迎春寄语

时光更替,岁月如梭。在迎接众相之首金鼠佳年来临之际,我们翘首以盼,共贺新春。在这辞旧迎新的时刻,2007年已隆重落幕,我们企盼已久的2008已悄然而至。岁末年首,回顾过去。才发现,有太多的回味和感叹已定格在过去的2007年里。在这一年里,我们有不少的遗憾,有让人痛心的“毒鼠强事件”,有令人震惊的“凤凰垮桥事件”,还有让人困惑的“煤矿惨案”……在这一年里,我们有更多的欣喜,有“嫦娥奔月”圆了千年的梦想,有党的十七大令人欢欣鼓舞,还有党中央出台的系列惠农政策……全国农业又迎来了一个美好的春天。在这一年里,由农业部农药检定所主办…     

截头堆砂白蚁若蚁虫态变化的初步观察

截头堆砂白蚁Cryptoter mes domesticus若蚁,不但可以形成有翅成虫和兵蚁,而且还可以形成补充型繁殖蚁。在每个培养若蚁的实验群体中,均有补充型繁殖蚁形成,补充型繁殖蚁都有繁殖功能。同时,在每个实验群体中均有有翅成虫出现,半年以内,有翅成虫的数量占全部实验群体的36.7%,有6.7%的实验群体出现兵蚁。     

中国茶品牌之道（续）

打造品牌是一个系统工程，是一个相当漫长的过程，有的人把创品牌看得太简单，太容易了。据中国管理科学院品牌与市场战略研究所梁世和副所长等前几年在国外考察100个世界名牌企业，其中有36％的企业有100年以上的历史，有28％的企业有80-100年历史，有25％的企业有50-80年历史，只有6％的企业创业史在50年以内（比如在10-20年）。     

花生主要病虫害发生及防治措施

通过多年田间观测和调查,花生在整个生长期中,其病虫害都有发生和为害,对产量和品质有较大影响。在盘县,花生主要病虫害有叶斑病、茎腐病、锈病、青枯病、病毒病、花生蚜虫等。     

苜蓿根瘤菌耐盐碱性试验

通过几种盐对苜蓿根瘤菌生长影响的试验，说明本试验所用的１２种苜蓿根瘤菌均具有一定的耐盐碱性。其中有两株菌可以在大于４％的ＮａＣｌ ＹＭＡ培养基上生长，有三株菌可以在Ｎａ２ＣＯ３浓度为０．２９％，ｐＨ１０的ＹＭＡ培养基上生长，有８株菌可以在２６％的硫酸钠盐ＹＭＡ培养基上生长，有５株菌可以在９％的硫酸钾培养基上生长。尤其是Ｒ３５２，Ｒ３４６，Ｒ３４７三株菌对这几种盐都有较强的忍耐性。在盐碱化程度较大，     

农药药害的识别及补救措施

农作物药害是指因使用农药不当而引起作物反应出各种病态．包括作物体内生理变化异常、生长停滞、植株变态、甚至死亡等一系列症状。药害有轻有重,有急有缓。笔者在此与同行进行交流。     

浅谈产地检疫

1 产地检疫的概念及其地位在有关的书籍和文章中,产地检疫有多种表述方法。比较普遍的,有代表性的解释有“植物检疫机构对种子、苗木及应施检疫的植物、植物产品在原产地进行的检疫检查”;有的简单表述为“在植物原产地进行的检疫”;有的表述很具体“对调运的植物和植物产品在其生产期间调查是否发生有植物检疫对象,对调查未发生检疫对象的,签发产地检疫证书;调查发现有检     

蝽科昆虫的趋光性观察

许多昆虫有趋光性,因此,在生产上可用灯光进行害虫测报或防治。近几年来笔者在野外考察采集中对蝽科昆虫的趋光性略加注意,据各地所观察到的有不同程度趋光性的有19种。所用的光源有黑光灯、100瓦及普通照明电灯,按其趋光程度大致分三类:     

