军曹鱼的养殖与配合饲料

军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum)是当前最热门的研究对象和未来最被看好的潜力鱼种之一。军曹鱼亦称龙鱼或海龙鱼,是中型的热带、亚热带海洋性鱼,在23~29℃的水中生长迅速,1年即可长至5~6 kg上市[1,3]。军曹鱼个体大、生长快、抗病力强,适宜高密度集约化养殖,产量高,效益好;同时军曹鱼营养丰富,肉质细腻,丰腴,爽嫩,味道鲜美,口感好,既可生吃、熟食,也可腌和熏制,储存食用,还可以冷冻保存,且肉质感很好,是一个新的全球海产食品,仅日本就约需要2.0×105t/年高价位、高质量的军曹鱼生鱼片。但2000年台湾出口到日本的军曹鱼仅为0.2×104t。市场潜…     

大菱鲆消化酶的活力

以1龄大菱鲆(Scophalmus maximus)为研究材料，研究养殖水温下大菱鲆消化酶的分布及不同温度和不同pH条件下胃、幽门盲囊、前肠、中肠、后肠中蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶的活性。确定饵料中主要营养成分的消化部位和主要消化酶的性质。结果表明，各部位蛋白酶活性的最适温度和pH依次为40℃，2．0；40℃，8．0；60℃，8.0；40℃，8.5；60℃，8．0。18℃养殖水温下，在适宜的pH范围内，各部位蛋白酶活力从高到低依次为幽门盲囊、胃、前肠、中肠、后肠；淀粉酶活性的最适温度和pH依次为40℃，6．5；40℃，8．0；40℃，7．5；50℃，7．0；40℃，8．0；淀粉酶活力从高到低依次为幽门盲囊、前肠、中肠、后肠、胃；脂肪酶活性的最适温度和pH依次为40℃，7．5；40℃，6．5；40℃，7.0；40℃，7.5；40℃，7.5；脂肪酶活力从高到低依次为前肠、中肠、幽门盲囊、后肠、胃。     

三种饲料养殖军曹鱼对比试验

该试验用冰鲜杂鱼、军曹鱼专用配合饲料、军曹鱼专用配合饲料添加益生菌等三种模式饲料喂养军曹鱼,观察并记录养殖效果.结果表明,使用配合饲料添加益生菌的模式饲料系数最小,益生菌能起到促进生长的作用.     

军曹鱼稚鱼饲料蛋白质和脂肪的最适含量

为了研究军曹鱼－－一种极具发展潜力的适合在热带亚热带网箱养殖鱼类的饲料中蛋白质和脂肪的最适含量，进行了两期生长实验。在第I期的生长实验中，在以鱼粉为基础饲料中添加酪蛋白代替淀粉，使饲料形成含蛋白36－60％的梯度，7种饲料据估算是等能量的。经过8周的生长实验，投喂含44％、48％和52％蛋白质的几种饲料的稚鱼（实验开始时体重33g）的体重增长及饲料转化率均优于其他几组。多元回归分析结果表明，摄食含44.5％蛋白质的饲料的稚鱼，体重增长率最高，这被认为是最适合于稚鱼生长的饲料蛋白质水平。在第II期生长实验中，给稚鱼投喂含脂肪3－18％的7种等氮和等能量的饲料，稚鱼（初始体重41g）的生长率在脂肪含量为3％时最低，随着饲料含脂量的升高，鱼体增重率逐渐升高，然后持平。采用折线回归分析结果表明，当饲料脂肪含量达到5.76％时，鱼的生长达到一个转折点，饲料脂肪含量超过这个转折点至实验的最高浓度18％时，鱼的生长情况变化不大。     

饲料中矿物质添加量对军曹鱼生长的影响

在饲料中分别添加1％、3％、5％、7％和9％的复合矿物质作试验饲料，饲养军曹鱼70天。以研究不同矿物质添加量对军曹鱼生长的影响。测定了相对增重率、饲料系数、成活率以及肥满度。结果表明，各组的成活率之间没有显著差异，但添加7％复合矿物质的组军曹鱼的相对增重率最大，饲料系数最低，肥满度也最好。各个指标显示出良好的一致实验结果。     

军曹鱼对营养物质的需求

军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum)俗称海鲡,又称海龙鱼、海竺鱼、竹五、海于草、锡腊白等,属鲈形目、鲈亚目、军曹鱼科、军曹鱼属.军曹鱼是近年来发展迅速的一种近岸网箱养殖鱼类,广泛分布于除东太平洋以外的热带亚热带等水温较高的海域[1].我国沿海亦有分布,但产量较低.     

