苯醚甲环唑胁迫下农田土壤微生物群落和多样性分析

为研究三唑类杀菌剂苯醚甲环唑(dif)施用后土壤中微生物群落结构的响应变化,通过模拟生产中的施用剂量,监测35 d后土壤的理化性质并利用高通量测序技术分析土壤中细菌和真菌的群落组成变化,通过db-RDA分析建立环境因子与微生物群落响应关系。研究结果显示,随着dif施用浓度的增加,土壤中有机质(SOM)、总氮(TN)、碱解氮(AN)均有所提高,有效磷(AP)呈下降趋势,Alpha多样性指数中细菌Chao1、ACE和Shannon指数均低于未处理土壤,真菌Shannon指数高于未处理土壤;所有样本中细菌共检出31门、91纲、206目、315科、553属,真菌共检测出11门、34纲、79目、174科、370属;苯醚甲环唑施用浓度为50 mg/kg时,土壤细菌中变形菌门和拟杆菌门的相对丰度分别提高了14.2%和1.81%,酸杆菌门和绿弯菌门相对丰度分别降低了8.28%和3.44%,绝对优势菌属节杆菌属相对丰度下降7.85%,真菌中赤霉属和被孢霉属逐渐成为优势菌群;细菌的优势菌群中变形菌门与TN呈显著正相关,真菌优势菌门中子囊菌门与AN、TN和dif呈显著正相关,被孢霉门与SOM呈显著负相关;TN和AN对细菌的Shannon指数影响较大。以上说明,高浓度苯醚甲环唑的施用对土壤的理化性质以及微生物的丰富度和群落结构均产生了影响。     

施肥对中国农田土壤微生物群落结构与酶活性影响的整合分析

【目的】 施肥能直接或间接改变农田生态系统的养分平衡,从而影响土壤的物理、化学和生物学特性。本研究探讨不同种植制度和土壤条件下施肥对农田土壤生物学特性的影响程度,为合理施肥和土壤肥力提升提供科学依据。 【方法】 通过收集近10年 (2008—2018年) 来发表的文献,建立了包含185组微生物量及群落结构等相关内容的数据库。采用整合分析方法(Meta-analysis),定量分析了施肥对土壤微生物量、群落结构以及酶活性的影响。 【结果】 与不施肥相比,施肥显著提高了土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸 (PLFA) 和微生物量碳、氮含量,提高幅度分别为28.5%、30.9%和41.6%。施用 (单施或配施) 有机物料对土壤微生物总PLFA含量及微生物量碳、氮含量的提高幅度分别为47.3%、50.4%和58.7%,相当于施用化肥的2.8、2.4和3.9倍。与不施肥相比,施肥均能增加各类微生物菌群PLFA含量,对细菌、真菌及放线菌的提高幅度为23.8%～30.4%,对革兰氏阴性菌(G–)和革兰氏阳性菌 (G+) 的提高幅度为37.8%～43.2%,且施用有机物料处理对各类微生物菌群PLFA含量的提高幅度显著高于施化肥处理。施用化肥对土壤微生物总PLFA含量的提高幅度在一年两熟制区为17.9%,在水田和水旱轮作条件下为18.3%～27.6%,而在一年一熟制区及旱地条件下对土壤微生物总PLFA含量无显著影响。在不同pH的土壤中,施用有机物料对微生物总PLFA的提高幅度均显著高于施化肥处理。在pH < 6与pH > 8的土壤上施用化肥对微生物总PLFA含量无明显影响。施肥显著提高了与土壤有机质分解相关的β-葡萄糖苷酶(42.4%)和乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(174.5%)的活性,对与氮循环相关的亮氨酸氨基肽酶活性无显著影响。统计分析还表明,施肥并未改变土壤微生物的真菌细菌比(F∶B)和革兰氏阳性菌革兰氏阴性菌比(G +∶G–)。 【结论】 在不同种植制度、土地利用类型和土壤pH下,施肥显著改变了土壤微生物量和与有机质分解相关的酶活性,但未改变土壤微生物的真菌细菌比(F∶B)和革兰氏阳性菌革兰氏阴性菌比(G+∶G–)。单施或配施有机物料均有利于提高农田土壤微生物总量及各类菌群的生物量,效果显著好于单施化肥。      

