艾比湖湿地土壤速效钾空间变异性分析

选择艾比湖湿地的博尔塔拉河,精河下游河岸带为研究区域,针对土壤中的速效钾进行定量测定,采用描述性统计法、地统计学方法和空间分析法,讨论研究区土壤速效钾的空间变异及分布特征。结果表明:在0~20 cm和40~60 cm土层速效钾空间变异中块金值与基台值之比分别为38.61%、32.63%,表明其空间变异性主要是随机性因素和结构性因素共同引起的,其空间分布体现为中等空间相关性。在20~40 cm土层块金值与基台值之比为17.09%,表明其空间变异性主要是结构性因素引起,其空间分布相关性很强,而在60~80 cm土层块金值与基台值之比为78.96%,表明其空间变异性主要是随机性因素引起,其空间分布相关性很弱。研究区土壤速效钾的取值范围在3.34~632.10 mg kg-1之间,差异很大。调查样地中37.19%的土壤样品速效钾含量3.34~34 mg kg-1之间,属极缺乏型和很缺乏型;31.70%的土壤样品速效钾含量34~68 mg kg-1之间,属很缺乏型和缺乏型,表明研究区速效钾含量整体偏低。土壤速效钾垂直分异规律为:随土层深度的增加而递减;速效钾含量水平分异规律为:精河区域、精博河间的中部区域博河区域。     

博、精河下游河岸带土壤速效养分空间异质性分析

以新疆博尔塔拉河、精河下游河岸带土壤为研究对象,针对土壤中的有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾等指标进行定量测定,运用地统计学方法分别对博尔塔拉河、精河流域土壤养分空间分布特征进行了分析.结果表明:博尔塔拉河下游河岸带土壤有机质、碱解氮变异程度大于精河下游河岸带,土壤速效磷、速效钾变异程度相近;两河土壤速效养分垂直分异规律为:土壤有机质、碱解氮含量均随土层深度的增加而递减;水平分异规律为:距离艾比湖入湖口越远,土壤中速效养分平均含量越小.总体而言,博尔塔拉河下游河岸带土壤速效养分高于精河下游河岸带土壤速效养分,精河土壤养分空间异质性较小.     

基于乡镇级耕层土壤养分空间变异研究

利用地统计学方法和地理信息系统技术分析辽宁省昌图县朝阳镇耕层土壤养分的数据统计特征、空间变异性和分维数及空间分布规律.研究结果表明,有机质的含量普遍较低,碱解氮的含量普遍较高;有机质及速效养分含量的变异系数顺序为碱解氮＜速效钾＜有机质＜速效磷;地统计学半方差分析结果显示,有机质、速效磷的块金值与基台值的比值介于25%～75%之间,具有中等程度空间相关性.碱解氮的块金值与基台值的比值大于75%,空间相关性较弱.速效钾的块金值与基台值的比值小于25%,具有强烈的空间相关性.碱解氮的分维值D最大为1.996,速效钾的分维值D最小为1.802,表明碱解氮的空间分布比速效钾的空间分布复杂.     

哈尔滨市辖区黑土速效养分空间异质性分析

研究在哈尔滨市所辖黑土区的6个市县进行,共采集表层(0～20cm)黑土土样411个,测定了全部样点的有机质、全氮的养分含量,同时测定了部分样点的碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾的养分含量,利用地统计学中协同克立格分析方法并结合经典统计学和GIS技术分析碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾养分空间异质性。分析表明有效磷空间分布符合指数模型,碱解氮、速效钾符合高斯模型,其块金值与基台值之比分别为50.0%、39.7%、6.3%,有效磷和碱解氮为中等程度空间相关水平,速效钾为强度空间相关水平;与克里格对比,应用协克里格插值绘制的三种速效养分空间分布图精度显著提高,为协克里格方法在土壤养分空间异质性分析上的应用提供了实践依据。     

