Effects of stage of maturity and cooking on the chemical composition of select mushroom varieties

Select mushrooms were analyzed for proximate constituents and carbohydrate profiles either raw or cooked and at different stages of maturity. White button mushrooms (Agaricus biporus) contained high concentrations of ash (12.5 and 11.9% for immature and mature mushrooms, respectively). Starch and total dietary fiber (TDF) concentrations were higher in maitake (Grifola frondosa) and shiitake (Lentinus edodes) mushrooms. Crude protein (CP) and acid-hydrolyzed fat (AHF) were highest in crimini (Agaricus bisporus) and white button and maitake mushrooms, respectively. Chitin concentrations were highest in portabella (Agaricus bisporus) and enoki (Flammulina velutipes) mushrooms (8.0 and 7.7%, respectively). Oligosaccharides were found in low concentrations in some mushrooms. CP and TDF accounted for 86.4 and 49.3% of mushroom organic matter. Cooking increased starch, TDF, and AHF but decreased CP and chitin concentrations. The chitin concentration increased with mushroom maturity. These results detail the complete carbohydrate profile of several important mushroom varieties.     

Effects of conservation treatment and cooking on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Portuguese wild edible mushrooms

The effects of processing and cooking practices on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Portuguese wild edible mushroom species (Lactarius deliciosus, Macrolepiota mastoidea, Macrolepiota procera, and Sarcodon imbricatus) were investigated. Dried, frozen, and cooked samples were analyzed for proximate constituents (moisture, fat, crude protein, ash, and carbohydrates) and nutritional value. Fatty acid and sugar profiles were also obtained by gas-liquid chromatography/flame ionization detection and high-performance liquid chromatography/refraction index, respectively. The antioxidant properties were evaluated by several biochemical assays: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity, reducing power, inhibition of beta-carotene bleaching, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in brain tissue using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Results of this study show that mushroom species and processing and cooking practices are all effective determinants for either chemical composition or antioxidant properties. Cooked samples proved to have lower nutrient concentrations and lower antioxidant activities than either dried or frozen samples. In what concerns fatty acids and sugar individual profiles, only cooking proved to be relevant: The cooked samples presented higher monounsaturated fatty acid and lower polyunsaturated fatty acid and sugars contents.     

覆盖方式对温室辣椒结果期生长和水分利用的影响

在日光温室条件下, 通过地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖、地膜加秸秆覆盖和对照共4 个处理的小区试验, 研究覆盖方式对温室辣椒结果期生长及水分利用的影响, 从中筛选出有利于温室辣椒生产的较佳覆盖模式。结果表明: 地膜加秸秆覆盖处理结果初期土壤温度升温幅度大于秸秆覆盖, 结果盛期和结果末期土壤温度降温趋势小于地膜覆盖; 各覆盖处理都显著促进植株生长, 增加结果期辣椒叶片叶绿素相对含量和植株总干重及各部分干重, 并显著提高辣椒产量, 减少耗水量, 其中, 地膜加秸秆覆盖表现尤为突出; 地膜加秸秆覆盖、地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖处理的水分利用效率分别为对照的2.17 倍、2.09 倍、1.67 倍。总之, 地膜加秸秆覆盖是利于日光温室辣椒生产、提高水分利用效率的较佳覆盖方式。     

Effect of aluminum on growth and chemical composition of marigolds

Marigold (Tagetes erecta L. cv. ‘Discovery Yellow’, “Perfection Yellow’, ‘Inca Yellow’, and ‘Merrymum Yellow') were grown in aluminum (Al) solution culture concentrations of 0, 1, or 4 mg/L. Aluminum increased root length and weight, but had no effect on stem and leaf weight. Uptake and stem and leaf tissue nutrient concentration of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were reduced by the Al treatments. The Al treatments increased stem and leaf concentrations of potassium (K) and decreased the concentrations of manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). No typical Al‐toxicity symptoms were observed in the roots. Root stunting caused by Fe toxicity was alleviated by the Al treatments.     

chemical composition, plant genetic differences, antimicrobial and antifungal activity investigation of the essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis L

The chemical composition of the essential oil of the Sardinian Rosmarinus officinalis L. obtained by hydro distillation and steam\hydro distillation was studied using GC-FID and MS. Samples were collected at different latitude and longitude of Sardinia (Italy). The yields ranged between 1.75 and 0.48% (v/w, volume/dry-weight). A total of 30 components were identified. The major compounds in the essential oil were alpha-pinene, borneol, (-) camphene, camphor, verbenone, and bornyl-acetate. Multivariate analysis carried out on chemical molecular markers, with the appraisal of chemical, pedological, and random amplified polymorphic DNA data, allows four different clusters to be distinguished. The antimicrobial and antifungal tests showed a weak activity of Sardinian rosemary. On the other hand, an inductive effect on fungal growth, especially toward Fusarium graminearum was observed.     

Some chemical composition and biological activity of northern Argentine propolis

Twenty-five samples of propolis were collected from seven different regions in northern Argentina; ethanolic extracts of propolis were prepared from all samples, and the respective samples were examined for UV absorption spectra, RPHPTLC, RPHPLC, antimicrobial activity, antiradical activity, and total phenolic content. It was found that 16 of the 25 samples showed a phenolic profile similar to that found in samples from southern Brazil and corresponding to poplar-based propolis and that the rest of the samples showed a different profile and higher antimicrobial and antiradical activities.     