农田土壤理化性质对土壤微生物群落的影响

农田土壤系统是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,也是受人类影响最多的生态系统。土壤微生物参与调节大部分土壤生物化学过程,在土壤碳循环过程中发挥着不可替代的作用。农业措施的变化会改变土壤理化性质,而土壤理化性质的变化又影响着微生物的群落特征等。因此为深入探究土壤理化性质变化对土壤微生物群落的影响,简述了农田土壤物理性质(密度、孔隙、水分、温度)及化学性质(土壤pH、土壤有机质)对土壤微生物群落的影响,并且指出了目前研究存在的问题及未来的研究方向。     

多氯联苯复合污染土壤的微生物群落结构多样性变化

土壤微生物群落结构多样性是指示土壤生态系统稳定性及其功能的重要传感器。采用磷脂脂肪酸（Phospholipid fatty acids,PLFAs）方法,对长江三角洲地区某POPs高风险区PCBs长期复合污染土壤的微生物群落结构多样性进行了初步研究。结果表明,PCBs重度污染土壤中格兰氏阴性菌（16：1w9、cy17：0等）和厌氧微生物（18：1w7）的PLFAs组分含量较多,而格兰氏阳性菌（如i15：0、i17：0等）、放线菌（16：0（10Me））及真菌（18：2ω6,9）和好氧性微生物的PLFAs含量较低,表明PCBs污染土壤中微生物群落结构与组成发生了明显变化。这一结果为PCBs降解微生物资源的定向筛选提供了科学依据。     

土壤微生物群落结构对凋落物组成变化的响应

凋落物分解是陆地生态系统养分循环的关键过程,明确凋落物多样性如何影响土壤微生物群落构成和多度,继而潜在地改变凋落物分解的微生物学机制有助于认识生物多样性和森林生态系统功能的关系。通过小盆模拟试验,应用磷脂脂肪酸谱图的方法研究了我国南方红壤丘陵区典型物种马尾松和湿地松的凋落物分别与白栎和青冈的凋落物混合,与单一针叶凋落物分解时相比,针阔混合凋落物分解过程中土壤微生物群落结构的变化,结果显示:(1)针阔混合凋落物分解时土壤微生物群落磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipidfatty acids,PLFA)总量低于单一针叶处理,细菌和放线菌的相对多度高于单一针叶处理,真菌则相反,群落真菌/细菌低于单一针叶处理,土壤微生物生物量的差异主要来自于真菌;(2)主成分分析表明:针阔混合凋落物分解与单一针叶凋落物分解的土壤微生物群落结构差异显著,两个时期(分解9个月和18个月)主成分一分别可以解释65.74%和89.63%的变异,第一主成分主要包括18∶2ω6,9、18∶1ω9c、17∶0和10Me18∶0等磷脂脂肪酸;(3)土壤微生物群落结构受凋落物初始C/N和木质素/N调控,土壤微生物群落细菌的相对多度与凋落物初始C/N和木质素/N显著负相关,真菌则与凋落物初始C/N和木质素/N显著正相关,群落真菌/细菌与凋落物初始C/N和木质素/N显著正相关。针阔凋落物混合分解通过改变凋落物C/N和木质素/N,提供了对分解者更为有利的微环境。     

多氯联苯污染农田土壤的细菌群落结构差异及其影响因素

应用PCR-DGGE技术分析多氯联苯长期污染农田土壤的细菌群落结构,并主要运用统计学方法探讨了多氯联苯总量和土壤理化因子对细菌群落结构的影响。结果显示:不同水平多氯联苯污染农田土壤中细菌群落结构存在差异,较高水平多氯联苯(64.0~484.5 ng g-1dw)污染土壤的细菌群落结构较为接近;相对于其他土壤理化因子(如有效磷、pH、有机质等),多氯联苯显著影响农田土壤中的细菌群落结构(p<0.05)。这表明在多氯联苯胁迫下土壤细菌整体群落结构发生改变,提示多氯联苯污染对土壤微生物生态的影响,这可能导致土壤生态环境质量发生变化,是潜在的生态风险因素。     