黄脊竹蝗发生与环境因子的关系

黄脊竹蝗分布于长江流域以南的竹林地区。温度高低,对黄脊竹蝗的跳蝻和成虫的活动有密切的关系。温度在32℃以上,跳蝻避入阴凉处;中午温度高时,成虫也有下大竹乘凉的习性。光的强弱对黄脊竹蝗的跳蝻上大竹的迟早有一定的影响。在野外,跳蝻喜欢栖在光线充足的地方。若用灯火引诱,对跳蝻和成虫的效果不大。黄脊竹蝗取食有一定的选择性,以毛竹、矮竹、淡竹最为喜食。其次是棕榈、水稻。对芭蕉也有取食。黄脊竹蝗的产卵,以东南方向的山腰间为最多。在山顶、山脚及向北的山腰产卵极少。最高到海拔780米也发现有卵,而以300—400米高度处产卵较多。蝗卵孵化日期,在小满节前后,此时正是新竹抽枝发叶之时。     

黑龙江省大豆灰斑病研究现状

大豆灰斑病(Cercospora Sojina)是世界性病害,在各主要大豆生产国都有报道。我国在1921年就有对此病的记载。目前黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、河北、山东、安徽、江苏、福建、四川、云南、广西等都有发生。以黑龙江省最普遍,损失严重。黑龙江省农科院合江农科所     

星天牛生物防治研究进展

星天牛Anoplophora chinensis Forster为亚洲本土的林木钻蛀性害虫,近年来已入侵到一些欧洲国家,被列为重要的国际检疫对象。本文综述了国内外有关星天牛的自然天敌种类及其人工利用的研究进展。我国古代曾用黄猄蚁Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius防治危害柑橘树的星天牛,近年来开展了野外释放天敌昆虫花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides Fairmaire成虫和卵卡防治星天牛的实践,都取得了较好的防治效果。川硬皮肿腿蜂Sclerodermus sichuanensis Xiao对星天牛低龄幼虫具有一定的控制作用,天牛卵长尾啮小蜂Aprostocetus fukutai Miwa&Sonan显示出了良好的生物防治利用前景,在意大利对星天牛的卵寄生率最高达72%。一些欧洲本地拟寄生蜂种类,如柄腹茧蜂Spathius erythrocephalus Wesmael也可寄生入侵当地的星天牛自然种群。此外,利用昆虫病原微生物控制星天牛,也具有较好的防治前景,如用布氏白僵菌Beauveria brongniartii Petch制成的无纺布菌条已经在日本开发成为一种商品,真菌侵染可引起天牛高致死率。昆虫病原线虫夜蛾斯氏线虫Steinernema feltiae Filipjev和小卷蛾斯氏线虫S.carpocapsae Weiser也具有作为生物杀虫剂用于控制星天牛幼虫的开发前景。本文还讨论了目前星天牛生物防治中存在的不足及其原因,展望了今后研究的重点和方向。     

田间复壮对蠋蝽当代及其子代生物学特性的影响

为改善蠋蝽在室内继代饲养过程中品质退化问题，提高该虫规模化繁殖效率。本研究以田间大纱笼作为半自然条件，对室内连续繁殖10代的蠋蝽4龄若虫进行复壮，并在室内条件下测定了复壮与未复壮蠋蝽交叉配对（♀_田×♂_田、♀_田×♂_室、♂_田×♀_室、♀_室×♂_室）后的雌雄成虫寿命、繁殖能力、F1代发育历期及存活率等生物学特性。结果表明，复壮未对蠋蝽雌雄成虫寿命产生显著影响，但对其生殖力及F1代适应性等方面影响显著。♀_室×♂_田配对组的蠋蝽产卵量最高、产卵前期最短、产卵期最长；相较于雌虫未复壮组（♀_室×♂_田、♀_室×♂_室），雌虫复壮组（♀_田×♂_田、♀_田×♂_室）的产卵量减少、产卵前期延长；雌雄虫未复壮组（♀_室×♂_室）无明显偏雌或雄性现象，而雌雄虫均复壮或其中一方复壮组（♀_田×♂_田、♀_田×♂_室、♀_室×♂_田）均出现明显偏雌性；相较于雌雄虫未复壮组，♀_田×♂_田的F1代由卵到成虫的发育期显著延长、成虫存活率下降。本研究表明，在室内条件下，以田间大纱笼作为半自然条件复壮的蠋蝽繁殖能力提高，但未复壮蠋蝽的F1代适应性更强。     

