西藏黑斑原鮡消化道寄生蠕虫的分布类型及种间关系

黑斑原鮡(Glyptosternum maculatum)是中国唯一的原鮡属鱼类,在中国仅分布于西藏的雅鲁藏布江.在2019年5-8月对383尾黑斑原鮡消化道寄生蠕虫种类调查鉴定的基础上,对其感染数量的频率分布进行了统计,并分别用方差均值比和x2检验、共感染频率统计等方法对各寄生蠕虫种群的空间分布类型及消化道寄生蠕虫群...     

鲑降钙素对虹鳟鳞组织lncRNA表达的影响

为探明鲑降钙素(salmon calcitonin, sCT)对鱼类骨组织钙代谢过程的调节机制, 对虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss) 幼鱼进行 sCT 腹腔注射, 并在注射后 24 h 采集鳞组织进行转录组测序, 分析其中长链非编码 RNA (long non-coding RNA, lncRNA)表达水平的变化。结果显示, 注射 sCT 后的虹鳟鳞组织中共鉴定出 847 个差异表达的 lncRNA, 其中 247 个表达上调, 600 个表达下调。GO 注释结果显示, 差异表达 lncRNA 靶基因主要被注释到转录调控、运输、信号转导、膜、细胞质、金属离子结合和核苷酸结合等功能中。KEGG 通路富集结果显示, 差异表达 lncRNA 靶基因在硫胺素代谢通路、炎症介质对 TRP 通道调节、血小板活化、谷氨酸能突触、神经营养因子通路、ARVC 通路和 NF-kappa B 信号通路等通路中显著富集。利用实时荧光定量 PCR (quantitative real-time PCR, qRT-PCR)对随机选取的 6 个差异表达 lncRNA 的表达量进行验证, 结果显示, qRT-PCR 与 RNA-Seq 结果一致。基于上述结果, 本研究筛选到 MSTRG.68909.2、MSTRG.39805.1、MSTRG.121429.1、MSTRG.9137.1 和 MSTRG.43721.1 共 5 个可能参与虹鳟钙代谢的关键 lncRNA, 这些关键基因的筛选鉴别可为探明硬骨鱼类骨代谢的调控机理提供新的切入点, 为虹鳟养殖生产实践提供参考。     

鲤在阿维菌素胁迫下肝胰腺组织的转录组分析

为了探究阿维菌素胁迫对鲤机体的响应机制,在水温(22±2.0)℃,将体质量(150±30)g的鲤(Cyprinus carpio)分别暴露在阿维菌素浓度0μg·L^-1(对照组)、1.5μg·L^-1和3.0μg·L^-1下5 d,采用转录组学测序分析方法,探究阿维菌素胁迫对鲤肝胰腺转录组学的影响,解析其对鲤的分子毒理机制。通过对所得基因的功能注释发现,被注释的差异基因主要与结合、催化和代谢等功能有关。KEGG通路富集分析结果显示,差异表达基因在药物代谢-细胞色素P450、药物代谢-其他酶、淀粉和蔗糖代谢等通路中显著富集,涉及药物代谢、氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢、脂质代谢以及辅助因子和维生素的代谢等多个代谢过程。这些功能基因和预测通路为理解阿维菌素胁迫鲤体内解毒和免疫系统奠定了基础。本研究获得的转录组数据可为深入研究鱼类应对杀虫剂污染物的分子机制提供丰富的基因资源。     

