硝/铵营养对香蕉枯萎病尖孢镰刀菌生长的影响

通过室内平板培养,研究了不同硝/铵配比的氮源,以及不同的pH对香蕉枯萎病尖孢镰刀菌生长的影响。结果表明: 1）在所有不同硝/铵配比处理中,低pH（pH=4）均抑制尖孢镰刀菌的生长。在相同pH值条件下,100%铵态氮处理中尖孢镰刀菌的生长受到明显抑制,其菌落直径均小于4 cm; 2）在不同浓度铵处理后,尖孢镰刀菌的生长在铵态氮大于5 mmol/L时受到强烈的抑制; 3）通过模拟植物细胞壁被尖孢镰刀菌侵染并穿透的过程中发现,尖孢镰刀菌在100%铵态氮处理下不能穿透赛璐膜。本研究结果说明,铵态氮能够控制香蕉尖孢镰刀菌的生长,并抑制其侵染穿透寄主细胞壁。     

不同栽培条件下蔬菜塑料大棚土壤尖孢镰刀菌数量的变化

应用尖孢镰刀菌选择性培养基,调查了太湖地区不同蔬菜品种、不同栽培年限、不同栽培方式及不同土壤深度的蔬菜塑料大棚土壤中尖孢镰刀菌数量的变化情况。结果显示,栽种黄瓜的土壤中尖孢镰刀菌数量达1.6×104cfug-1干土,显著大于栽种芹菜和茄子的土壤。随着栽培年限的增加,土壤中尖孢镰刀菌数量有增加的趋势,连作4a土壤中尖孢镰刀菌数量比连作1a土壤增加了22%。与有土栽培相比,基质槽培土壤中尖孢镰刀菌数量较少,仅1.1×104cfug-1干土,基质栽培可能是国内今后蔬菜塑料大棚的发展方向之一。随着土层深度的增加,土壤中尖孢镰刀菌数量逐渐降低,尖孢镰刀菌很少从表层土向下迁移。这些结果为蔬菜塑料大棚土壤的可持续利用提供了一些初步的微生物学依据。     

复配杀菌剂防治平菇尖孢镰刀菌病害的效果测定

为筛选应用于平菇栽培的高效低残留杀菌剂,本试验研究了复配杀菌剂(使百功+多菌灵、使百功+克霉灵、多菌灵+克霉灵)对尖孢镰刀菌与平菇菌丝生长的影响及其在平菇栽培中的应用效果。结果表明,3种复配杀菌剂抑制尖孢镰刀菌菌丝生长的EC₅₀值分别为3.67、4.51和7.01 mg·L^-1,均显著小于对应的单药杀菌剂;3种复配杀菌剂抑制平菇菌丝生长的EC₅₀值分别为156.41、121.97和237.38 mg·L^-1,是其抑制尖孢镰刀菌菌丝生长EC₅₀值的27~43倍。在平菇栽培发酵料中使用0.1%~0.3%的复配杀菌剂使百功+克霉灵,菌丝生长速度加快,生物学效率升高;与未添加杀菌剂处理相比,污染率降低6.1~8.8个百分点;与使百功处理相比,平菇子实体中的农药残留量降低71.8%~76.6%。综上,复配杀菌剂能有效降低平菇子实体中的农药残留,其中使百功+克霉灵复配杀菌剂效果最好,是一种高效低残留的平菇枯萎病防治药剂。     

植物浸提液对尖孢镰刀菌的抑菌效果

为给新型生物农药的研发提出依据,用黄连、黄芩、大蒜、金银花、柴胡和连翘6种植物的浸提液单剂及其复合剂对尖孢镰刀菌进行处理,探索浸提液单剂及复合剂对尖孢镰刀菌的影响。综合对尖孢镰刀菌菌落生长和产孢量两方面的影响,植物浸提液单剂的抑菌效果相对较好的处理分别是50%黄连、30%黄芩、20%金银花、60%柴胡、50%连翘、60%连翘以及10%大蒜、30%大蒜、60%大蒜。6种植物浸提液对尖孢镰刀菌均有抑菌作用,以黄连的抑菌效果最好,平均抑菌率为52.95%,平均抑产孢率为59.46%。     

