互叶白千层精油的组分及抗菌作用

互叶白千层精油的主要组分有松油醇－４,α－松油γ－松油烯,１．８－桉叶油素等,互叶白千层精油对金黄色葡萄球菌等具有较强的抗菌能力,是一种优良的天然抗菌剂,有很好的开发利用前景。     

互叶白千层精油化学成分差异的研究

对１７个互叶白千层精油样品化学成分进行定性定量分析。结果表明,其精油样品差异主要在于主含成分不同,即１．８－桉叶油素、γ－松油稀、异松油烯和松油醇－４这４种化合物的相对含量不同。     

偃松针叶精油化学组成的研究

利用色谱－质谱联用分析方法，对偃松精油的化学组成进行了研究，共鉴定出４１个化学成分，主要有α－蒎烯（２４．７％）、β－蒎烯＋桧烯（４．３４％）、β－水芹烯（１２．６２％）、宁烯（６．９９％）、异松油烯（３．８６％）、乙酸松油酯（５．１６％）、γ－依兰油烯（１０．７２％）、大Ｍａｎｇ牛儿烯Ｂ（２．４３％）、杜松烯（９．１４％）等。偃松精油与樟子松、新疆云杉精油相比，β－水芹烯含量高达１２．６２％，而     

新疆圆柏干叶香气成分的研究

使用气相色谱-质谱仪对新疆圆柏干叶进行了挥发油化学成分分析。结果表明:气相色谱分离出50个组分,质谱鉴定了23个化合物。主要成分是:乙酸香桧酯、2,7-二甲基-3-辛烯-5-炔、α-雪松醇、β-香茅醇、4-甲基-1-异丙基-3-环己烯-1-醇、柠檬烯、β-蒎烯、Δ3?蒈烯、α-长叶蒎烯、Δ杜松烯、α-松油烯、α-异松油烯、侧柏烯等;鉴定的成分种类占总挥发油的66%,其含量占总含量的93.55%。     

枫香树脂化学成分的研究

从枫树树脂非挥发固体物分离得到肉桂酸肉桂酯、齐墩果酮醇、齐墩果酮酸、羽扇豆酮酸４种化合物，其中齐墩果酮醇为首次从该植物中得到。枫树脂的挥发油主要成分为α－蒎烯、β－蒎烯、莰烯、异松油烯、石竹烯、乙酸龙脑酯。     

松油烯与马来酸酐的环加成反应的条件研究

研究了松油烯与马来酸酐的D iels-A lder环加成反应和松油烯的异构转化率。使用相对于α-松油烯过量的马来酸酐,在65~70℃、100~105℃和135~140℃时α-松油烯的异构转化率分别为15%、38%和69%。采用异核远距离关联(HMBC)等核磁共振测试手法解析了环加成产物的结构,归属了各原子的化学位移。     

松油醇生产中副产物化学组成及分离利用的研究

用ＧＣ和ＧＣ－ＭＳ方法研究了同醇副产物的化学组成，鉴定其主要成分为α－蒎烯、莰烯、月桂烯、α－松油烯、双戊烯（柠檬烯）、１，８－桉叶油素、γ－萜品烯、萜品油烯等单萜类化合物以及少量的松油醇类。根据组成特点，对主要组分的分离技术及副产物气相脱氢芳化成对伞花烃的过程进行了研究 。     

丝光沸石催化的α-蒎烯异构化反应

丝光沸石分子筛催化α-蒎烯异构化反应得到莰烯、苧烯、异松油烯、α-松油烯、γ-松油烯、三环烯和β-葑烯等十三种产物。本文主要研究了催化剂交换度、反应温度和催化剂用量对产物分布的影响,以及主要异构化产物莰烯和苧烯的光学活性,并对反应机理做了讨论。     

马尾松酸性亚硫酸盐浆丙酮抽出物化学成分的研究

利用ＤＥＡＥ－Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ离子交换色谱和气相色谱－质谱计算机联用技术对马尾松酸性亚硫酸协浆丙酮抽出物的化学成分进行了分析。将丙酮抽出物分离成中性组分，弱酸性组分和强酸性组分；中性组分皂化后可进一步分离成皂化物和不皂化物。利用气相色谱－质谱－计算机联用技术，检测出弱酸性组分，皂化物和不皂化物中的一系列化合物。     

不同月份对互叶白千层精油得油率及主要化学成分含量的影响

为探究互叶白千层(Melaleuca alternifolia)无性系植株精油的品质,选择合适的收获时间,连续15个月取2年生互叶白千层无性系植株带叶枝条,采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取精油,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析不同月份精油得油率及主要化学成分含量的变化。结果表明,该无性系植株为4-松油醇型优良品系,4-松油醇平均含量高达38.39%,1,8-桉叶素含量仅为1.05%。随砍伐时间间隔的延长,得油率、4-松油醇、γ-松油烯和α-松油烯含量呈上升趋势,1,8-桉叶素含量则呈下降趋势,间隔5个月后各成分指标均符合ISO 4730:2017标准,因此建议砍伐间隔至少保持5个月以上。得油率和主要化学成分含量受收获时间影响,9月至次年2月得油率较高,尤其是次年1-2月,此时4-松油醇含量高,1,8-桉叶素含量低,所得油的品质最佳。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.