辽宁绒山羊胎儿发育的初步研究

了解辽宁绒山羊胎儿期的发育过程对于指导其妊娠期和出生后饲养管理及培育具有重要意义。本研究分别对妊娠后45、60、75、90、105、135 d的辽宁绒山羊胎儿外形、体尺、体重及部分器官发育速度进行了测定,结果表明:辽宁绒山羊的胎儿在45日龄时已经具备其固有体型;135日龄时其形态、机体的所有器官均已发育完全;135日龄的胎儿体重、体尺已经接近出生羔羊;胎儿在90 d胎龄前,绝对增重不大,但相对体重增长快速;90 d胎龄后绝对增重加快,尤其是120d胎龄后,日增重可达40~80 g,说明辽宁绒山羊与其他羊一样,胎儿发育主要以后3个月为主;胎儿器官的发育速度与相应器官的生理机能是密切相关的,凡是代谢旺盛的器官均优先发育;胎儿的粗毛在105d时已全部生长于皮肤之外,而胎儿绒则是在120 d开始出现,在135 d时能够覆盖全身。     

β-catenin基因在辽宁绒山羊皮肤毛囊中表达的研究

β-catenin是Wnt信号途径中的重要调控因子,对毛囊细胞的生长、分化、运动、凋亡的调节都具有重要的作用。采用荧光定量PCR方法检测45日龄、365日龄、730日龄的辽宁绒山羊皮肤中β-catenin mRNA的表达,分析其在不同日龄辽宁绒山羊皮肤上的表达差异。结果表明:β-连环蛋白在不同年龄辽宁绒山羊皮肤中均有表达。45日龄的β-catenin基因mRNA表达量极显著(P<0.01)地高于365日龄(1周岁)和730日龄(2周岁)的表达量,而365日龄(周岁)与730日龄(2周岁)间β-catenin基因mRNA表达量则差异不显著(P>0.05)。说明β-catenin在绒山羊皮肤毛囊的发育和成熟过程中发挥重要作用。     

辽宁绒山羊皮肤毛囊血管内皮生长因子基因的表达研究

采用反转录—聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）方法对血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF）在辽宁绒山羊常年长绒和季节长绒两个品系皮肤毛囊中的相对表达量进行测定。试验结果表明,VEGF基因mRNA在辽宁绒山羊常年长绒和季节长绒两个品系的皮肤毛囊组织中都有表达,并且两个品系在一年内同一月份VEGF基因mRNA的相对表达量差异不显著（P＞0.05）,但是一年内各个月份间VEGF基因mRNA的相对表达量2月份与其它月份差异显著（P＜0.05）。辽宁绒山羊常年长绒型新品系VEGF基因mRNA的相对表达量除2月份外,常年维持在一个较高的水平,这可能是其能够常年长绒的一个重要原因。     

辽宁绒山羊胎儿皮肤中Bcl-2\Bax基因表达变化的研究

胎儿期是辽宁绒山羊皮肤及毛囊形成的时期,在这个时期,Bax与Bcl-2基因能否在皮肤及毛囊表达,则与其发育及成熟密切相关.采用免疫组织化学方法,对辽宁绒山羊胎儿期的45、60、75、90、105、120和135 d胎儿皮肤上Bax和Bcl-2蛋白的表达量变化进行研究.结果表明:初级毛囊和次级毛囊、表皮、皮脂腺、汗腺上都存在Bax和Bcl-2阳性表达;两种蛋白在内根鞘上呈强表达,而在真皮乳头则弱表达.初级、次级毛囊上Bax平均光密度先增加后维持,而Bcl-2的平均光密度则是先不断增加,后稍有降低,Bax/Bcl-2比值的变化趋势也是降低的,表明随着初级和次级毛囊发育逐步成熟,细胞凋亡现象也逐渐减弱.     

辽宁绒山羊皮肤毛囊VEGF基因表达的RT-PCR检测

从辽宁绒山羊常年长绒和季节长绒2个品系皮肤毛囊组织中提取总RNA,以总RNA为模板进行RT-PCR扩增血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)基因并进行相对定量表达研究.结果显示,VEGF基因mRNA在辽宁绒山羊常年长绒和季节长绒2个品系的皮肤毛囊组织中均有表达,并且2个品系在1年内同一月份VEGF基因mRNA的相对表达量差异不显著(P＞0.05),2月份VEGF基因mRNA的相对表达量与其他月份差异显著(P＜0.05).结果表明,常年长绒型新品系VEGF基因mRNA的相对表达量除2月外,其他月份均常年维持在一个较高的水平.     