土壤厌氧还原消毒对尖孢镰刀菌的抑制研究

试验采用土壤淹水同时添加有机物料的方法创造土壤厌氧还原环境,抑制香蕉连作土壤中致病菌尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum,FOC)的数量。结果表明:土壤淹水同时添加玉米秸秆的处理显著增加了土壤p H,降低了土壤氧化还原电位和土壤中NO3–-N的浓度;土壤淹水同时添加玉米秸秆的处理过程中,土壤可培养细菌数量显著增加,土壤中可培养放线菌和真菌数量显著降低;土壤淹水同时添加石灰或玉米秸秆均显著降低了土壤中FOC的数量,其中每千克土添加20 g玉米秸秆的处理中FOC数量下降最多,仅为对照处理FOC数量的2.8%。田间试验结果表明:土壤淹水同时每千克土添加5 g玉米秸秆可以有效降低香蕉枯萎病的发生,防效为69.5%。因此,土壤淹水同时添加有机物料是一种可以防控香蕉枯萎病的高效和环保的方法。     

pH胁迫下尖孢镰刀菌生长动力学模型

尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)是兼性寄生真菌,引起农作物枯萎病,防治困难。研究来自不同寄主的尖孢镰刀菌在不同pH马铃薯蔗糖(PS)琼脂培养基上的生长情况,构建动力学模型,以了解培养基的初始pH差异对尖孢镰刀菌生长特性的影响。测定了尖孢镰刀菌菌株在不同pH培养基、25℃培养条件下的生长速度,构建生长动力学模型。供试6个尖孢镰刀菌菌株在pH为3~10的液体培养基中均有不同程度生长,不同菌株对培养基pH的影响规律相似,在不同pH的PS液体培养基中培养14 d后,液体培养基的pH均有靠近6~7的趋势。在pH为3~9的培养条件下,尖孢镰刀菌菌落可以分成4类:菌丝型、粘滑层型、菌丝粘滑层型和菌丝带粉状物,各菌株的菌丝和培养基色泽也有所差异。同一菌株在培养基不同pH下生长速度不同,其生长的最适pH为6~8,菌落平均直径最大(45~49 mm),亚适pH为4、5和9;而在pH为3、10和11时菌落直径明显变小(17~21 mm)。培养14 d后培养基pH对菌落形态、色泽有一定的影响,不同菌株在不同pH培养基培养下产孢量也存在差异。pH在4~8时其平均产孢量最大,达(223.8~273.3)×104cfu.mL 1,其中pH为6.38(自然pH)时产孢量最高,pH为11时产孢量最低。供试菌株在不同pH条件下的菌落生长速度和产孢量变化动力学模型均符合二次曲线方程。     

枯草芽孢杆菌SB-24对尖孢镰刀菌拮抗机理

通过SB-24菌株对尖孢镰刀菌菌丝生长的抑制、菌丝形态的影响及对孢子萌发的抑制,SB-24分泌水解酶能力的研究,探索SB-24对尖孢镰刀菌的抑制机理。结果表明:SB-24对尖孢镰刀菌菌丝的抑制作用是通过菌体及其产生的拮抗物质,分泌水解酶(蛋白酶和纤维素酶)共同作用的结果;SB-24对尖孢镰刀菌孢子的抑制作用主要是其产生拮抗物质作用的结果。     

香蕉根围土壤尖孢镰刀菌与养分特征及相关性

拟通过分析香蕉种植土壤中尖孢镰刀菌数量与养分含量,阐明香蕉枯萎病发生流行时土壤中尖孢镰刀菌与养分的特征及其相互关系,为香蕉枯萎病的防控提供一定的理论依据。在我国及老挝15块香蕉园中分别随机采集9个罹患枯萎病与9个未患病植株根围土壤样品,应用实时荧光定量PCR与土壤农化分析技术,测定了270个土壤样品中尖孢镰刀菌数量与养分含量。结果表明,患病香蕉根围土壤中尖孢镰刀菌的数量显著高于未患病土壤,每克干土中lg转化后的平均拷贝数为5.5;而患病与未患病植株土壤各养分指标之间几乎无显著差异。各养分指标在土壤中含量分布规律各不相同,其中仅有机质与全磷的含量呈正态分布,土壤pH、全氮及锌的含量呈偏正态分布。蒙特尔检验结果表明,土壤整体养分含量与尖孢镰刀菌数量显著相关。各养分与尖孢镰刀菌的斯皮尔曼相关性分析进一步发现,土壤pH、铁、锰、铜、锌的含量与土壤中尖孢镰刀菌的数量呈显著负相关关系。此外,不同酸性程度及不同有机质含量土壤中尖孢镰刀菌与各养分的相关性分析发现,在弱酸性蕉园土壤（pH > 6.0）中,土壤尖孢镰刀菌的数量与铁、锰、铜的含量显著负相关;而在有机质含量未严重缺乏（SOM > 1%）的土壤中,土壤尖孢镰刀菌的数量与土壤pH及铁、锰、铜、锌的含量呈现显著负相关关系。在我国及老挝香蕉产区蕉园土壤普遍呈现酸化趋势,患病香蕉植株根围土壤中尖孢镰刀菌数量上升,而尖孢镰刀菌与土壤pH及微量元素,尤其是铁、锰、铜、锌的含量呈负相关关系。     

