碳酸钾活化剂法制备稻壳活性炭的工艺优化

为实现农业废弃物的资源化利用,该文以稻壳为原料、K2CO3为活化剂制备稻壳基活性炭。采用Plackett-Burman(P-B)和中心复合设计(central composite design,CCD)法对影响稻壳基活性炭得率和碘吸附性能的5个工艺因素进行筛选和优化,确定样品得率和碘吸附值的预测模型,并进行验证。结果表明,所建立的稻壳基活性炭得率和碘吸附值回归方程的决定系数R2分别为0.90和0.85,影响样品得率的主要因素为:活化温度活化时间K2CO3浓度,影响样品碘吸附值的主要因素为:活化温度K2CO3浓度活化时间,浸渍体积比和浸渍时间影响不显著;经CCD法建立的稻壳基活性炭得率和碘吸附值的预测模型极显著(P0.0001,P0.01),决定系数R2可达0.92和0.90,活化温度和活化时间之间存在较强的交互作用。优化后的工艺条件为:活化温度1029.17 K、K2CO3浓度1.95 mo L/L、活化时间1.17 h、浸渍体积比3,浸渍时间11 h,其得率和碘吸附值的预测值分别为13.61%、1058.83 mg/g,与实测值(14.53%、1021.30mg/g)的误差仅为6.33%、3.67%,拟合性良好,说明运用CCD法对稻壳基活性炭制备工艺的优化是准确可靠的。该结果可为K2CO3活化法制备稻壳基活性炭的工业化生产提供一定的参考。     

油茶壳热解产物特性及热解炭制备活性炭工艺优化

为了探究热解终温对油茶壳热解产物特性的影响,实现油茶壳热解多联产产物的有效利用,该文研究了油茶壳300～700℃热解过程中气、液、固的得率,特性和能量分布规律,讨论了油茶壳热解炭制备活性炭的工艺条件。研究表明,随着热解终温的升高,生物质炭得率下降,不可凝气体得率上升,生物质油得率则呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势。生物质炭的能量产率高达47.21%～81.59%,是油茶壳热解的主要产物,随着热解终温的升高,其固定碳含量增大,BET比表面积先增加后减小,在600℃达到最高值278 m2/g。油茶壳活性炭制备的最佳工艺条件活化温度850℃,活化时间1.5 h,水蒸气用量与炭的比2.0,此条件下的活性炭得率为37.47%,碘吸附值为825 mg/g,BET比表面积为736 m2/g。该研究为油茶壳热解多联产工艺及产物的综合有效利用提供参考依据。     

稻壳炭制备工艺参数对吸附性能的影响

以稻壳为原料,采用水热法制备稻壳炭,将稻壳炭用于吸附印染废水中亚甲基蓝。利用XRD、SEM、TG、FT-IR等手段对稻壳炭进行表征分析,探究炭化温度和炭化时间对稻壳炭理化性质和亚甲基蓝吸附性能的影响。结果表明,炭化温度是影响稻壳炭吸附性能的重要因素,炭化温度为180～220 ℃,稻壳炭对亚甲基蓝去除率高于90%,亚甲基蓝的吸附量大于6.27 mg/g,其中,炭化温度为200 ℃、炭化时间为8 h,稻壳炭结构完整,孔隙结构良好,含氧官能团数量较多,吸附活性点位较多,对亚甲基蓝吸附性能较好,去除率和吸附能力分别为93.04%和6.62 mg/g。随着RH-200-8稻壳炭再生次数的增加,稻壳炭的去除率略有下降,RH-220-8-3（即稻壳炭使用第3次）的亚甲基蓝去除率达82.20%（10 h）。     