基于转录组测序技术筛选花(鱼骨)卵巢发育相关基因

为筛选影响花■卵巢发育相关的基因,采用Illumina Hiseq技术对花■脑、卵巢和肝脏组织进行高通量转录组测序。结果显示,3个组织分别产生了49 484 132、47 540 538和50 622 304个clean reads,组装后共获得了99 878个unigenes,平均长度为1 430 bp。DE seq分析发现,在脑vs.卵巢组中特异性表达的基因数为2 305个,脑vs.肝脏组中特异性表达的基因数为839个,卵巢vs.肝脏组中特异性表达的基因数为1 474个,3个比较组共有的差异表达基因数为860个。GO分析发现,上述差异表达基因主要集中在初级代谢过程(primary metabolic process)、单细胞过程(single-organism process)、有机物代谢过程(organic substance metabolic process)等生物学过程中。KEGG pathway分析显示,一些与卵巢发育和减数分裂相关的信号通路得到了显著富集,如GnRH信号通路、类固醇激素合成、TGF-β信号通路、卵母细胞减数分裂等代谢通路。本研究结果丰富了花■的基因资源,可为花■的繁殖生物学研究提供基础数据。     

利用cDNA-AFLP技术研究副溶血弧菌感染下拟穴青蟹的基因差异表达

研究以实验室分离自汕头牛田洋青蟹养殖区的副溶血弧菌感染的健康拟穴青蟹,利用cDNA-AFLP技术分析感染前后拟穴青蟹肝脏组织基因的转录表达差异,最终获得了23个差异片段,其中20个片段成功测序。BLAST分析表明,序列与已知功能基因具有同源性的有6个,其中5个经real-time PCR重新验证为上调表达,主要涉及参与能量代谢的精氨酸激酶(arginine kinase)和甘油醛3磷酸脱氢酶(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase)、磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激酶(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase),以及参与转运过程的精氨酰tRNA合成酶(arginyl-tRNA synthetase),同时,还有直接参与免疫防御反应的凝乳状蛋白酶(chymotrypsin-like proteinase)。另外,8个差异片段与已知基因或序列无同源性。     

基于转录组测序探究乌鳢皮肤白化的分子机制

为探究乌鳢白化的分子调控机理,采用Illumina HiSeq技术对白乌鳢和乌鳢皮肤组织进行高通量转录组测序。结果显示,白乌鳢皮肤组织与乌鳢皮肤组织中差异表达基因数为694个。GO信号通路分析发现,上述差异表达基因主要富集在细胞进程、代谢过程、细胞联接和转运活性等通路上。KEGG信号通路分析显示,差异基因显著富集在与皮肤白化相关的酪氨酸代谢通路上。转录组单核苷酸多态性(SNP)和插入缺失标记(INDEL)分析发现,相对于乌鳢,白乌鳢纯合型单核苷酸多态性和插入缺失标记位点数目多,而杂合型单核苷酸多态性和插入缺失标记位点数目少。基于转录组单核苷酸多态性和插入缺失标记的结果,筛选出酪氨酸代谢通路上的差异表达基因,黑尿酸酶基因和乙醇脱氢酶5基因存在单核苷酸多态性错义突变,而酪氨酸酶相关蛋白1基因未找到突变位点。试验结果表明,乌鳢皮肤白化除与酪氨酸代谢通路有关,还可能与黑色素沉积相关基因表达量下降导致皮肤中色素沉积减少有关。试验结果将丰富白乌鳢和乌鳢的基因资源,为进一步探究乌鳢白化的分子调控机制奠定基础。     