假禾谷镰孢菌细胞自噬相关基因的鉴定与表达分析

细胞自噬是真核生物中一类包含多种进化保守的Atgs蛋白参与的蛋白质降解途径,该途径也参与多种植物病原真菌的产孢、孢子萌发和致病性过程。本研究利用模式物种已知的Atgs,通过生物信息学分析在假禾谷镰孢菌中鉴定到29个Atgs,分属29种不同蛋白类型。细胞自噬核心调控机制相关蛋白Atg1、Atg6、Atg8和Atg9的氨基酸序列系统进化分析结果显示,Atgs在丝状真菌间非常保守,符合物种进化的特点。通过假禾谷镰孢菌跟亲和与非亲和寄主转录组数据分析发现,与菌丝阶段相比26个Fp Atgs在侵染阶段的表达发生改变,其中Fp Atg1、2、3、4、5、7、8、9、13、22、23、28和Fp Vps34在侵染初期和中后期均诱导表达;Fp Atg6、14、17、20、24、29和Fp Vps15在侵染初期和中后期表达量均降低;Fp Atg10、11除在非亲和互作中后期表达量略有上调,其余阶段均显著下调表达;Fp Atg15、16在亲和互作初期诱导表达,其余阶段均下调表达;Fp Atg26、27在亲和互作初期下调表达,中后期诱导表达,而在非亲和互作初期表达量升高,到中后期下调表达。推测细胞自噬参与调控假禾谷镰孢菌的侵染过程。     

灰葡萄孢BcPDR1基因与PKA编码基因的关系研究

 为明确灰葡萄孢BcPDR1基因与病菌cAMP信号途径中PKA编码基因BcPKA1、BcPKA2、BcPKAR之间的关系,利用Real-time PCR技术分析了BcPDR1基因突变对PKA编码基因BcPKA1、BcPKA2、BcPKAR表达的影响,以及PKA编码基因突变对BcPDR1基因表达的影响。结果发现,BcPDR1基因突变体中BcPKA1、BcPKA2、BcPKAR的表达水平均显著高于野生型和回复菌株,BcPKA1、BcPKA2、BcPKAR基因的RNAi突变体中BcPDR1基因表达水平显著低于野生型。我们分别构建了PKA编码基因BcPKA1、BcPKA2、BcPKAR在敲除突变体ΔBcpdr1中过表达的菌株ΔBcpdr1/BcPKA1-OE、ΔBcpdr1/BcPKA2-OE、ΔBcpdr1/BcPKAR-OE;对过表达菌株的表型和致病力进行分析发现,过表达菌株的菌落形态、菌核形成、菌丝形态、生长速率、产孢量和致病力均与突变体ΔBcpdr1表现显著的差异,而更接近野生型BC22的表型和致病力。结果表明,灰葡萄孢BcPDR1基因与PKA亚基基因BcPKA1、BcPKA2和BcPKAR的表达水平密切相关,BcPDR1基因负调控这3个基因的表达,而这3个基因对BcPDR1基因表达有正调控作用。本研究为进一步阐明灰葡萄孢BcPDR1基因调控病菌生长发育和致病力的分子机制奠定了基础。     

Multiple fungicide resistance to benzimidazoles, dicarboximides and diethofencarb in field isolates of Botrytis cinerea in Israel

During the period January-March 1989, 15 greenhouses at 12 sites in Israel were surveyed for the presence of fungicide-resistant strains of Botrytis cinerea , using a fungicide-amended Botrytis -selective medium. Resistance to benzimidazoles (Ben^R) and to dicarboximides (Dic^R) was frequent in most sites. Resistance to carbendazim + diethofencarb (Ben^R NPC^R) was found in all eight sites in which a mixture of these fungicides had been used against grey mould, but not in other sites. A new phenotype of multiple fungicide resistance was found among these isolates. The new phenotype, designated Ben^R Dic^R NPC^R, combines the three previously described characteristics of resistance to benzimidazole, dicarboximide and N -phenylcarbamate fungicides. It was found only in cucumber greenhouses that had been sprayed with the fungicide mixture carbendazim + diethofencarb against grey mould. Isolates of this phenotype were pathogenic in artificial inoculation of cucumber cotyledons treated with carbendazim, iprodione or carbendazim + diethofencarb.     