文冠果壳基活性炭制备工艺优化与性能表征

文冠果壳为文冠果榨油后的废弃物,为避免环境污染,充分利用这种废弃物制成高附加值的活性炭,该研究以文冠果壳为原料,采用磷酸活化法制备活性炭,以固液比、磷酸浓度、活化时间和活化温度为自变量,活性炭的碘吸附值为因变量,经响应面试验优化制备工艺,探究文冠果壳活性炭的吸附性能。结果表明,通过响应面试验优化得到最佳工艺条件：固液比1∶1 g/mL,磷酸浓度71%,活化时间158 min,活化温度540℃,此时碘吸附值为(1 127.377±2.406) mg/g,与预测的碘吸附值误差仅为0.390%。与文冠果壳相比,经活化得到的活性炭水分和灰分明显降低,C元素质量分数升高至69.702%;活性炭的比表面积为841.438 m²/g,总孔容为0.593 cm³/g,平均孔径为4.361 nm,孔隙结构发达,主要以介孔为主,且官能团主要为羰基。因此可以用文冠果壳制备出吸附性能好的活性炭,该结果可为磷酸活化法制备文冠果壳基活性炭的工业化生产提供一定参考。     

低氧烟道环境制备污泥活性炭

为降低污泥制备活性炭的成本,以高温低氧烟道气为媒介,研究了活化时间、温度、蒸气含量以及氧含量对污泥活性炭性能的影响规律,结果表明：活化温度、活化时间及水蒸气流量的最佳值分别为800°C、90 min和34.8%,该条件下污泥活性炭比表面积、产率、甲基橙及亚甲基蓝吸附值分别为：246.3 m2/g、46%、14.8 mg/g、18.1 mg/g。因而,高温低氧烟气直接用于物理活化法制备污泥活性炭,活化气量（水蒸汽）不够,产品活性炭的性能差,活化温度高达800°C,运行成本仍偏高。将湿污泥用ZnCl2按1∶1浸渍16 h后活化炭化,在活化温度、活化时间、氧含量分别为550°C、90 min、2%时,污泥活性炭的产率为59%,其比表面积和亚甲基蓝吸附值分别达516.1 m2/g和129.8 mg/g,孔体积为0.29 cm3/g,微孔体积为0.16 cm3/g,平均孔径为3.95 nm,性能较好。氧气能促进活性炭微孔的形成与发展,最佳的氧含量为2%~4%。与无氧条件下制备的污泥活性炭相比,氧含量为4%时制得的污泥活性炭的比表面积增加了6.82%,亚甲基蓝吸附值提高了2.75倍。该研究表明：高温烟气作为热源、保护气和活化气,结合化学活化法,可将脱水湿污泥直接制成污泥活性炭。该结果可为低成本制备污泥活性炭、实现污泥处理的资源化利用提供一定的参考。     

炭活化一步法制备豆渣基极微孔活性炭

鉴于以含氮生物质为原料,采用炭化碱活化两步法制备掺氮活性炭的工艺较长,该研究以大豆渣为原料,K2CO3为活化剂,尝试采用炭活化一步法制备含极微孔的掺氮活性炭,并考察活化温度对活性炭化学组成、孔结构及低压CO2吸附性能的影响。研究表明,该方法可用于制备富含极微孔的掺氮活性炭。当活化温度从560℃升高到650℃时,1)活性炭的氮元素皆均匀分布在体相及表面,其质量分数(4.1%~4.4%)变化不大,而其化学状态发生变化;2)比表面积、总孔容、微孔孔容均呈单调递增,但极微孔孔容先增大后减小。活化温度为600℃的样品,极微孔孔容较大(0.13 m L/g),极微孔主要集中在0.42~0.70 nm,微孔孔容、总孔容、比表面积分别为0.40 m L/g、0.43 m L/g、948 m2/g。该样品在10 k Pa、0℃下的CO2吸附量达1.94 mmol/g,CO2/N2表观选择性为41.6,说明它对低压CO2能同时展现出较高的吸附量及表观选择性。该研究为含氮活性炭的便捷制备提供了参考。     