西藏黑斑原鮡胚胎发育观察

黑斑原鮡(Glyptosternum maculatum)是中国唯一的原鮡属鱼类,仅分布在中国境内的西藏雅鲁藏布江水系。由于过度捕捞、水利工程影响、外来鱼类入侵等原因,其野生种群数量持续下降,分布范围逐年缩小,目前处于极危状态。本研究中黑斑原鮡亲鱼捕自西藏日喀则市谢通门县、拉孜县、昂仁县、萨嘎县4个地区的雅鲁藏布江江段,采样地海拔分布范围介于3900～4500 m。2015年5月中旬至6月中旬,人工催产雌鱼79尾,自然排卵7尾,解剖雄鱼15尾进行授精,得到了黑斑原鮡受精卵约42208粒。受精卵为圆形的沉性卵,略显淡黄色,黏性较强。将受精卵平铺放在特制筛网上,置于微流水的平列槽内进行孵化。观察从受精卵至仔鱼孵化出膜的胚胎发育过程,统计有效积温。结果显示:黑斑原鮡胚胎发育时序符合硬骨鱼类胚胎发育的一般规律,分为8个阶段,即受精卵、胚盘形成、卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚、早期器官形成及孵出阶段。胚孔封闭前就形成了肌节和眼囊,进入早期器官形成阶段后依次出现了耳囊、心脏原基、消化道、耳石、眼睛体、胸鳍原基等,心脏搏动后红细胞也有出现。整个胚胎发育期间的平均温度约为13.8℃,有效积温为2963.2～3132.4 h.℃,孵化率约为70%。本研究还发现黑斑原鮡胚胎具有双层卵膜的特殊结构,该结构在成熟卵吸水膨胀后形成,进入神经胚期完全消失,分析推测这种结构可能与对环境的适应有关,外层卵膜在卵的传播和孵化过程中可以起到黏附固定和缓冲保护的作用。本研究旨在深入了解黑斑原鮡胚胎发育的特点及规律,为黑斑原鮡资源恢复及科学保护提供理论参考。     

黑斑原(鮡)脑颅骨骼形态学的研究

采用改进的透明骨骼法,研究了黑斑原(鮡)(Glyptosternum maculatum)的脑颅骨骼.其脑颅骨骼由28块膜骨、软骨化骨以及复性骨组成,眼区系列骨骼退化,缺少围框骨系,仅有额骨、副蝶骨、翼蝶骨,同时部分脑颅骨骼发生特化,如出现了颌须骨、基垫骨,这些骨骼在其他鱼类中未有报道.这些退化和特化现象与黑斑原(鮡)的生境有着密切的关系.黑斑原(鮡)的脑颅骨骼具有大多数底栖鱼类脑颅共有的结构:前囱和后囱.黑斑原(鮡)脑颅各骨骼与鱼脑接触面或为隆嵴,或为陷窝,从而最大程度地保护了鱼脑免受外界的冲击和震荡.一些骨骼存在大小不一,位置相对固定的孔眼,为出入大脑的血管及神经的通道.     

低氧胁迫下中华圆田螺的肝脏转录组学分析

为了探究低氧胁迫下中华圆田螺(Cipangopaludina cathayensis)肝脏组织基因的差异表达,本研究通过高通量测序技术,分析中华园田螺低氧胁迫组(2.5 mg/L)和常氧组(6.9 mg/L)某些基因的差异表达,并对差异基因进行生物信息学分析,进一步采用实时荧光定量PCR (RT-qPCR)对关键差异表达基因进行验证。结果显示,测序共获得232 379条基因(unigenes),与对照组比较,低氧胁迫组筛到176个差异基因,包含64个上调基因和112个下调基因。GO功能注释分析显示,差异基因主要富集在生物学过程中的几丁质代谢过程和含氨基葡萄糖的复合代谢过程,细胞组分中的胶原三聚体成分,分子功能中的几丁质结合功能和糖衍生物结合功能。KEGG通路富集分析显示,差异基因主要集中于环境信息处理、遗传信息处理、代谢和生物系统这4大类通路。6个关键差异基因的RT-qPCR结果显示,热休克蛋白70B2和热休克蛋白β-6基因表达量上调,几丁质酶蛋白4、α-1胶原蛋白(XIV)、α-4胶原蛋白(XIV)、5-磷酸酶蛋白基因表达量下调,证实了转录组测序结果的可靠性。本研究发现,低氧胁迫激活了中华圆田螺适应缺氧的生理活动,并获得了低氧胁迫下中华圆田螺肝脏组织中相关功能基因的表达信息,为深入研究中华圆田螺响应低氧胁迫的调控机制提供了基础数据和理论依据。     