不同管理措施对西藏河谷农田土壤微生物量碳的影响

土壤微生物量碳(MBC)是反映农田土壤质量的重要指标。本研究以西藏河谷农田生态系统为对象,在中国科学院拉萨农业生态试验站长期施肥样地和农田撂荒地通过随机混合采样获取土壤样品,实验室内以氯仿熏蒸法测定土壤微生物量碳,探讨了不同施肥方式、不同除草方式对西藏河谷农田土壤质量的影响。从3个不同生育期的平均结果来看,施加羊粪样地的土壤微生物量碳比空白样地提高了56.1%,单纯施用化肥样地的微生物量碳比空白样地降低了14.0%,表明有机肥的施用对于提高西藏农田土壤质量具有显著的促进作用,而单纯施用化肥则会导致土壤质量的下降。在农田撂荒地试验中,自然撂荒样地(不除草)的土壤微生物量碳大约为85.2 mg/kg,而经常除草样地的土壤微生物量碳比不除草样地降低约1/4,从而进一步说明有机质输入对于提高高原农田土壤质量具有重要的作用。     

生物复混肥对土壤微生物群落功能多样性和微生物量的影响

在温室盆栽条件下,采用Biolog微平板法和氯仿熏蒸浸提法,研究了玉米施用等养分量的无机肥、有机无机复混肥和生物复混肥后土壤微生物群落功能多样性及土壤微生物量的变化。结果表明:生物复混肥处理的土壤微生物平均颜色变化率(AWCD)、微生物群落Shannon指数(H)和微生物群落丰富度指数(S)均最高;施用生物复混肥可明显提高土壤微生物对碳源的利用率,尤其是多酚化合物类和糖类;不同处理土壤微生物碳源利用特征有一定差异,生物复混肥在第1主成分上的得分值为正值,其他各处理在第1主成分上的得分值基本上为负值,起分异作用的主要碳源是糖类和羧酸类。在玉米生长期间各处理土壤微生物量大致呈先升高后逐渐平稳的趋势,且土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷的含量均以生物复混肥处理最高,最高值分别为333.21mg.kg 1、53.02 mg.kg 1和22.20 mg.kg 1。研究表明,生物复混肥的施用比等养分量的有机无机复混肥处理能显著提高土壤微生物群落碳源利用率、微生物群落丰富度和功能多样性,显著增加土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷的含量,有利于维持良好的土壤微生态环境。     

地膜覆盖对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)法测定了沈阳农业大学棕壤长期定位试验站地膜覆盖条件下土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸图谱及群落结构。结果表明:在玉米苗期,长期施氮肥处理土壤覆膜后大部分脂肪酸含量都有所提高;施有机肥处理的土壤覆膜后脂肪酸的含量有降低的趋势;有机无机肥配合施用处理的土壤覆膜会增加真菌的含量,但却降低了其他脂肪酸的含量;在不施肥处理的土壤中,覆膜会使一些支链脂肪酸的含量降低。抽雄期,施有机肥的土壤覆膜后除单饱和脂肪酸含量有所下降外,其他脂肪酸都会提高;不施肥土壤覆膜处理双不饱和支链脂肪酸及放线菌标志性脂肪酸10Me18:0的含量会有所提高。成熟期,施氮肥的土壤覆膜处理大部分脂肪酸的含量降低;有机肥处理土壤中各种脂肪酸如:15∶0,a17∶0,i17∶0,i19∶0,18∶0,10Me18∶0含量覆膜高于裸地;有机无机配施处理土壤中17∶0,br17∶0,18∶0,18∶2w6,10Me18∶0含量覆膜处理高于裸地;对照土壤中i15∶0,16∶0,17∶0,a17∶0,18∶0,18∶2w6,19∶0含量覆膜高于裸地。另外,从脂肪酸的变化看出,覆膜处理土壤微生物群落整体结构发生了改变,没有表现出明显的种群优势。但是,尽管土壤的施肥处理不同,覆膜处理土壤微生物群落结构有一致化发展的趋势。     

乌兰布和沙区绿洲农田土壤微生物及酶活性研究

以撂荒地为对照,通过测定0-20cm和20-40cm层次土样,利用统计分析方法系统研究乌兰布和沙区籽瓜、玉米、油葵和苜蓿地4种绿洲农田土壤微生物（细菌、放线菌和真菌）和土壤酶活性（蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、蛋白酶和多酚氧化酶）特征。结果表明：（1）各农田微生物数量均为细菌（107）〉放线菌（105）〉真菌（103）,三者中,细菌数量占三大类微生物总数的99%以上;各农田表层微生物数量整体高于对照的,且表层均高于下层,但差异不显著;农田间,籽瓜地微生物数量最多;种植苜蓿可显著提升真菌数量。（2）6种酶活性中,仅蔗糖酶和脲酶在层次间和农田间存在显著差异;各农地表层蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和蛋白酶活性均高于对照的;除多酚氧化酶外,苜蓿地酶活性整体较高。（3）各生物学性质相互关联,互相影响。6种酶间呈显著或极显著相关,酶活性既显专性又显共性;蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、多酚氧化酶、真菌和放线菌直接影响有机质含量的程度达85%;总体而言,乌兰布和沙区绿洲体系形成后,长期农作活动使得绿洲农田生物学性质得以改善,土壤质量整体有所提高;设法提高研究区土壤有机质含量是提高绿洲农田土壤质量和改善其生态环境的关键所在,应广种苜蓿。     