近20年城乡交错带土壤养分时间空间变异特征分析——以北京市大兴区为例

以北京市大兴区为城乡交错带的分析样区,通过对1982年、2000年2期土壤养分变化情况进行时间空间变异特征分析,结果发现:1982～2000年近20年间大兴土壤养分除土壤速效K含量略有下降外,其他土壤养分含量均呈上升趋势,尤以速效P含量增长最多。各项养分增加值分别为有机质31.02%、全N 50 %、碱解N 37.89%、速效P 177%,而速效K则减少6.97%。1982年的5种土壤养分中,速效P的变异系数最高,为0.50;全N次之,为0.4;有机质、速效K、碱解N的变异系数较小,在0.28～0.32之间。2000年的5种土壤养分中,变异系数最高的仍是速效P,为0.57;速效K次之,为0.36;有机质、全N和碱解N含量的变异系数较小,在0.19～0.23之间。1982年有机质的块金值与基台值之比为45.32%,2000年的为26.54%,说明其在小尺度上的空间相关性增强。1982年速效K的块金值与基台值之比为36.96%,2000年的为29.82%。2000年全N、碱解N和速效P的块金值与基台值的比值大于1982年的比值。2000年各项土壤养分的空间相关距离均比1982年增大,基本上趋向于以大块状变异为主,具有较强的渐变性分布规律。     

秦巴山地县域土壤碱解氮空间变异与合理采样数的确定

[目的]了解秦巴山地县域土壤碱解氮的空间分布规律,确定合理的采样密度,为研究区农田养分管理提供科学依据。[方法]运用地统计学与GIS结合的方法,随机抽取不同采样密度的样点数据,进行插值分析,采用交叉验证法对插值精度进行评价。[结果](1)土壤碱解氮的变异系数为42.95%,属于中等变异;(2)块金值与基台值的比值约为1/2,具有中等强度的空间相关性,空间最大相关距离为9 171m;(3)样点数目从1 060个到742个时,变程以及块金值与基台值之比出现明显偏差,其相对误差分别为152.32%和36.1%,均方根误差(RMSE)、相关系数(R)同样出现明显偏差。[结论]汉滨区土壤碱解氮空间连续性较好,适当地减少采样密度,仍可以满足插值分析的需要,考虑到土壤碱解氮的空间变异评价的精度分析结果,县域土壤碱解氮的合理采样数应该控制在1 060个以上,即最大以345.5hm2为一个采样单元。     

沟坡侵蚀汇水区黑土水分和养分的空间异质性

[目的] 研究坡耕地侵蚀沟汇水区土壤水分和养分空间差异性及其变化,揭示黑土侵蚀对坡耕地粮食生产的影响。[方法] 选取典型黑土坡耕地发育的侵蚀沟汇水区为研究区域,系统观测全生育期土壤水分和养分性状,并秋收测产,解析黑土水分、养分、产量空间异质性及其相关性,分析沟坡侵蚀对土壤质量和作物生产力的影响。[结果] ①沟坡侵蚀对黑土坡耕地土壤水分性状造成了显著的影响,全生育期表层0—20 cm垄沟土壤含水量变异系数12.2%~17.4%,为中等变异;块金值/基台值<0.2,表明具有强烈的空间相关性,雨季块金值/基台值近为0,表明沟坡汇水区土壤含水量完全因地形等结构因子导致的径流迁移的影响,空间有效相关距离最小,为55.2 m。②沟坡汇水区土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量变化分别为23.9~49.7,0.8~1.7,0.3~0.6 g/kg,和70.3~183.8,27.8~78.9,71.2~202.1 mg/kg,土壤有机质含量有效空间相关距离小于100 m,全磷含量有效空间相关距离最大,接近500 m。③汇水区大豆产量变化1 669~3 223 kg/hm²,玉米产量变化8 177~10 871 kg/hm²。[结论] 沟坡侵蚀加剧了汇水区土壤水分和养分空间异质性,降低了耕地生产力。     