大黄鱼发育进程中消化酶的活力变化

不同发育阶段大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)样品体重30～500g,取自厦门海区网箱养殖区。以酶学分析方法测定大黄鱼发育进程中胃蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶4种消化酶的活力。结果表明,在大黄鱼发育进程中,对蛋白的整体消化能力始终较强;4种消化酶活力表现出2种变化模式,其中胃蛋白酶和类胰蛋白酶活力逐渐降低,而淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力呈上升趋势。胃蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶的比活力随鱼体重的变化分别遵循回归方程Y=34．89／X 0．050;Y=53．36／X 0．29;Y=-22．38／X 1．13和Y=-1．35／X 0．13。初步认为,在大黄鱼发育过程中,150g体重为其生长发育的转折点,这一阶段各种消化酶的变化可反映其食性的变化情况,本研究旨为大黄鱼配合饲料的研制与开发提供基础依据。     

水温对施氏鲟幼鱼消化酶活力的影响

分别在14℃、21℃、28℃水温条件下饲养施氏鲟(Acipenser schrenckiiBrandt)幼鱼10 d,初始鱼体质量(124.20±15.12)g,体长(26.95±2.89)cm,检测不同水温条件下施氏鲟幼鱼消化器官(胃、幽门盲囊、十二指肠、瓣肠和肝脏)蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶的活力。结果表明:(1)幼鱼幽门盲囊、瓣肠和肝脏中蛋白酶活力均以水温21℃时最高(P<0.05),十二指肠和胃则在28℃最高(P<0.05),各消化器官蛋白酶活力均在14℃最低(P<0.05);(2)各消化器官的淀粉酶活力均在水温21℃时最高(P<0.05),幽门盲囊、瓣肠和十二指肠以水温28℃时最低(P<0.05),胃和肝脏在水温14℃时最低(P<0.05);(3)各消化器官脂肪酶活力均在水温14℃时最高,28℃时最低(P<0.05)。在水温21℃时,各消化器官蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力由大到小依次为:幽门盲囊、瓣肠、十二指肠、胃、肝脏,水温14℃时瓣肠消化蛋白质和碳水化合物能力要高于十二指肠,28℃时低于十二指肠(P<0.05);在水温14℃和21℃时各消化器官脂肪酶活力由大到小依次为:瓣肠、十二指肠、胃、肝脏、幽门盲囊,28℃时瓣肠消化脂肪能力低于十二指肠(P<0.05)。[中国水产科学,2007,14(1):126-131]     

饲料中添加胆汁酸对军曹鱼生长及体组成的影响

在4组等氮等能的军曹鱼（Rachycentron canadum）实用饲料中分别添加不同梯度水平的胆汁酸（0,0.015%,0.030%和0.045%）,连续投喂初始体质量为（5.4±0.12）g的军曹鱼8周后,通过测定军曹鱼增重率（WGR,%）、特定生长率（SGR,%）和饲料系数（FCR）,并进行肝脏成分分析和血清分析,比较各组军曹鱼生长和体组成的影响。结果表明,添加水平为0.03%组的增重率高于对照组和0.015%添加组,饲料系数低于上述2组;军曹鱼血清胆固醇和肝脏脂肪的质量分数均与饲料中胆汁酸质量分数呈负相关;4组的成活率、特定生长率、全鱼和肌肉灰分、水分质量分数没有显著性差异。由此可见,饲料中添加胆汁酸能够促进军曹鱼的生长,并能降低脂肪在军曹鱼体内中的沉积。     

军曹鱼仔鱼饲料营养成分需求探讨

军曹鱼是广东、海南、福建沿海的重要海水养殖对象,被称为海水网箱养殖中最有养殖前景的鱼类之一。近年来,有关军曹鱼的研究取得了长足发展,本文就军曹鱼营养需求方面的研究作一综述,以期为军曹鱼的进一步开发利用提供参考。     