不同干扰强度下农业生态系统土壤微生物生物量和活性的分异

Different management practices in six agroecosystems located near Goldsboro, NC, USA were conducted including a successional field (SU), a plantation woodlot (WO), an integrated cropping system with animals (IN), an organic farming system (OR), and two cash-grain cropping systems employing; either tillage (CT) or no-tillage (NT) to examine if and how microbial biomass and activity differ in response to alterations in disturbance intensity from six land management strategies. Results showed that soil microbial biomass and activity differed, with microbial activity in intermediately disturbed ecosystems (NT, OR, IN) being significantly higher (P < 0.01) than systems with either high or low disturbance intensities. There was also a significant and a highly significant ecosystem effect from the treatments on microbial biomass C (MBC) (P < 0.05) and on microbial activity (respiration) (P < 0.01), respectively. Multiple comparisons of mean respiration rates distinctly separated the six ecosystem types into three groups: CT < NT, SU and WO < OR and IN. Thus, for detecting microbial response to disturbance changes these results indicated that the active component of the soil microbial community was a better indicator than total biomass.     

Influence of erosion on soil microbial biomass,abundance and community diversity

This study aimed to determine microbial biomass carbon and microbial abundance immediately after, and two years after, forest soil erosion, so as to estimate the degree of damage, including the rate of recovery of microorganisms, in each area. It also aimed to determine the community diversity, and to establish relationships between microbial biomass, microbial abundance and the physico‐chemical properties of the soil. Three different study areas in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan, were used. One undisturbed area and two eroded areas (one immediately after and one two years after erosion). The analysis of variance showed a highly significant difference in microbial biomass carbon and abundance between the study areas. The undisturbed area showed the highest value, followed by the area eroded two years ago, then lastly the area studied immediately after the erosion. The biomass carbon was highly correlated with gram positive bacteria with r² = 0·983, p < 0·01. The biomass carbon and microbial population were shown to be significantly correlated to the soil's physico‐chemical properties, such as pH, moisture content, water‐holding capacity and CN ratio. However, CN ratio proved to be closely correlated to biomass carbon with r² = −0·978, p < 0·01, to Gram‐positive bacteria with r² = −0·977, p < 0·01, to Gram‐negative bacteria with r² = −0·989, p < 0·01 and to fungi with r² = −0·977, p < 0·01. The undisturbed area showed a highly diverse community in both of the restriction enzymes used, followed by the area affected by erosion two years ago, then the area immediately after erosion. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

废弃农耕地自然演替过程中微生物群落与土壤特性间的关系

The changes of microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN) and microbial community in the topsoil of the abandoned agricultural land on the semi-arid Loess Plateau in China during the natural succession were evaluated to understand the relationship between microbial community and soil properties. MBC and MBN were measured using fumigation extraction, and microbial community was analyzed by the method of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The contents of organic C, total N, MBC, MBN, total FAME, fungal FAME, bacterial FAME and Gram-negative bacterial FAME at the natural succession sites were higher than those of the agricultural land, but lower than those of the natural vegetation sites. The MBC, MBN and total FAME were closely correlated with organic C and total N. Furthermore, organic C and total N were found to be positively correlated with fungal FAME, bacterial FAME, fungal/bacterial and Gram-negative bacterial FAME. Natural succession would be useful for improving soil microbial properties and might be an important alternative for sustaining soil quality on the semi-arid Loess Plateau in China.     