尖孢镰刀菌（Fusarium oxysporum）乙醛脱氢酶基因的特征分析

尖孢镰刀菌是木质纤维素生物转化乙醇极具潜力微生物菌种。对尖孢镰刀菌基因组中乙醛脱氢酶的研究有助于对其乙醇代谢途径和机理掌握。通过对尖孢镰刀菌基因组数据库的搜索,发现了23条假定乙醛脱氢酶,它们属于醛脱氢酶超家族,并根据其蛋白分子质量大小进行了系统命名。研究分析了这些蛋白的等电点、催化位点、磷酸化位点、亚细胞定位,进行了多序列比对和系统发育树构建,并获得了一条乙醛脱氢酶基因的核苷酸序列,这为尖孢镰刀菌乙醛脱氢酶基因的功能验证及乙醇代谢机理研究奠定了基础。     

不同氮形态对连作平邑甜茶幼苗生长及土壤尖孢镰孢菌数量的影响

【目的】研究盆栽条件下不同形态氮对苹果砧木—平邑甜茶幼苗生长以及对连作土壤微生物的影响,为连作建园时科学施肥、减轻苹果连作障碍提供依据。 【方法】试验于 2015 年露地进行,以平邑甜茶幼苗为试材,以连作土为对照1 (CK1) 和溴甲烷熏蒸为对照2 (CK2),设置施入铵态氮 (T1)、硝态氮 (T2) 和酰胺态氮 (T3) 3 个不同形态氮处理 (N 180 mg/L),于 2015 年 8 月测定平邑甜茶生物量、光合参数和土壤微生物等相关指标。 【结果】铵态氮 (T1) 和酰胺态氮 (T3) 处理均能明显提高连作条件下‘平邑甜茶’苹果幼苗的生物量,其中 T1 处理的株高、地径、鲜重、干重与 CK1 相比分别提高了 35.3%、24.4%、42.0%、57.7%。添加 3 种形态氮素均可不同程度地提高平邑甜茶幼苗叶片的净光合速率 (Pn)、气孔导度 (Gs) 和根系呼吸速率,其中 T1 处理的 Pn、Gs 和根系呼吸速率分别比 CK1 提高了 27.6%、35.6%、43.3%,却并未达到 CK2 的效果。实时荧光定量 PCR 结果表明,CK2 尖孢镰孢菌的基因拷贝数降低最为明显,比 CK1 降低了 52.6%,T1 也有效地降低了尖孢镰孢菌的基因拷贝数,而 T2 和 T3 处理尖孢镰孢菌的基因拷贝数与 CK1 没有显著性差异。T-RFLP 结果表明,T1 和 T3 处理的真菌群落结构与 CK1 有明显差异,T1 处理与 CK2 的真菌群落结构较为相似,T2 处理的真菌群落结构与 CK1 较为相似。 【结论】铵态氮处理可更好地提高连作平邑甜茶幼苗的生物量、净光合速率以及根系呼吸速率,降低土壤尖孢镰孢菌的基因拷贝数,明显改变连作土壤的真菌群落结构,可作为减轻苹果连作障碍的措施。     