感染“褐色沉积症”虾夷扇贝的外套膜转录组测序及差异表达基因分析

为分析“褐色沉积症”形成分子机制,探究筏式养殖虾夷扇贝(Mizuhopecten yessoensis)贝壳内侧褐色沉积症状形成原因,采用Illumina高通量测序平台对感染“褐色沉积症”虾夷扇贝和健康虾夷扇贝外套膜组织进行转录组测序分析。结果显示,患病和健康扇贝外套膜分别获得43862251和41806737条clean reads。经参考基因组比对分析,患病和健康扇贝外套膜表达基因数量分别为17835个和16816个,差异表达基因208个,其中上调基因170个,下调基因38个。选取6个差异表达基因进行荧光定量PCR (q RT-PCR)验证,结果证明转录组测序分析可靠。GO功能富集发现差异基因主要富集在几丁质代谢、含氨基葡萄糖化合物代谢、几丁质结合和氨基糖代谢等与几丁质合成代谢相关的通路;KEGG通路富集分析发现差异基因主要参与内质网蛋白质合成、内吞作用、剪接体和谷胱甘肽代谢等途径;对差异表达倍数显著的前40个基因分析发现,编码类咖啡酰辅酶A-O-甲基转移酶(caffeoyl-Co A O-methyltransferase-like,CCOAOMT-L)、类1-氨基环丙烷-1羧酸...     

The influence of dietary fatty acid and fasting on the hepatic lipid metabolism of barramundi (Lates calcarifer)

For many fish species, dietary fish oil (FO) has been substituted with other oils such as poultry oil (PO) without affecting growth performance. However, in barramundi, the mechanisms by which fatty acid metabolism is regulated are poorly understood, and the effects of FO substitution are unknown. This study defined changes in the expression of genes controlling the metabolism of fatty acids in barramundi over a 24‐h time period after a single meal. From one to 12 h after a single feeding event, the expression of fatty acid synthesis genes in the liver was upregulated, while genes involved in the β‐oxidation showed minimal alteration. However, the expression of β‐oxidation genes was significantly correlated with the expression of genes regulating fatty acid synthesis. In a second experiment, the changes in liver fatty acid composition and gene expression were defined after FO was substituted with PO. Liver fatty acid profile reflected the diet composition, with some subtle exceptions supporting the enrichment of certain long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the liver. The fish from all experimental groups preferentially retained more docosahexaenoic acid than eicosapentaenoic acid in the liver, suggesting a bioconversion of this fatty acid to intermediate fatty acids. Replacement of FO with PO significantly regulated genes controlling both fatty acid synthesis and catabolism pathways, potentially related to a higher percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids, in the livers of fish fed these diets. The results demonstrated that diet composition significantly altered the lipid metabolism in barramundi and that there was a balance between direct dietary effects and endogenous synthetic capacity.     

Physiological and molecular changes in large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea R.) with high‐fat diet‐induced fatty liver disease

Fatty liver disease is regularly observed in cultured large yellow croaker, and the disease leads to lower growth rates and reduced harvest yields. The goal of this study was to achieve a more detailed understanding of the physiological and molecular changes in response to high‐fat diet‐induced fatty liver in large yellow croaker. Large yellow croaker fed a high‐fat diet (HFD) for 9 weeks developed hepatic steatosis characterized by histological observation and significantly increased plasma triglyceride levels and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities. However, no significant differences in serum total protein, glucose, cholesterol, non‐esterified free fatty acids (NEFA), aspartate aminotransferase, high‐density lipoprotein and low‐density lipoprotein were observed between the normal diet and the high‐fat diet (HFD) group. The fatty acid composition of tissue lipids was not affected significantly by dietary lipid levels. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that the HFD decreased fatty acid synthase expression and increased PPARγ expression, but had no effect on lipoprotein lipase and PPARα expression. These results suggest that the HFD‐induced physiological changes and fatty liver may be due to the alteration of related gene expression. As such, further investigations of the metabolic pathways and differentially expressed genes are of particular significance in the mechanistic study and understanding of HFD‐induced fatty liver disease.     