Responses of nematode‐community structure in turfgrass soil to microbial filtrates from municipal–solid waste compost

Actinomycetes, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus thuringiensis were isolated from municipal–solid waste (MSW) compost, and different microbial liquid filtrates (MLF) were prepared. Sterile culture media with no microbes were used as their controls. The effects of MLF on soil nematode communities were examined in pot‐grown Festuca arundinacea Schreb. Fifteen genera of nematodes in background soil were identified, of which Helicotylenchus and Rotylenchus were dominant. The inoculation of MLF strongly affected the abundance and community structure of soil nematodes. Compared with their controls, lower total nematode numbers following MLF incorporation were found. Actinomycetes inoculation changed community structure of soil nematodes, transforming the dominant genera from Helicotylenchus and Rotylenchus into Cephalobus, Chiloplacus, and Aphelenchus. Actinomycetes incorporation resulted in a significant decrease of plant‐parasitic nematodes relative to control pots. Only plant‐parasitic and omnivorous‐predatory nematodes were found in treatments following B. subtilis inoculation, and Helicotylenchus, Rotylenchus were dominant genera with relative abundance of 76.2% and 14.3%, respectively. Although the dominant genera were still Helicotylenchus and Rotylenchus, B. thuringiensis inoculation led to a marked decrease in populations of plant‐parasitic nematodes and an increase in populations of fungivorous and bacterivorous nematodes relative to control. Shannon's diversity index (H′), evenness index (J′), richness index (SR), and Wasilewska index (WI) in pots treated with actinomycetes and B. thuringiensis filtrates were significantly higher than those of their controls, whereas significant lower dominance index (λ) in actinomycetes and B. thuringiensis treatments was observed than their controls. Plant growth was improved in the treatments inoculated with three microbes. The findings highlight that actinomycetes can most effectively suppress plant‐parasitic nematodes, increase community diversity, evenness, and richness, thus improving soil environment for turf growth.     

植物源有机物料对果园土壤微生物群落多样性的影响

【目的】苹果园土壤肥力持续下降,禽畜废弃物肥源严重不足,施用植物源有机肥成为生产中改善果园土壤状况的重要措施之一。本试验利用BIOLOG微平板技术研究了盆栽条件下添加植物源有机物料及其腐殖化过程驱动因子对果园土壤微生物群落多样性的影响,探讨葡萄糖、 尿素和蚯蚓在植物源有机物料向土壤碳库转化中的作用,为揭示果园土壤质量的演变机制提供参考。【方法】取苹果园020 cm土层土壤,与苹果枝条、 玉米秸秆和果园杂草粉碎物混合,栽植2a生苹果砧木山定子幼苗,分别添加尿素、 葡萄糖和蚯蚓,利用BIOLOG微平板技术进行土壤微生物群落多样性分析。不同处理的土壤浸提液在 BIOLOG生态测试板中培养,取培养96 h时微平板光密度值进行多样性指数计算,分别用丰富度指数S 表示被微生物群落利用的基质数量,多样性指数表示反应孔与对照孔光密度值之差和整块板总差的比值,均匀度指数 E表示可培养微生物的种类均匀度,优势度指数Ds用于评估某些最常见种的优势度。对土壤微生物群落利用BIOLOG微平板中六类碳源（碳水化合物类、 氨基酸类、 羧酸类、 多聚物类、 芳香族类和胺类）的情况进行主成分分析,明确不同处理微生物对碳源利用能力的差异。【结果】有机物料种类、 小分子有机物和蚯蚓数量均对平均吸光值（AWCD值）有显著影响,在培养0~24 h,玉米秸秆+葡萄糖+12条蚯蚓（T4）和果园杂草+葡萄糖（T9）处理的AWCD值明显高于其他处理,微生物群落的活性较强,碳源开始利用较早。2496 h时,AWCD呈指数增长,120 h后趋于平缓,以玉米秸秆+葡萄糖+12条蚯蚓（T4）、 苹果枝条+葡萄糖+6条蚯蚓（T2）、 果园杂草+葡萄糖（T9）处理斜率最大,其次为玉米秸秆+尿素+6条蚯蚓（T6）和苹果枝条+尿素（T1）处理; 小分子有机物种类对微生物群落丰富度指数（S）和优势度指数（Ds）的影响显著,丰富度指数（S）以苹果枝条+葡萄糖+6条蚯蚓（T2）最大,优势度指数（Ds）以玉米秸秆+葡萄糖+12条蚯蚓（T4）最大,各处理的多样性指数（H）和均一度指数（E）差异不显著; 对碳源利用主成分起分异作用的主要是碳水化合物类和多聚物类。【结论】与秸秆和杂草处理相比,苹果枝条处理土壤微生物群落多样性较丰富,加入葡萄糖为土壤微生物提供可迅速利用的碳源,微生物功能多样性也显著增加; 蚯蚓活动对微生物群落多样性的影响比葡萄糖小,尿素对微生物群落多样性的影响也较小,但同时添加尿素和葡萄糖有助于微生物多样性的增加。     

