。干燥和高湿的环境均可降低富士系苹果花蕾和花朵的过冷却点,尤其是干燥的环境可降低苹果花蕾的过冷却点0.6 ℃,可降低苹果花朵子房的过冷却点0.4 ℃,提高苹果花蕾及花朵子房抗寒性。     

呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松天然林自然落种特征研究

研究了呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松天然林自然落种及其种子萌发特征,结果表明:丰年期落种器共接到99粒种子,且集中分布在母树的正东、东北侧,欠年期则接到落种42粒且集中分布在正东、东南侧。丰年期不同方位、不同落种距离接到的种子平均发芽率为54.5%,欠年期为28.6%。樟子松林缘落种的传播距离范围可以达到25 m,并且在林缘外5 m范围内种子数量最多,林缘外5～20 m范围平均发芽率为60.9%。樟子松单株树木下土壤种子库中种子数量在4 m处最高,并且随着距树干距离的增加种子数量也随之降低,种子总数由2 m处样方的16粒降低到10 m处样方的7粒,降低百分率达129%。