Post-mortem re-cloning of a transgenic red fluorescent protein dog

Recently, the world''s first transgenic dogs were produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer. However, cellular senescence is a major limiting factor for producing more advanced transgenic dogs. To overcome this obstacle, we rejuvenated transgenic cells using a re-cloning technique. Fibroblasts from post-mortem red fluorescent protein (RFP) dog were reconstructed with in vivo matured oocytes and transferred into 10 surrogate dogs. One puppy was produced and confirmed as a re-cloned dog. Although the puppy was lost during birth, we successfully established a rejuvenated fibroblast cell line from this animal. The cell line was found to stably express RFP and is ready for additional genetic modification.     

动物体细胞克隆技术的研究进展

体细胞克隆绵羊“多莉”(Dolly)的诞生,表明成年哺乳动物体细胞具有基因组的全能性。本文从“多莉”诞生的背景、体细胞克隆技术的研究现状、体细胞核移植过程中的核质互作、该技术目前存在的问题及其在制作转基因动物上的应用等方面,概述了体细胞克隆技术的研究进展。     

哺乳动物体细胞克隆技术应用的研究进展

哺乳动物体细胞克隆技术是一项高新的生物技术,这一技术不仅为许多学科发展带来了机遇,它的应用将给畜牧业生产、转基因动物和医学带来了革命性的变化。作者就这几个方面的应用做一简要综述。     

提高猪核移植效率的研究进展

哺乳动物体细胞核移植(克隆)经过多年的发展,获得了多种后代。猪的核移植研究意义重大,应用价值颇高,是当今生物技术的热点研究之一。尽管猪核移植已取得了很大进展,但移植效率依然很低。本文就目前已有的资料,综述了提高猪体细胞核移植效率的各项技术环节的研究进展。     

水牛体细胞连续核移植的效果

为探讨水牛体细胞连续核移植的效果,以水牛胎儿成纤维细胞为核供体,进行了水牛体细胞连续核移植。结果显示,连续核移植的融合率显著高于原代核移植(87.9%vs76.2%,P<0.05),但两者之间的分裂率和囊胚率没有显著差异(P>0.05);这说明水牛体细胞核移植胚胎可被再次克隆而不降低其发育能力,水牛体细胞连续核移植是可行的。     

Propagation of elite rescue dogs by somatic cell nuclear transfer

The objective of the present study was to compare the efficiency of two oocyte activation culture media to produce cloned dogs from an elite rescue dog and to analyze their behavioral tendencies. In somatic cell nuclear transfer procedure, fused couplets were activated by calcium ionophore treatment for 4 min, cultured in two media: modified synthetic oviduct fluid (mSOF) with 1.9 mmol/L 6‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) (SOF‐DMAP) or porcine zygote medium (PZM‐5) with 1.9 mmol/L DMAP (PZM‐DMAP) for 4 h, and then were transferred into recipients. After embryo transfer, pregnancy was detected in one out of three surrogate mothers that received cloned embryos from the PZM‐DMAP group (33.3%), and one pregnancy (25%) was detected in four surrogate mothers receiving cloned embryos from the SOF‐DMAP group. Each pregnant dog gave birth to one healthy cloned puppy by cesarean section. We conducted the puppy aptitude test with two cloned puppies; the two cloned puppies were classified as the same type, accepting humans and leaders easily. The present study indicated that the type of medium used in 6‐DMAP culture did not increase in cloning efficiency and dogs cloned using donor cells derived from one elite dog have similar behavioral tendencies.     

影响猪体细胞核移植效果的因素

克隆技术的研究已经取得了丰硕的成果,但猪体细胞核移植还受到众多因素的制约,克隆效率仍然较低,文章针对猪体细胞核移植的各项技术环节及影响因素进行探讨与分析,以期加快猪体细胞核移植技术的研究,提高猪体细胞核移植效率,进一步促进猪体细胞核移植技术的发展和运用。     

哺乳动物异种体细胞核移植技术的应用及影响因素

哺乳动物异种体细胞核移植技术是在同种细胞核移植技术基础上发展起来的动物生殖技术,其在濒危动物保护、人类胚胎干细胞及生物基础学科研究等方面已展现出美好的前景.目前,该技术处于发展阶段,还存在很多值得研究的问题.文章介绍了动物异种体细胞核移植技术在国内外的研究现状,分析了影响异种体细胞核移植技术发展的因素,并对该技术的发展前景进行了展望.     