Differential expression of lipid metabolism‐related genes and miRNAs in Ctenopharyngodon idella liver in relation to fatty liver induced by high non‐protein energy diets

To explore the mechanism of fatty liver formation induced by high non‐protein energy diets in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), basal diet and high‐energy diets were fed to juvenile grass carp for 9 weeks. The experimental groups fed on high‐energy diets which included a high‐lipid diet (H‐LIP), a high‐carbohydrate diet (H‐CHO) and a high‐lipid and carbohydrate diet (H‐CL). The control group fed on basal diet. Growth performance, liver fat accumulation, serum biochemical indexes and the expression levels of lipid metabolism‐related genes (SREBP‐1, PPARγ, FAS, ACC1, and LPL) and miRNAs (miR‐33, miR‐122, and miR‐370) were examined at the end of the feeding trial. There were no significant differences in growth rate and feed efficiency among the four groups. However, significant increase in mesenteric and liver fat contents, and lipid droplets in the liver was induced by high‐lipid and high‐carbohydrate diets. There were significant differences in serum biochemical indicators such as AST/ALT, GLB, TG and TP, and liver fatty acid composition between the control and experimental groups. The expression levels of SREBP‐1, PPARγ, FAS, ACC1 and LPL were upregulated, while CPT‐1 was downregulated with the high‐energy treatments. Additionally, the expression levels of miR‐33, miR‐122 and miR‐370 in the liver were higher in the three high‐energy treatments than those in the control (P < 0.05). The results suggest that modifications of lipid metabolism‐related genes and miRNAs may be involved in fatty liver formation induced by high non‐protein energy diets in grass carp.     

斑马鱼营养性脂肪肝模型构建

近年来我国集约化水产养殖业发展势头强劲,而水产动物营养性疾病之鱼类脂肪肝的发病也逐渐迅猛起来,逐渐成为制约水产养殖业发展的因素之一,实验拟通过高脂饲料诱导建立斑马鱼营养性脂肪肝模型,为鱼类营养性脂肪肝相关研究工作的开展奠定基础。该实验分别以基础饲料和16%高脂饲料投喂1月龄斑马鱼,在投喂后第14、30、90天3个时间点取样,采用肝脏组织进行H.E染色、透射电镜、masson染色组织切片观察斑马鱼肝脏脂肪变性及纤维化程度;通过荧光定量PCR技术(q RT-PCR)检测斑马鱼肝脏脂合成及脂解相关基因:二酰甘油酰基转移酶基因(DGAT)、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体基因(PPAR)、胆固醇调节元件1基因(SREBP1)、脂肪酸合成酶基因(FAS)、诱导细胞死亡脱氧核糖核酸裂解因子样效应因子基因(CIDE)、激素敏感脂肪酶基因(HSL)、甘油三酯水解酶基因(ATGL)的表达水平;采用甲醇–氯仿法提取斑马鱼肝脏脂肪并检测肝脏中甘油三酯的含量。结果显示,在高脂饲料诱导第30天,光镜下可见发生弥漫性肝细胞脂肪变性,脂合成基因显著上调,甘油三脂的含量显著增加;诱导第90天,经透射电镜及masson染色组织切片观察结果证实,斑马鱼肝脏组织由于纤维化病变而使得肝组织功能受损,肝脏的脂合成基因及甘油三脂含量显著降低。研究表明,实验设计的高脂饲料对肝脏的损伤作用显著,30 d的投喂即可诱导发生脂肪肝,90 d投喂斑马鱼肝脏出现肝纤维化,此过程中肝脏脂合成基因表达量及甘油三酯含量先升高后降低,可知斑马鱼肝脏的损伤是由高脂饲料诱导的脂肪大量堆积而引起的,该营养性模型的成功构建在一定程度上弥补了以往构建斑马鱼高脂模型的缺陷,为研究鱼类营养性脂肪肝的发生机制提供了支撑。     

Lipid metabolism-related gene expression pattern of Atlantic bluefin tuna (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Thunnus thynnus</Emphasis> L.) larvae fed on live prey