沼液处理对连作西瓜枯萎病发生、产量及品质的影响

利用沼液防治土传病害是实现沼液高值利用重要途径。以西瓜优佳018为材料,采用田间试验方式,研究等氮磷钾养分下,沼液结合覆膜、闷棚等综合防治措施,对西瓜连作土壤中尖孢镰刀菌数量的削减效果以及对西瓜产量及品质的影响。结果表明:水或沼液结合覆膜、闷棚等处理连作土壤20天,能有效降低土壤中尖孢镰刀菌的数量,其中沼液处理降低幅度更大。处理期间,沼液和水处理土壤温度、湿度显著高于对照。沼液处理减缓了西瓜枯萎病大面积发生的时间,前期(西瓜移栽后的45天内)西瓜枯萎病发病率和病情指数均显著低于水处理和对照,开花期之后发病率大幅提高,因而西瓜收获时沼液处理与对照发病率无显著差异,但病情指数显著低于对照。与对照和水处理相比,沼液处理西瓜产量、商品果产量、维生素C含量均显著提高,而硝酸盐含量降低,但沼液处理西瓜含糖量低于对照。以上表明,利用沼液处理西瓜连作土壤能有效增加西瓜产量,提升品质,并对枯萎病的发生有一定的延缓作用。     

Effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 and temperature on disease severity of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lactucae on lettuce plants

Climate change effects on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lactucae (FOL) on lettuce plants grown under simulated climate change were studied. An artificial growing substrate was infested with FOL to reach a final concentration of 1 × 10⁴ CFU g⁻¹ of substrate. A non infested tank was used as control.Subsequently, 32 pots (2 l each) were prepared from the infested tank and other 32 pots were prepared from the non infested tank (control). Lettuce plants were then transplanted into the pots and grown in phytotrons under four simulated environmental conditions: (1) 800 ppm CO₂, 22–26 °C; (2) 800 ppm CO₂, 18–22 °C; (3) 400 ppm CO₂, 22–26 °C and (4) 400 ppm CO₂, 18–22 °C. Substrate samples were collected from each phytotron at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after transplanting. Plate counts, enzymatic assays, and polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of climate change on the microbial population. The abundance of Fusarium spp. and the severity of Fusarium wilt of lettuce varied significantly as a consequence of increased temperature (22–26 °C). Increased CO₂ levels showed no effect on the severity of Fusarium wilt of lettuce and on the abundance of Fusarium spp. On the other hand, the total bacterial abundance was reduced at elevated CO₂ concentration (800 ppm). PCR-DGGE fingerprints of the ascomycete community obtained from DNA directly extracted from infested substrate samples did not change as a consequence of elevated temperature and CO₂.Enzymatic activities were not affected by the elevated CO₂ level. Our study indicates that the CO₂ concentration used in our experiment had no detectable impact on Fusarium wilt of lettuce. Only temperature influenced all observed parameters, but did not affect the fungal species diversity. Other factors, such as nutrient limitation and the effect of plant species needs further study.     

西瓜枯萎病菌生物学特性测定及防治试验

对西瓜枯萎病菌（Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍｏｘｙｓｐｏｒｉｕｍｆ．ｓｐ．ｎｉｖｅｕｍ）的生物学特性测定结果表明：病菌生长温度范围１０～３５℃，适宜生长温度２５～２８℃；分生孢子在饱和相对湿度下萌发率为７２．６％，在水滴中达８５．２％；分生孢子的致死温度为５５℃１０ｍｉｎ；病菌生长的ｐＨ值范围在２．３８～１１．４５，最适ｐＨ值为６．６５～９．６９。室内药效测定结果表明：７０％代森锰锌３００倍，４０％灭病威３００倍和５００倍，２５％多菌灵３００倍和抗枯灵５００倍对枯萎病菌菌丝生长有明显的抑制作用。田间防治以嫁接苗的防治效果最好，达９１．２％；其次为１５％粉锈宁１０００倍和５０％ＤＴ６００倍，防效分别为６８．４７％和６５．０５％。     

Modeling the Effects of Environmental Factors on the Population of Fusarium oxysporum in Cucumber Continuously Cropped Soil

The influences of soil environmental parameters (water potential [W_p], pH, and temperature) on the indigenous population of Fusarium oxysporum (FO) over 5 years of continuously cropped cucumber (CCC) soil were studied. The use of response surface methodology to model the combined effects of environmental parameters on the soil log₁₀ FO internal transcribed spacer copies (ITSC) showed that high W_p of the soil, above –20 kPa, caused increased ITSC in the soil that was independent of the temperature and pH. Fusarium oxysporum was able to grow at all temperatures and pH values tested, and the greatest growth rate was observed at 23–24 °C and pH 5.3–5.4. The W_p is a crucial environmental factor that affects the growth of soil FO. This study should contribute to estimating the impact of environmental factors on the soil FO proliferation rate in CCC soil.     