重庆市丰都县紫色土养分空间变异及土壤肥力评价

综合运用地统计学、GIS和模糊数学相结合的方法,分析了丰都县紫色土养分的空间变异规律,对其土壤肥力进行综合评价,并绘制了养分空间分布图和土壤综合肥力指数空间分布图,为该县紫色土养分分区管理及精准施肥决策等提供理论依据。结果表明:研究区内5种肥力指标中,除有效磷属于强变异性外,pH、有机质、碱解氮和速效钾均具有中等变异性。土壤pH、速效钾的最适模型是指数模型,块金值与基台值之比分别为17.07%和10.65%,有较强的空间相关性;用线性模型可较好地模拟有机质、碱解氮和有效磷,块金值与基台值之比分别为76.37%、84.21%和87.92%,空间相关性较弱。土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的变程分别为5.43、28.02、31.24、36.48和2.28 km。土壤pH在长江以北较高与较低区域都呈带状并相间分布,在长江以南呈西低东高状态;有机质、碱解氮、有效磷及速效钾的分布存在明显的方向不均匀性,都呈零星斑状。丰都县土壤肥力质量呈现北低南高的趋势,5个等级地块分别占8.14%、18.86%、31.75%、28.58%、12.67%。丰都县土壤肥力总体水平中等偏上,这主要与该地区地形地质有关,同时也受到社会经济与人为管理措施的影响。     

福建省安溪县铁观音茶园土壤氮素状况

为了解福建省安溪县铁观音茶园土壤氮素供应能力,对安溪县77个铁观音茶园土壤(分0～20、20～40 cm两个土层)全氮、碱解氮含量及对应的铁观音茶叶氮含量进行了测试分析。结果表明:安溪县铁观音茶园0～20 cm土层土壤全氮含量属中上水平,平均值1.13 g/kg,Ⅱ级(尚可)及以上样点比例达90.9%;20～40 cm土层土壤全氮含量属中下水平,平均值0.81 g/kg,Ⅱ级(尚可)及以下样点比例占77.9%。黄壤、红壤、水稻土改植、赤红壤茶园土壤全氮含量较高,粗骨土、潮砂土茶园土壤全氮含量较低;土壤全氮与有机质含量呈显著的正相关关系。安溪县铁观音茶园土壤碱解氮总体含量较为丰富,0～20cm土层土壤碱解氮含量平均值105.42 mg/kg,Ⅱ级(尚可)及以上样点比例达到97.4%;20～40 cm土层平均值75.02 mg/kg,Ⅱ级(尚可)以上样点比例占84.4%。黄壤、红壤、赤红壤、水稻土改植茶园土壤碱解氮含量较高,粗骨土、潮砂土茶园土壤碱解氮含量较低;土壤碱解氮与全氮、有机质含量呈显著的正相关关系。供试铁观音茶叶氮含量与土壤全氮、碱解氮含量相关关系不显著,土壤碱解氮含量能否作为铁...     

贵州省植烟区土壤pH值和养分空间变异特征的研究

应用地统计学的方法结合GIS空间分析技术,对贵州省植烟区土壤pH值和速效养分区域采集了3309个耕层(0～20cm)土壤样本进行了数据处理,并对其pH值、有机质、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量的空间分异特征进行了研究和探讨。结果表明,贵州省土壤养分pH值、有机质、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾半方差函数曲线的理论模型中,pH值和速效磷为球形(Spherical),有机质、速效氮和速效钾为高斯(Gaussion)。pH值、速效氮和速效磷具有强烈的空间相关性,块金值/基台值小于25%,其变化主要受结构性因子的影响;有机质空间相关性也较强,速效钾具有中等的空间相关性,块金值/基台值在25%～75%之间,其变化主要受随机性因子的影响。利用地统计学分析的方法,对贵州省烟叶种植具有重要的意义。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.