辽宁绒山羊胎儿皮肤中Bcl-2/Bax基因表达变化的研究

胎儿期是绒山羊皮肤及毛囊形成的重要时期。这一时期,Bax与Bcl-2基因在皮肤及毛囊中正确表达与否,与皮肤及毛囊的发育及成熟密切相关。本研究采用免疫组织化学的方法,采集辽宁绒山羊胎儿期第45、60、75、90、105、120天和第135天皮肤,对胎儿皮肤和毛囊中Bax和Bcl-2蛋白的表达进行检测。结果表明:Bax和Bcl-2在初级和次级毛囊、表皮、皮脂腺、汗腺中都呈阳性表达;且2种基因在内根鞘上呈强表达,而在真皮乳头中为弱表达。初级和次级毛囊中Bax平均光密度先增加,随后达到一定阈值后维持水平;而Bcl-2的平均光密度则呈现先增加后稍有降低;此外,Bax/Bcl-2比值也表现为降低的趋势。因此,可以推断,随着辽宁绒山羊初级和次级毛囊发育逐步成熟,细胞凋亡现象也逐步减弱。     

血管内皮生长因子基因在辽宁绒山羊胎儿期皮肤毛囊发育中表达及其与微血管密度关系的研究

为探讨血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)在辽宁绒山羊胎儿期皮肤毛囊发育中的表达规律及其与皮肤微血管密度(microvessel density,MVD)的关系,采用免疫组化方法对VEGF辽宁绒山羊胎儿期不同阶段的表达及MVD进行检测。结果表明,VEGF在辽宁绒山羊胎儿期75 d后的各个时期皮肤毛乳头及毛囊内根鞘上表达,同时随着胎龄的增加,VEGF阳性区域的平均光密度亦随之增加;且皮肤中MVD也随着日龄的增加而逐渐增加,毛囊上的VEGF平均光密度与MVD呈极强正相关(r=0.966,P=0.007)。     

成年辽宁绒山羊皮肤毛囊周期性发育不同时期FGF_5 mRNA的表达分析

成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF_5)基因在次级毛囊的周期性发育过程中具有重要的调控作用。利用RT-PCR技术检测了FGF_5基因mRNA在成年辽宁绒山羊皮肤毛囊不同时期(兴盛前期、兴盛期、退行期和休止期)的表达规律。结果表明:FGF_5基因mRNA在不同时期的辽宁绒山羊皮肤组织中均有表达,表达量由高到低顺序依次为休止期、兴盛期、退行期和兴盛前期;在休止期表达量最高,兴盛前期表达量最低;其中休止期表达量与兴盛前期和退行期间差异均显著(P0.05),兴盛前期与其余3个时期间也差异显著(P0.05),但休止期与兴盛期、兴盛期与退行期间差异均不显著(P0.05)。因此,FGF_5基因表达可能控制着绒山羊的毛囊从兴盛期向退行期转换。     

辽宁绒山羊BMP-2基因表达的检测

本文研究了BMP-2基因在常年长绒型和季节长绒型辽宁绒山羊皮肤组织中的表达情况,以β-actin基因作内标基因,分析了BMP-2 mRNA在季节与常年长绒型辽宁绒山羊皮肤中的表达量,结果发现在常年长绒型和季节长绒型辽宁绒山羊皮肤组织中,BMP-2 mRNA的表达量常年长绒型略高于季节长绒型(P=0.079)。     

BMP2、HSP27基因在不同地域绒山羊皮肤组织中的表达分布研究

为探究不同地域环境与绒山羊次级毛囊发育相关因子表达分布的相关性,本实验选取原产地内蒙古绒山羊和辽宁绒山羊(2岁)以及引进到甘肃环县2年的内蒙古绒山羊和辽宁绒山羊(2岁)各8只,分别采用透射电镜技术确定毛囊的超微结构特点;利用qPCR技术检测BMP2、HSP27基因在绒山羊皮肤组织中的表达差异;通过免疫组化技术测定同种绒山羊在不同地域环境下BMP2、HSP27蛋白在毛囊中的定位表达。结果显示:8月份绒山羊毛囊结构完整,处于毛囊生长期;BMP2、HSP27基因mRNA在原产地与引入地绒山羊皮肤组织中均有表达,两地绒山羊皮肤组织中BMP2基因表达几乎无差异(P0.05),但HSP27基因mRNA在引入地与原产地表达量相比差异显著;免疫组化发现BMP2、HSP27蛋白主要弱表达于表皮层、毛囊的内根鞘,而HSP27蛋白不仅在表皮层、次级毛囊的内根鞘表达,其在毛囊外根鞘、毛乳头也呈强阳性表达。本研究表明BMP2、HSP27基因在不同地域绒山羊皮肤组织中表达分布存在差异。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.