Positive effects of treatment of donor cells with aphidicolin on the preimplantation development of somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos in Chinese Bama mini-pig (Sus Scrofa)

To optimize somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) procedures in mini-pigs, the present study was designed to examine the effects of donor cell types and aphidicolin (APC) treatment on in vitro development of reconstructed embryos. Oviduct epithelial cells (OEC), ear fibroblast cells (EFC) and cumulus cells (CC) derived from mini-pigs were treated with serum starvation only or serum starvation followed by treatment of 0.1 µg/mL APC. The reconstructed embryos were cultured for 7 days to evaluate their developmental competency. Cleavage and blastocyst formation rates of reconstructed embryos derived from the OEC by APC treatment were significantly higher than the serum starvation (61.82% vs. 56.25%, 24.55% vs. 17.86%; P < 0.05). The cleavage rate from the EFC was significantly increased by APC treatment compared to serum starvation only (63.36% vs. 57.01%; P < 0.05). In the ooctyes with the CC, the reconstructed embryos could yield high blastocyst formation rate by APC treatment (29.63%; P < 0.05). In the presence of APC, CC gave rise to the highest cleavage and blastocyst formation rates among the three cell types. Therefore, our results suggest that treatment of CC with serum starvation plus APC prior to nuclear transfer is more suitable in SCNT of mini-pigs.     

In vitro maturation using αMEM with reduced NaCl enhances maturation and developmental competence of pig oocytes after somatic cell nuclear transfer

BackgroundCompared to medium containing 108 mM sodium chloride (NaCl), in vitro maturation (IVM) using a simple medium with reduced (61.6 mM) NaCl increases the cytoplasmic maturation and embryonic development of pig oocytes.ObjectivesThis study determines the effect of a complex medium containing reduced NaCl on the IVM and embryonic development of pig oocytes.MethodsPig oocytes were matured in Minimum Essential Medium Eagle-alpha modification (αMEM) supplemented with 61.6 (61αMEM) or 108 (108αMEM) mM NaCl, and containing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (αMEMP) or pig follicular fluid (PFF) (αMEMF). Medium-199 (M199) served as the control for conventional IVM. Cumulus cell expansion, nuclear maturation, intra-oocyte glutathione (GSH) contents, size of perivitelline space (PVS), and embryonic development after parthenogenesis (PA) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) were evaluated after IVM.ResultsRegardless of PVA or PFF supplementation, oocytes matured in 61αMEM showed increased intra-oocyte GSH contents and width of PVS (p < 0.05), as well as increased blastocyst formation (p < 0.05) after PA and SCNT, as compared to oocytes matured in 108αMEMP and M199. Under conditions of PFF-enriched αMEM, SCNT oocytes matured in 61αMEMF showed higher blastocyst formation (p < 0.05), compared to maturation in 108αMEMF and M199, whereas PA cultured oocytes showed no significant difference.ConclusionsIVM in αMEM supplemented with reduced NaCl (61.6 mM) enhances the embryonic developmental competence subsequent to PA and SCNT, which attributes toward improved oocyte maturation.     

In Vitro Production of Equine Embryos and Cloning: Today's Status

Equine reproductive technologies, such as cloning and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) have become routine laboratory practice in many parts of the world. In this review, we will discuss novel cloning approaches that have just recently become commercial, update the latest cloning results at Crestview Genetics in Argentina and at In Vitro Clonagem in Brazil, and discuss differences in techniques and approach within the American equine ICSI market from four different laboratories commercially producing equine ICSI.     