Genetics of avirulences in Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei

The genetics of avirulences towards barley mildew resistances were analysed in crosses of the Ervsiphe graminis f.sp. hordei isolate DH14 with CC107 and with CC138. Nine avirulences, Av r_a9, Avr _a10, Avr _a11, Avr _a12, Avr _Ab, Avr _CP, Avr _h, Avr _k and Avr _La, segregated as single genes in one or other cross. However. F₁ segregation data were consistent with avirulence matching the Mla7 resistance gene being controlled by two genes, designated Avr _a7 1 and Avr _a7 2. Infection types of avirulent isolates differed on varieties in which Mla7 had been derived from each of the four known sources of that resistance. Linkage was detected between Avr _a7 1 and Avr _h in the cross CC107 × DH14, and between Avr _a10 and Avr _k, Avr _a11 and Avr _La, and Avr _h and the triadimenol response gene Tdl2 in CC138 × DH14.     

Response of plant physiological parameters to soil water availability during prolonged drought is affected by soil texture

Soil water deficit is increasingly threatening the sustainable vegetation restoration and ecological construction on the Loess Plateau of China due to the climate warming and human activities. To determine the response thresholds of Amygdalus pedunculata (AP) and Salix psammophila (SP) to soil water availability under different textural soils, we measured the changes in net photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomatal conductance (G_s), intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), leaf water potential (ψ_w), water use efficiency (WUE) and daily transpiration rate (T_d) of the two plant species during soil water content (SWC) decreased from 100% field capacity (FC) to 20% FC in the sandy and loamy soils on the Loess Plateau in the growing season from June to August in 2018. Results showed that P_n, G_s, WUE and T_d of AP and SP remained relatively constant at the beginning of soil water deficit but decreased rapidly as plant available soil water content (PASWC) fell below the threshold values in both the sandy and loamy soils. The PASWC thresholds corresponding to P_n, G_s and C_i of AP in the loamy soil (0.61, 0.62 and 0.70, respectively) were lower than those in the sandy soil (0.70, 0.63 and 0.75, respectively), whereas the PASWC thresholds corresponding to P_n, G_s and C_i of SP in the loamy soil (0.63, 0.68 and 0.78, respectively) were higher than those in the sandy soil (0.58, 0.62 and 0.66, respectively). In addition, the PASWC thresholds in relation to T_d and WUE of AP (0.60 and 0.58, respectively) and SP (0.62 and 0.60, respectively) in the loamy soil were higher than the corresponding PASWC thresholds of AP (0.58 and 0.52, respectively) and SP (0.55 and 0.56, respectively) in the sandy soil. Furthermore, the PASWC thresholds for the instantaneous gas exchange parameters (e.g., P_n and G_s) at the transient scale were higher than the thresholds for the parameters (e.g., T_d) at the daily scale. Our study demonstrates that different plant species and/or different physiological parameters exhibit different thresholds of PASWC and that the thresholds are affected by soil texture. The result can provide guidance for the rational allocation and sustainable management of reforestation species under different soil conditions in the loess regions.     

Source identification of nitrate in the upper aquifer system of the Wadi Shueib catchment area in Jordan based on stable isotope composition