豆壳基炭材料的响应面优化设计及电化学特性

为了满足人们对新型储能设备的需求,以生物质尤其是农林废弃物基炭材料作为电极材料的超级电容器备受关注。该研究以农业废弃物材料刀豆壳作为前驱体,采用KOH活化方法制备高比面积活性炭并作为超级电容器电极材料。以材料比电容为响应值,活化温度和活化比例为试验因素,采用中心复合设计方法(CCD,Central Composite Design)进行响应面优化研究,并探究在最佳工艺条件下制备的活性炭的电化学性能。研究结果表明:活化温度和活化比例对刀豆壳活性炭材料的比电容均具有显著影响。优化得到的最优工艺参数为活化温度694℃,活化比例4.17∶1。验证试验得到刀豆壳活性炭材料的平均比电容为254 F/g,与预测值基本吻合。同时对活性炭进行了性能表征,采用扫描电镜(SEM,Scanning Electron Microscope)和透射电镜(TEM,Transmission Electron Microscope)观察活性炭的形貌特征,通过氮气吸-脱附测试研究了炭材料的孔隙结构,结果表明:刀豆壳活性炭材料表面分布大量纳米孔,最大比表面积可达3 129 m~2/g,总孔容达1.68 cm~3/g,微孔孔容达0.96 cm~3/g,有利于电解液流通和电解质离子吸附。     

预处理方法对稻壳基活性炭性能的影响研究

以稻壳为原料,对其进行水热脱硅、添加磁化剂、添加活化剂预处理,于600℃下活化2 h,并对不同预处理后的稻壳和活化后的炭进行表征并分析,考察不同预处理工艺对磁性活性炭制备的影响。结果表明,水热脱硅预处理将稻壳中灰分含量由14.55%降低至2.00%,提高了挥发分和固定碳的相对含量,脱硅过程残留的Na2CO3对稻壳热解具有催化作用,增加了炭孔隙结构,水热的脱水脱羰作用减少稻壳中的含氧官能团,热值由16 235 kJ/kg增加至18 720 kJ/kg;添加磁化剂抑制了稻壳热解速率,提高热解产率,同时在表面形成管状碳结构,增大了比表面积,Fe3O4基磁性活性炭晶体的生成使得磁性能显著提高;添加活化剂促进了稻壳炭化,增加固体收益率,大大提高活性炭的孔隙结构,但有锌铁络合物生成,磁性能降低,但仍可以通过磁选分离。     

低温水热法制备竹生物炭及其对有机物的吸附性能

竹是一类常见的生物质资源,竹加工中产生的废弃物是制生物炭的理想原料。该研究采用水热炭化法,在较低的水热温度下制备竹生物炭,并通过Na OH浸泡和N2氛围下高温煅烧2种方法,对竹生物炭进行进一步改性,所得产品用于去除水溶液中2-萘酚和刚果红。结果显示:仅采用水热炭化得到的竹生物炭产品得率大于54%,表面官能团丰富,均能吸附水溶液中的2-萘酚和刚果红,其中160℃3 h下制备的样品对2-萘酚吸附效果最好,200℃7 h下制备的样品对刚果红吸附效果最好;改性处理会降低终产品得率并影响表面官能团,Na OH浸泡改性处理能增加竹生物炭对2-萘酚和刚果红的吸附容量,N2氛围下高温煅烧改性则不能提高竹生物炭对这2种物质的吸附效果。研究结果可为废弃生物质制炭及生物炭在水污染物吸附分离中的应用提供参考。     

热裂解温度对生物质炭吸附解吸Cd~(2+)行为的影响

以玉米秸秆、水稻秸秆、稻壳为原料分别在350℃、450℃、550℃、650℃热裂解温度下制备玉米秸秆炭(MSB)、水稻秸秆炭(RSB)和稻壳炭(RHB),比较不同热裂解温度下三种生物质炭对溶液中重金属离子Cd~(2+)的吸附解吸特性。利用准一级、准二级和颗粒内扩散模型对吸附过程进行拟合,结果表明三种生物质炭对Cd~(2+)的吸附满足颗粒内扩散方程。随着热裂解温度的升高,同一种原料制备的生物质炭达到吸附平衡的时间缩短。Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程拟合结果显示,三种生物质炭对溶液中Cd~(2+)的吸附更符合Langmuir方程。单位数量的RSB在一定浓度Cd~(2+)溶液中对Cd~(2+)的吸附量显著高于MSB和RHB。三种生物质炭对Cd~(2+)的吸附量随制备生物质炭的热裂解温度的升高而降低。三种生物质炭中玉米秸秆炭的解吸率最小。因此评价生物质炭对溶液中重金属的去除效果需要考虑原料、热裂解温度等多种因素的影响。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.