体细胞核移植技术在转基因动物研究中的应用

利用基因工程技术将目的基因整合入动物体细胞染色体中，并将其作为供体核移植入受体－－去核卵母细胞构成重建胚，然后将其移植入假孕母体，待其妊娠、分娩，便可得到经定向遗传修饰的转基因克隆动物。本文就这一领域的发展历史、研究现状、应用前景及存在的问题等方面作一概述。     

供体细胞对哺乳动物体细胞核移植的影响

哺乳动物体细胞核移植技术(克隆)在农业、生物技术、医药生产和濒危动物保护等方面具有很大的潜力和应用价值,已成为目前发育生物学研究的重要方法.文章依据近年来国内外在动物克隆技术方面的资料,分析了供体细胞类型、供体细胞动物年龄、供体细胞所处细胞周期、体外传代次数以及供体动物性别等因素对克隆动物效率的影响及可能原因.     

哺乳动物体细胞克隆技术的应用前景

体细胞克隆的成功为农业、医学以及生物学基础研究提供了新的工具。体细胞核移植技术和转基因、胚胎干细胞等现代生物技术的相互渗透更是活跃。当前,尽管体细胞核移植效率仍然不甚理想,而且克隆后代成活率低、畸形率高,但人们还是对该技术的发展充满了憧憬,尤其希望借助这一手段在攻克一些长期困扰人类的疑难疾病上有所突破。作者则总结了体细胞核移植在上述各方面的应用价值,供同行参考。     

体内、外卵母细胞对猪体细胞克隆胚胎发育潜力的影响

为探讨猪体内、外成熟卵母细胞对核移植重组胚胎发育能力的影响,试验通过激素促排获得体内成熟卵母细胞和收集废弃卵巢获取体外成熟的卵母细胞,分别构建核移植重组胚,比较其卵裂率、囊胚率及胚胎移植受孕情况。结果显示,PGC+PMSG+HCG组的平均排卵数（27.8枚/头）显著高于PGC+HCG （12.5枚/头）、PMSG+HCG （13.7枚/头）及自然发情组（11.5枚/头）（P<0.05）,体内收集到的卵母细胞,可用于构建核移植重组胚的可用卵率均达到90%以上,与其他处理组差异不显著（P>0.05）,说明通过激素处理可获得更多的可用卵母细胞,而且卵母细胞的质量没有显著差异;以体内和体外成熟卵母细胞作为核移植受体构建的克隆胚胎,二者的胚胎融合率（80.31%和79.29%）和卵裂率（90.40%和86.51%）差异均不显著（P>0.05）,但来自体内成熟卵母细胞克隆的胚胎发育至囊胚期的比例显著升高（P<0.05）;将体内、外成熟卵母细胞构建的核移植重组胚分别移植代孕母猪,头平均移植30或60枚时,体内成熟卵母构建的克隆胚胎移植出生仔猪10头,而体外培养卵母细胞构建的克隆胚胎均未着床受孕,表明通过激素促排获得的卵母细胞质量更好,能显著提高克隆胚胎的囊胚率,减少胚胎移植数量,提高代孕母猪的怀孕率。     

Effect of Oocytes in vivo and in vitro on the Developmental Potential of Porcine Somatic Cell Cloned Embryos

To investigate the impact of porcine oocytes in vivo and in vitro maturation (IVM) on the development of porcine somatic cell cloned embryos,the somatic cell cloned embryos cultured in vitro and the sows were treated with hormones to collect mature oocytes in vivo,and the cleavage rate, blastocyst rate and embryo implantation were compared. The results showed that the average number of ovulation in PGC+PMSG+HCG group was significantly higher than that of PGC+HCG,PMSG+HCG and the natural estrus groups (P<0.05). The oocytes collected in vivo could be used for the construction, and the available oocytes rate reached more than 90%,and there was no significant difference among the four groups (P>0.05),which indicated that groups treated by hormone could obtain more available oocytes and the quality of oocytes was not significant different. In vivo and in vitro matured oocytes were used as nuclear transfer embryos of recombinant receptor,the fusion efficiency (80.31% and 79.29%) and cleavage rate (90.40% and 86.51%) were not significant different (P>0.05), but the proportion of in vivo matured oocytes cloned embryos developed into the blastocyst stage was significantly higher (P<0.05). The reconstructed embryos made from in vivo and in vitro matured oocytes were transplanted into surrogate sows (transferred 30 or 60 embryos),10 piglets were born in in vivo maturation of cloned embryo transfer group,while there was no implantation in in vitro maturation of cloned embryo transfer group. The results showed that high quality oocytes obtained by superovulation could significantly increase the blastocyst rate of embryos,reduce the number of embryos transferred and improve the pregnancy rate of surrogate sows.     