Groundwater forms the main freshwater supply in arid and semi-arid areas,and contamination of this precious resource is complicated by the slow rate of recharge in these areas.Nitrate contamination of groundwater is a global water quality problem,as it entails threat to human health as well as aquatic ecosystems.Source identification of contamination is the cornerstone and a prerequisite for any effective management program of water quality.Stable isotope composition of the dissolved nitrate(δ¹⁵N-NO₃-andδ¹⁸O-NO₃-)has been applied to identify NO₃-sources and the main transformation processes in the upper aquifer system(A1/2,A4,and B2/A7 aquifers)in the Wadi Shueib catchment area,Jordan.Moreover,the stable isotope compositions of the groundwater(δ²H-H₂O andδ¹⁸O-H₂O)in conjunction with the groundwater hydrochemistry were integrated to investigate the origin and evolution of the groundwater.Results revealed that groundwater in the study area is fresh and hard-very hard water,and mainly a Ca-Mg-Cl type.NO₃-concentration was in the range of 7.0-74.0 mg/L with an average of 37.0 mg/L.Most of the samples showed concentration higher than the natural background concentration of NO₃-(5.0-10.0 mg/L).Theδ²H-H₂O andδ¹⁸O-H₂O values indicated that the groundwater is meteoric,and of Mediterranean origin,with a strong evaporation effect.Theδ¹⁵N-NO₃-values ranged between 6.0‰and 11.3‰with an average of 8.7‰,and theδ¹⁸O-NO₃-values ranged between 1.6‰and 5.9‰with an average of 3.4‰.These values are in conformity with the stable isotope composition of nitrate derived the nitrification of wastewater/manure,and soil NH4.Nitrification and denitrification are the main transformation processes affecting nitrogen species.Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in theδ²H-H₂O andδ¹⁸OH₂O values,andδ¹⁵N-NO₃-andδ¹⁸O-NO₃-values for the three aquifers(A1/2,A4,and B2/A7),indicating that the groundwater of these aquifers has the same origin,and a common source of pollution.     

Application of a flowing solution culture technique to study the parasitic fitness of the nematode Radopholus similis on banana plantlets under two different nitrogen nutrient regimes

A flowing solution culture technique was used to study the effects of N nutrition on banana root infestation by the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis . Paired groups of banana plants were grown in separate compartments containing coarse sand (2–5 mm diameter). Input nutrient solutions had fixed compositions and identical total N concentrations. The two compartments differed in their NH₄⁺/total N concentrations, one receiving 0% NH₄⁺/total N (100% NO₃⁻/total N) and the other 60% NH₄⁺/total N (40% NO₃⁻/total N). The compartments were connected by a inverted T-shaped tube containing fine sand (200–250  μ m diameter) through which nematodes were inoculated. The pH and N concentrations of the output solution were determined at regular intervals. The pH of the output solution differed markedly between the two compartments, with values of 6.8 and 3.6 in the 0% and 60% NH₄⁺ compartments, respectively. In the compartment receiving 0% NH₄⁺, the number of nematodes in the roots and the growth of banana plants was significantly higher than in the compartment receiving 60% NH₄⁺. Even though they were more infested by nematodes, banana plants receiving 100% NO₃⁻ developed better than the less infested plants grown in the medium containing 40% NO₃⁻.     

新疆昌吉州东部平原区地下水水文地球化学演化分析

为探究新疆昌吉州东部平原区地下水水质演化过程，采用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs图和离子比法对昌吉州东部平原区2016年63组地下水水质取样点及54组2012—2015年地下水水质监测数据进行分析。结果表明：昌吉州东部平原区2012年地下水阳离子平均含量总体为Ca²⁺>K⁺+Na⁺>Mg²⁺，阴离子平均含量总体为HCO^3->SO₄^2->Cl^-；从2013年开始，SO₄^2-逐渐增大，Ca²⁺逐渐减小；到2016年阳离子平均含量总体为Ca²⁺>K⁺+Na⁺>Mg²⁺，阴离子平均含量总体为HCO₃^->SO₄^2->Cl^-。水化学类型由2012年HCO₃—Ca·Mg（Ca·Na、Ca·Na·Mg）型向2016年HCO₃·SO₄—Ca·Na·Mg（Ca·Mg、Ca·Na）演化，这主要与含水介质的风化作用和蒸发浓缩作用有关，而蒸发浓缩作用更加体现在承压水区的上部潜水中。地下水中Na⁺、K⁺、Cl^-主要来自岩盐的溶解；Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺主要来自蒸发岩溶解；SO₄^2-主要来自石膏（CaSO₄·2H₂O）和芒硝（Na₂SO₄·10H₂O）的溶解。Cl^-、SO₄^2-除来自岩盐的溶解外，还受到人类活动的影响。