石油烃类污染物降解动力学和微生物群落多样性分析

为了探讨不同初始浓度石油污染土壤堆腐化修复机制,以石油降解菌剂和腐熟鸡粪为调理剂,研究了初始浓度分别为5 000（T1）、10 000（T2）和50 000 mg/kg（T3）的石油污染土壤堆腐化修复过程石油烃类污染降解动力学特征和微生物群落多样性。结果表明：堆腐化修复过程石油烃类污染物降解符合一级反应动力学,反应常数分别为0.012、0.094和0.050 d-1,半衰期分别为6.79、7.37和13.86 d。整个堆腐过程石油烃类污染物平均降解速率分别为112.08、230.05和887.93 mg/(kg·d)。3个处理的孔平均颜色变化率（average well color development）和碳源利用率（除芳香烃类化合物外）随堆腐进程的推进逐渐升高,在堆腐中、后期达到最大,T3处理显著高于T1、T2处理。多聚物类和糖类代谢群是堆腐体系中的优势菌群。主成分分析表明3个处理的微生物群落差异显著（除第9天外）,起分异作用的碳源主要是糖类和羧酸类。微生物群落的丰富度指数和均一度指数随堆腐进程的推进逐渐升高并在堆腐后期达到最大,与T1处理相比,T3处理分别高了0.21%和17.64%,差异达到显著水平（P<0.05）。微生物群落优势度指数在中期达到最大,T1处理分别比T2、T3处理高2.12%和9.44%,3个处理间差异不显著（P>0.05）。堆肥结束时3个处理的种子发芽指数（seed germination index, SGI）分别比堆腐初期提高了18.26%、20.42%和36.41%。该研究结果为黄土高原不同程度石油污染土壤堆腐化修复的应用提供参考依据和理论基础。     

Deep incorporation of corn straw benefits soil organic carbon and microbial community composition in a black soil of Northeast China

‘Deep incorporation of corn straw’ (CSDI) is to concentrate the burial of corn straw into the subsurface soil layer (20–40 cm) and to break the plough pan, thereby creating a loosened plough layer (0–20 cm) and a fertile subsurface soil layer. However, its impacts on soil organic carbon (SOC) and the microbial community remain poorly understood. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of 1-year CSDI (CD1), 3-year CSDI (CD3) and 5-year CSDI (CD5) on soil aggregates and aggregate-associated SOC, as well as bacterial and fungal community characteristics (examined by the high-throughput gene sequencing method). The results demonstrated that SOC and soil fungal diversity were decreased by CD1, but increased by CD3 and CD5. Compared with the control, CD5 promoted 2–0.25 mm soil macroaggregation, significantly increased SOC by 8.94% and aggregate-associated SOC by 5.96%–8.84%, consequently improving the physical protection of SOC by soil aggregates. CD3 and CD5 enhanced the richness and diversity of soil bacteria and fungi, and altered community composition. For soil bacteria, the relative abundance of Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi was increased, while that of Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, Sphingomonas and Bacillus was decreased. For soil fungi, the relative abundance of Ascomycota, Zygomycota, Mortierella and Fusarium was greatly improved, but that of Basidiomycota was reduced. These obvious variations in microbial community structure were beneficial to straw degradation and SOC accumulation. Overall, the optimization of microbial community with CSDI plays a positive role in promoting soil organic matter, nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration, and thus improving soil fertility.     

BIOLOG法测定土壤微生物群的一些局限性

Reduction of Cr(VI)to Cr(Ⅲ）were studied in a fresh wheat rhizosphere soil(Kuroboku,high humicandosol) pretreated with a basal fertilizer consisting of (NH4)2SO4,P2O5 and KH2PO4 and with K2Cr2O7 by using a rhizobox system.It was found that rhizosphere exerted a positive effect on Cr(VI) reduction.Part of the reason was the decrwease of pH in the rhizosphere due to application of (NH4)2SO4,implying that application of physiologically acid fertilizers would reduce Cr(VI) toxicity to plants.