Combining ability of yield and yield components among Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. strigae-compatible and Striga-resistant sorghum genotypes

ABSTRACT

Use of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] cultivars with partial resistance to Striga spp. and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. strigae (FOS) represents a novel strategy to control Striga. This study aimed to identify the nature of gene action controlling grain yield and yield components and to select promising sorghum crosses possessing both FOS compatibility and Striga resistance, along with good combining ability effects. One-hundred hybrids, developed from pairwise matings among 10 FOS compatible, high-yielding female lines and 10 Striga-resistant male lines, were evaluated with and without FOS inoculation. The F₁s were field evaluated at three locations in Tanzania known for their severe Striga infestation, using an alpha lattice design with two replications. General (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) variances were significant for grain yield per plant, hundred-seed weight, plant height, flowering time and the number of Striga plants. The study demonstrated FOS inoculation to be an effective means of controlling Striga. Families 675?×?672, AS435?×?3993 and 4643?×?AS436 displaying large SCA effects for grain yield, and 4567?×?AS429, 3424?×?AS430 and 3424?×?AS436 with small SCA effects for Striga counts should be useful genetic resources for breeding and integrated Striga management.     

Fusarial wilt suppression and crop improvement through two rhizobacterial strains in chick pea growing in soils infested with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris

 Bacterization of chick pea seeds with a siderophore-producing fluorescent Pseudomonas strain RBT13 and an antibiotic-producing Bacillus subtilis strain AF1, isolated from tomato rhizoplane and pigeon pea rhizosphere repectively, increased the shoot height, root length, fresh weight, dry weight and yield in soils infected with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris. Seed bacterization also resulted in a significant reduction in chick pea wilt caused by the same pathogen. Addition of iron to the soil completely eliminated disease suppression by RBT13 but not by AF1. Dual drug-resistant mutant strains derived from the rhizobacteria were used to monitor and confirm root colonization. The results indicate the potential for development of both strains for the biological control of chick pea wilt. Received: 29 April 1998     

枯萎病菌侵染后香蕉乙烯形成酶基因MaA CO及乙烯响应因子MaERF1表达水平分析

香蕉与枯萎病互作机理研究一直是近年来研究的热点,目前对枯萎病菌的致病机理及香蕉的感、抗病机理还不清楚。本文利用前期表达谱分析结果克隆了乙烯合成及调控途径中的关键酶基因乙烯形成酶基因（MaACO）和乙烯响应因子基因（MaERF1）,通过RT-PCR检测,对这两个基因在感、抗病香蕉种质中的表达水平进行研究。结果表明,MaACO和MaERF1基因对机械损伤非常敏感,尤其在损伤初期（3h）的表达水平远高于后期;对于枯萎病菌侵染处理的植株,尤其在感染初期（3h）MaACO和MaERF1的表达水平在抗性植株中的表达量均比感病植株中的低;抗性种质中乙烯途径可能受到抑制,香蕉的感病性可能与侵染初期对乙烯信号的敏感性相关。本研究为利用乙烯抑制剂进行香蕉抗枯萎病新方法的研究奠定了基础。     

茶用菊苗期枯萎病抗性鉴定技术研究

为了建立茶用菊枯萎病抗性鉴定的方法,了解茶用菊种质资源对枯萎病抗性的差异,筛选抗性种质用于抗病育种,本研究以茶用菊为试验材料,通过枯萎病病原菌分离、形态学和真菌18S rDNA/ITS鉴定和致病力研究,开展茶用菊资源苗期枯萎病人工接种鉴定,并筛选优异抗病种质。结果表明,从发病的福白菊植株上分离到M15和M16 2株枯萎病病原菌菌株,经鉴定,这2株菌株均属于尖孢镰刀菌,致病力检测发现M15为强致病力菌株。通过枯萎病抗性鉴定,筛选到七月白1份高抗品种,杭白菊、苏菊7号等9份抗病品种,滁菊、亳菊等17份中抗品种,福白菊、苏菊6号等3份感病品种以及皇菊1份高感品种。本研究建立了一种高效的茶用菊品种抗枯萎病的鉴定方法,为茶用菊抗枯萎病品种改良奠定了基础。