The present study is the first to evaluate lipid metabolism in first-feeding Atlantic bluefin tuna (ABT; Thunnus thynnus L.) larvae fed different live prey including enriched rotifers Brachionus plicatilis and Acartia sp. copepod nauplii from 2 days after hatch. Understanding the molecular basis of lipid metabolism and regulation in ABT will provide insights to optimize diet formulations for this high-value species new to aquaculture. To this end, we investigated the effect of dietary lipid on whole larvae lipid class and fatty acid compositions and the expression of key genes involved in lipid metabolism in first feeding ABT larvae fed different live prey. Additionally, the expression of lipid metabolism genes in tissues of adult broodstock ABT was evaluated. Growth and survival data indicated that copepods were the best live prey for first feeding ABT and that differences in growth performance and lipid metabolism observed between larvae from different year classes could be a consequence of broodstock nutrition. In addition, expression patterns of lipid metabolic genes observed in ABT larvae in the trials could reflect differences in lipid class and fatty acid compositions of the live prey. The lipid nutritional requirements, including essential fatty acid requirements of larval ABT during the early feeding stages, are unknown, and the present study represents a first step in addressing these highly relevant issues. However, further studies are required to determine nutritional requirements and understand lipid metabolism during development of ABT larvae and to apply the knowledge to the commercial culture of this iconic species.     

慢性盐度胁迫下金钱鱼卵巢转录组分析

为了阐明盐度胁迫对金钱鱼(Scatophagus argus)代谢和生殖的影响,采用RNA-seq技术对低盐组(5)、对照组(25)和高盐组(35)处理40 d后的2龄性成熟金钱鱼卵巢进行转录组分析。结果发现,金钱鱼卵巢转录组测序获得raw reads共398681318,clean reads共396910398。从低盐胁迫相对对照组(5 vs 25)和高盐胁迫相对对照组(35 vs 25)中分别筛选到373个和874个差异表达基因(DEGs)。与对照组相比,低盐胁迫后氨基酸代谢相关基因(sds、bhmt)和脂肪酸代谢相关基因(pnpla2)显著下调;高盐胁迫后pgr、cyp17a1和ers1等生殖相关基因显著下调。KEGG通路富集分析发现,低盐胁迫组相对对照组显著富集与代谢相关的通路为半胱氨酸和甲硫氨酸代谢,缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸生物合成代谢,脂肪酸生物合成,脂肪酸代谢,皮质醇的合成和分泌,醛固酮的合成和分泌,脂肪细胞脂解的调节等;高盐胁迫组相对对照组中显著富集的与生殖相关的通路为雌激素信号传导通路。这些结果表明,氨基酸和脂肪酸的代谢调控可能在金钱鱼卵巢的低渗透压调节中起重要作用...     

luxR基因调控嗜水气单胞菌耐药性的分子机制初探

LuxR家族蛋白是一类在革兰氏阴性细菌中发挥重要作用的调控蛋白,参与细菌多项重要生理活动。采用RNAi技术构建嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila) luxR05735稳定沉默菌株luxR05735-RNAi,并利用qRT-PCR检测基因沉默效果。结果显示,与野生株相比,沉默株中luxR05735的表达量降低了96.8%。药物敏感性实验表明,与野生株相比,luxR05735-RNAi对庆大霉素、诺氟沙星、卡那霉素、吡哌酸的耐药性显著降低。对野生株与沉默株luxR05735-RNAi的转录组数据进行分析发现,表达差异显著的基因共有1286个,其中,上调基因353个,下调基因933个;显著富集的通路4条,分别是核糖体通路、精氨酸生物合成通路、硫代谢通路、硒化合物代谢通路;在这4条通路中可能与嗜水气单胞菌耐药性相关的重要功能基因包括metE、glnA、rplB、rplX、rpsA、rpsJ等,这些功能基因编码的蛋白主要与细菌的生物成膜及核糖体蛋白合成相关。综合以上研究结果,可以推测嗜水气单胞菌的luxR05735通过调控细菌的生物膜形成相关基因及核糖体蛋白相关基因的表达,从而调控细菌对药物的耐受性。