异冰片基氧丙酮及4—异冰片基氧—2—丁酮的合成

将莰烯分别与１，２－丙二醇及１，３－丁二醇加成所得产物１－［（１，７，７－三甲基双环［２，２，１］庚－２－基）氧］２－丙醇及４－［（１，７，７－三甲基双环［２，２，１］庚－２－基）氧］－２－丁醇，氧化得到两只新型的可用作香料的萜醚酮，１－［（１，７，７－三甲基双环［２，２，１］庚－２－基）氧］丙酮，与４－［（１，７，７－三甲基双环［２，２，１］庚－２－基）氧］－２－丁酮。     

冰片基烃烷基醚的合成与酯化

莰烯在硫酸催化下与１，４－丁炔二醇，乙二醇，１，２－丙二醇，１，３－丙二醇反应，分别制得４－冰片氧基－２－丁炔－１－醇，２－冰片氧基乙醇，１－冰片氧基－２－丙醇，３－冰片氧基－１－丙醇，产率分别为５２．７％，５９．７％，４２．６％和４２．０％。上述产物用乙酸酐酯化后得到相应的乙酸酯，其产率分别为８１．３％，７８．９％，７４．８％和７３．６％。所制备的化合物均进行了ＭＳ、ＩＲ、＾１Ｈ ＮＭＲ分析和评     

1—（β,γ—环氧丙氧甲基）—7—异丙基—4—甲基ao的合成及结构鉴定

在相转移催化作用下,将７－异丙基－４－甲－１－ａｏ甲醇（２）和环氧氯丙烷进行反应,成功地合成了新的反应型ａｏ类化合物１－（β,γ－环氧丙氧甲基）－７－异丙基－４－甲基ａｏ（１）。     

冰片基炔丙基醚的合成及锆氢化反应

莰烯在对甲苯磺酸等催化下与炔丙醇、２炔丁醇、３三甲基硅基炔丙醇反应，分别制得冰片基炔丙基醚、冰片基２炔丁基醚和冰片基（３三甲基硅基）炔丙基醚，产率６３％～７４％。冰片基炔丙基醚经氢化氯二茂锆〔Ｃｐ２Ｚｒ（Ｈ）Ｃｌ〕锆氢化后，与Ｉ２反应立体选择性地合成了Ｅ型的烯基碘化合物，产率８５％     

合成1—（β,γ—环氧丙氧甲基）—7—异丙基—4—甲基Ao反应影响因素探讨

研究了７－异丙基－４－甲基－１－Ａｏ甲醇和环氧氯丙烷在碱性催化条件下反应合成１－（β，γ－环氧丙氧甲基）－７－异丙基－４－甲基Ａｏ这一新化合物的影响因素，结果表明影响反应和得率的主要因素为催化剂，碱浓度，反应温度及反应时间。     

一种新型的绞股蓝皂苷

从湖北省郧阳地区采集的绞股蓝全草中分离了一种新型的绞股蓝皂苷，经鉴定其结构为１９－羰基－２１，２３－环氧－３β，２０（Ｓ），２１（Ｒ）－三羟基达玛－２４－烯－３－氧－｛［α－吡喃鼠李糖基（１→２）］［β－吡喃葡萄糖基（１→３）］－α－Ｌ－吡喃阿拉伯糖苷｝。     

决片基炔丙基醚的合成及锆氢化反应

莰烯在对－甲苯磺酸等催化下与炔丙醇、２－炔丁醇、３－三甲基硅基炔丙醇反应，分别制制得冰片基炔丙基醚，冰片基－２－炔丁基醚和冰片基－（３－三甲基硅基）炔丙基醚，产率６３％－７４％。     

1-(β,γ-环氧丙氧甲基)-7-异丙基-4-甲基薁的合成及结构鉴定(英文)

在相转移催化作用下，将７异丙基４甲基１甲醇（２）和环氧氯丙烷进行反应，成功地合成了新的反应型类化合物１（β，γ环氧丙氧甲基）７异丙基４甲基（１）。本反应条件比较简单，较佳条件下分离的目的物摩尔得率达到了６４％。目的物（１）的化学结构（Ｆｉｇ．２）经过ＵＶＶｉｓ、ＩＲ、ＨＲＭＳ和１ＨＮＭＲ等数据分析得到了完满的鉴定。     

二甲基—1,6—辛二烯的环化水合反应研究

３，７－二甲基－１，６－辛二烯（１）在固体酸（分子筛，离子膜和离子交换树脂）作用下与甲酸发生环化水合反应，生成１－（３，３－二甲基环己基）乙醇甲酸酯（４ａ）和３，７，７－三甲基环庚醇甲酸酯（５ａ）的混合物，经皂化反应得到相应的醇（４ｂ和５ｂ）。５，７－二甲基－１，６－辛二烯（２）在同样条件下发生类似的反应，生成３，３，５－三甲基环庚醇甲酸酯（６ａ）经皂化生成３，３，５－三甲基环庚醇（６ｂ）。     

去氢枞酸合成两性表面活性剂及其性质

从歧化松香中分离出去氢枞酸，并以此为原料合成了三种新型的两性表面活性剂，Ｎ－（３－去氢枞酰氧－２－羟）丙基－Ｎ－甲基氨基乙酸钠，Ｎ－｛Ｎ＇－［（３－去氢枞酰氧－２－羟）丙基］胺乙基｝氨基乙酸钠。Ｎ－｛Ｎ＇－［（３－去氢枞酰氧－２－羟）丙基］双胺乙基｝氨基乙酸钠。其结构通过波谱和元素分析得以证实，并测定了其表面物理化学性质如克拉夫特点，临界胶束浓度和分子横断面积。此外还根据相分离模型计算得出胶束化过     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.