绵羊去透明带卵母细胞体细胞核移植研究

为探索简化的核移植程序,本研究分析不同成熟培养时间、去核过程中紫外光照时间、融合电压强度、激活剂种类、不同培养方法对绵羊去透明带卵母细胞核移植的影响。结果表明:卵母细胞成熟培养18～19 h后去除透明带,其极体排出和附着效果最佳。采用1.9 kV/cm直流电压融合去核卵母细胞与颗粒细胞,融合率为88.2%,效果最好。离子霉素对重构胚具有较好的激活效果,卵裂率为82.1%,囊胚率为10.4%;压制WOW(s孔中孔)发育组卵裂率和囊胚发育率与四孔板培养组相比无显著差异,但卵裂率和囊胚发育率并不高;去除透明带的绵羊卵母细胞采用衰减1/4的UV照射10 s辅助去核后,卵裂率为35.6%,但重构胚未能发育至囊胚。结果显示,通过去透明带辅助显微操作去核的方法进行的绵羊体细胞克隆程序较易掌握。     

Survival of embryos and calves derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer in cattle: a nationwide survey in Japan

To obtain data concerning the survival of embryos and calves derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in Japan, a nationwide survey was carried out in April, 2009. As a result, data concerning 3264 embryo transfers (ETs) with SCNT embryos which produced 301 calves were accumulated and their survival was analyzed. The present survey revealed that survival rates of transferred bovine embryos and produced calves derived from SCNT had not improved over a decade (1998–2007). A remarkable feature of the pregnancies with SCNT embryos was a high incidence of spontaneous abortions. When the decade was divided by the occurrence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in 2001, significant decreases in the ‘after BSE’ period (2002–2007) were observed in the percentages of calves born (P < 0.01), calves living at birth (P < 0.05), calves living for 24 h (P < 0.05) and 6 months (P < 0.01). Abortions that occurred during 61–99 days after ETs were significantly increased (P < 0.01) in the ‘after BSE’ period. Certain kinds of regeneration that occurred in oocytes during the 15–20 h of storage of bovine ovaries at 10–15°C as a part of BSE inspection might have had some negative effects on SCNT embryos when these oocytes were used as recipients of SCNT.     

优化山羊体细胞核移植方案的研究

以乳腺细胞、胎儿成纤维细胞和颗粒细胞为供体细胞进行核移植，比较了供体细胞类型、细胞冷冻及核移植的重建方法（胞质内注射、电融合）对重构胚早期发育的影响。结果：（1）乳腺细胞支持重组胚的发育能力（囊胚率7．14％）显著低于成纤维细胞（16．19％）和颗粒细胞（19．01％）（P〈0．05），卵裂率无显著差异（P〉0．05）；（2）乳腺上皮细胞构建重组胚时电融合法的效率（69．52％）极显著高于胞质注射法（59．20％）（P〈0．01）；成纤维细胞的重组成功率、卵裂率和囊胚率在两种方法间均无显著差异（P〉0．05）；在颗粒细胞，胞质注射法重组成功率（82．17％）显著高于电融合法（50．99％）（P〈0.05），其囊胚率也稍高于电融合法，但无显著差异（P〉0.05）；（3）上述3种供体细胞在冻融后支持重组胚发育力方面无显著差异（P〉0.05）。结论：在山羊体细胞核移植中，上述3种细胞支持重组胚的发育力以成纤维细胞和颗粒细胞较好；细胞冷冻对其无显著影响；在构建重组胚方法上，乳腺细胞以电融合法为宜，颗粒细胞是胞质注射法优于电融合法，而成纤维细胞两种方法均可。