军曹鱼幼鱼日粮锌最适添加量的研究

在以卵白蛋白为蛋白源的基础饲料（Zn含量为5．65mg／kg）中添加10、20、30、40、50mg／kg以ZnSO4为Zn源的Zn,使饲料中总Zn含量为15．97、25．66、33．90、45．85、55．88mg／kg。投喂军曹鱼幼鱼8周。试验结果表明,基础饲料组鱼出现生长不良、厌食、皮肤糜烂和白内障等症状,其成活率、增重率、血清碱性磷酸酶活性（AKP）显著低于添加Zn组（P〈0．05）,骨骼、肌肉、血清和肝脏Zn含量也表现出相同趋势。10mg／kg和20mg／kgZn添加量组鱼仍出现缺Zn症状,各项测定指标随Zn添加量的增加而增大。当饲料中Zn添加量达到30mg／kg时,各项指标趋向稳定,与添加量40mg／kg和50mg／kg组无显著差异。以增重率和骨骼Zn含量为主要评价指标,通过回归分析表明,以ZnSO4为Zn源时,军曹鱼幼鱼日粮Zn的最适添加量为42．86mg／kg。     

Pond Culture of Larval and Juvenile Cobia,Rachycentron canadum,in the Southeastern United States

Abstract

The potential of growing larval and juvenile cobia, Rach-ycentron canadum, in ponds was investigated. Larval cobia, obtained from tank spawning of wild-caught adults, were stocked 48-72-h post-hatch at a rate of 700,000/ha into three fertilized 0.25-ha ponds. At one week post-stocking (WPS), fish were observed consuming formulated feed. Growth was rapid, with specific growth rates (SGR) ranging from 12.5-19.2% body weight/day. At harvest (5 WPS) fish reared in two ponds weighed 7.9 and 9.3 g and total length (TL) was 118.9 and 129.3 mm, respectively (all fish reared in remaining pond died the night prior to harvest due to aerator failure). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was 3.8 for both ponds and survival was 5.3 and 8.5%. Low survival rates were thought to be due primarily to cannibalism. Immediately after harvest, fish were restocked into two 0.25-ha ponds at a stocking rate of 14,400/ ha. Fish were fed formulated, pelleted feeds. Growth was rapid up to ～9 WPS, after which pond water temperatures declined. Ponds were harvested at 13 and 15 WPS, respectively. Final weight of fish was 309.9 and 362.5 g. Final TL was 343.1 and 355.7 mm. FCR was 3.8 and 4.5 and survival was 27.5 and 30.5%. Major losses of fish were associated with avian predators and possibly a toxic algal bloom. Results of trials indicate that cobia larvae and juveniles can be reared in pond-based culture systems, however additional research is needed to refine this approach.     

军曹鱼幼鱼商品饲料中铁、锌适宜添加量的研究

在军曹鱼幼鱼商品饲料中添加铁100、200、300 mg/kg,添加锌30、110、190 mg/kg,共投喂56 d.试验结束时测定,军曹鱼成活率、质量增加率、红细胞含量、肌肉铁含量、骨骼铁、锌含量和肝脏铁、锌含量明显受饲料中铁、锌添加量的影响;血清碱性磷酸酶活性受铁、锌交互作用影响显著,饲料系数主要受铁锌交互作用的影响.以成活率和质量增加率为评价指标,军曹鱼幼鱼商品饲料中铁和锌适宜添加量分别为200 mg/kg和110 mg/kg.     

Performance of Advanced Juvenile Cobia,Rachycentron canadum,Reared Under Different Thermal Regimes: Evidence for Compensatory Growth and a Method for Cold Banking

ABSTRACT

Two trials were undertaken to examine the growth response of juvenile cobia, Rachycentron canadum, at varying temperatures. The initial trial was conducted to determine the effect of various temperatures (18, 23, and 29°C) on weight gain and feed efficiency. The second trial investigated the effect of elevating water temperature in which fish maintained at 18°C and 23°C to a temperature close to their optimum (29°C). The latter study was undertaken in order to determine the effect of thermal shifts upon subsequent growth response of the species. Such information will assist commercial producers in developing various culture guidelines. As anticipated, differences (P < 0.01) in weight gain were recorded among all treatments, although remarkably, feed efficiency did not differ for cobia held at 23°C and 29°C. Following thermal shift, cobia subjected to the largest temperature change (18–29°C) illustrated an immediate growth response, but specific growth rates (SGR) did not exceed that of cobia held at 29°C for the duration of the trial. Nevertheless, when SGR were examined using fish of similar size (i.e., derived from different time points during the study) evidence for growth compensation was obtained. This study illustrates that cobia can be held at reduced temperatures, without detrimental impact on future performance, as a means of maintaining animals at smaller size for production and experimental purposes: “Cold banking.”     

养殖军曹鱼稚鱼骨骼畸形研究

本研究采用软骨—硬骨双染色技术对常规养殖条件下的军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum)稚鱼全骨骼进行染色,观察并分析其骨骼畸形发生部位及相应的畸形类型。结果显示,在同一批次繁育的180个军曹鱼稚鱼(25日龄)骨骼标本中,有72个标本存在畸形情况,畸形率为40.00%。骨骼畸形类型共计22种,畸形率由高到低主要表现为米克尔氏软骨畸形、尾上骨缺失、脉棘分叉、基舌骨异位和尾上骨愈合等;所有骨骼畸形均未表现出显著可见的外部形态变化。但正常个体与骨骼畸形个体的全长存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。本研究表明,骨骼畸形对军曹鱼生长产生了影响。本研究为探索鱼类骨骼畸形的发生过程和原因、减少畸形率和优化苗种培育养殖条件提供了理论基础。     

利用微卫星标记分析军曹鱼养殖群体的遗传多样性

利用12个微卫星标记对北海(BH)、陵水(LS)、硇洲(NZ)、徐闻(XW)和三亚(SY) 5个军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum)养殖群体进行遗传多样性分析。结果显示,12对微卫星引物在5个军曹鱼养殖群体中共检测到129个等位基因。各养殖群体的平均等位基因数为3.833~6.750,平均有效等位基因数为2.284~3.645,平均观测杂合度和平均期望杂合度分别为0.481~0.635和0.533~0.681,平均多态信息含量为0.463~0.630;哈迪-温伯格平衡检测结果显示,各群体在多个微卫星位点上均显著偏离平衡(P<0.05);军曹鱼养殖群体间的遗传分化指数(Fst)为0.055~0.150,遗传距离(D)为0.240~0.635,其中,BH和NZ的Fst最大(0.150),D最远(0.635);AMOVA分析表明,军曹鱼养殖群体的84%遗传变异来自于个体之间;基于Nei´s遗传距离构建的UPGMA系统进化树显示,BH和SY聚为一支,LS和XW聚为一支,两支聚为一支后与NZ聚为一支。研究结果将为军曹鱼种质资源保护和改良等提供科学的数据参考。     

Effects of dietary carbohydrate sources on the growth performance and hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities of juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum Linnaeus.)

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary carbohydrate sources on the growth performance and hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities of juvenile cobia. Six experimental diets were formulated to contain 20% glucose, sucrose, maltose, dextrin, corn starch and wheat starch respectively. The results indicated that fish fed the wheat starch and dextrin diets showed significantly better weight gain, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio compared with those fed the other diets. However, fish fed the glucose diet had a significantly lower survival and condition factor than those fed the other diets. There were significant differences in the total plasma glucose and triglyceride concentration in fish fed diets with different dietary carbohydrate sources. Haematocrit, haemoglobin, red blood cell and leucocytes were significantly affected by the dietary carbohydrate sources. The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phosphofructokinase (PFK) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) were significantly affected by the dietary carbohydrate sources, while fish fed the glucose diet showed higher G6PD, PFK and FBPase activities than those fed the other diets. These data indicated that dextrin and wheat starch were the most optimal carbohydrate sources for juvenile cobia.     

军曹鱼消化系统胚后发育的组织学研究

本文利用连续石蜡切片方法对军曹鱼消化系统胚后发育（1～29日龄）进行了光镜观察。结果表明食道前部内侧纵行肌纤维发达,后部球形粘液细胞更丰富;胃腺的分化较晚,在仔鱼后期(即出膜后8天)才见胃腺细胞团。胃幽门部无胃腺,但具发达的肌层。肠上皮的纹状缘出现较早,1日龄时就可见,而且发育较快,3日龄时很发达。 肠后段黏液细胞明显多于前段和中段。肝脏发育较早,但16日龄仔鱼才开始贮存脂质。胰腺为弥散型,2日龄出现。军曹鱼这些结构特点的变化是与其摄食、消化、吸收的功能相适应的,而且,军曹鱼的摄食方式以及食性也随着消化系统的发育而变化。