Ergosterol profiles, fatty acid composition, and antioxidant activities of button mushrooms as affected by tissue part and developmental stage

This article investigated the mycochemical profiles and the antioxidant activities of the lipophilic extracts of the white and brown button mushrooms. We found that only free ergosterols were present in both mushrooms at 2.04-4.82 mg/g dry matter (DM). Ergosterol concentration was higher in early growth stages but decreased as the mushrooms grew, and it distributed evenly between the caps and stems during early developmental stages but accumulated more in the caps after maturation. The photochemiluminescence (PCL) values of the two mushrooms were 5.49-10.48 nmol trolox equivalent/mg DM, and the EC50 values of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay ranged 20.19-41.49 mg DM/μg DPPH. The ergosterol content positively correlated with the antioxidant activities (r2>0.89). The total fatty acid content was 8.7 mg/g DM in the white and 5.1 mg/g DM in the brown button mushroom and contained mainly linoleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Our data provide guidance for optimized harvesting time of mushrooms and maximized health benefits.     

Effect of corn cultivar,phosphorus and potassium on yield and chemical composition

A corn cultivar × P × K factorial experiment was conducted to evaluate differential responses of selected parameters to P and K soil fertility. Yield along with leaf nutrient concentration of some nutrients differed among cultivars and nutrient concentration of some elements was affected by soil fertility. Leaf K and Mg were more consistently affected by K fertility than other variables studied. Fertility effects upon micronutrient leaf concentration were not consistent among cultivars or between years.     

Basic composition and amino acid contents of mushrooms cultivated in Finland

The basic composition (moisture, total carbohydrates, dietary fiber, crude fat, ash, nitrogen, and protein) and amino acid contents were determined in the cultivated mushrooms Agaricus bisporus/white, Agaricus bisporus/brown, Lentinula edodes, and Pleurotus ostreatus. In addition, nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors were calculated for each species by dividing the sums of amino acid residues with total (Kjeldahl) nitrogen contents. The dry matter contents of mushrooms varied from 7.7% to 8.4%. The dry matter of mushrooms contained large amounts of carbohydrates, from 4.5 (A. bisporus/white) to 5.8 g/100 g fresh weight (L. edodes). L. edodes proved to be an especially good source of dietary fiber (3.3 g/100 g fresh weight); the other mushrooms contained 1.5-2.4 g/100 g fresh weight. Crude fat, ash, and protein (based on amino acid analysis) contents of the mushrooms varied 0.31-0.35, 0.49-0.78, and 1.8-2.09 g/100 g fresh weight, respectively. Mushrooms proved to be good sources of almost all essential amino acids when compared with common vegetables. The mean nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor analyzed in the present study was 4.7 +/- 0.21. When using this factor, a very good estimation of protein contents could be obtained for the main species of mushrooms cultivated in Finland.     

套袋对妃子笑荔枝挂果及果实品质的影响

就妃子笑荔枝套袋后袋内温度对挂果、果实生长发育和品质的影响进行研究，结果表明：套袋明显地提高了保果率，增加了单果重量，使果面着色均匀，农药残留显著降低，是实现优质、高产，生产绿色果品的重要方法。     

Insecticidal activity and chemical composition of volatile oils from Hyptis martiusii Benth

The essential oils from leaves and inflorescences of Hyptis martiusii Benth were analyzed by GC-MS. Twenty-six compounds representing 93.2% of the essential oil of leaves were characterized; Delta-3-carene (22.5%), 1,8-cineole (24.27%), beta-caryophyllene (6.15%), and bicyclogermacrene (6.32%) were found as the major components. In the essential oil of inflorescences 27 compounds representing 87.7% of the oil were identified. The major components were Delta-3-carene (13.5%), alpha-pinene (5.78%), beta-caryophyllene (6.59%), viridiflorene (8.25%), and germacrene B (5.21%). The essential oil of leaves and 1,8-cineole showed pronounced insecticidal effect against Aedes aegypti larvae and Bemisia argentifolii, the vectors of dengue fever and white fly fruit plague, respectively.     

Study of the chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of ethanolic extracts from roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi

Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SBG), commonly named Huangqin, showed strong in vitro antimicrobial effects. However, limited research is available to systematically evaluate the effects of extraction methods on the phytochemical composition of SBG and its associated antimicrobial effects. In addition, limited studies have tested SBG as a natural antimicrobial agent on fresh produce such as tomatoes. In the current study, powered roots of SBG were extracted with 60, 80, and 100% ethanol, and their antiviral and antibacterial activities were evaluated. SBG ethanol extracts (SBGEEs) at 6.25 mg/mL showed limited antiviral activities against coliphage MS2 and hepatitis A virus. The SBG 80% ethanol extract (SBG80%EE) exhibited the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) against six foodborne pathogens. SBG80%EE had the highest contents of flavonoids and phenolic acids determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Among these bioactive compounds, ferulic acid had the lowest MIC and MBC values, 0.4 and 1.0 mg/mL, respectively, followed by baicalein and baicalin. Washing with SBG80%EE (12.5 mg/mL) resulted in >1 log reduction of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium, Kentucky, Senftenberg, and Enteritidis on surface-inoculated grape tomatoes. None of SBGEE solutions changed the total phenolic content, color, or pH values of grape tomatoes. The quantification of these antimicrobial flavonoids and phenolic acids is important to maintain the quality and antimicrobial efficacy of SBG extracts. In addition, the application of SBG on tomatoes has provided valuable insights on the potential usage of this antimicrobial extract.     

Citrus juice extraction systems: effect on chemical composition and antioxidant activity of clementine juice

Clementines are especially appreciated for their delicious flavor, and recent years have seen a great increase in the consumption of clementine juice. In previous decades, antioxidant compounds have received particular attention because of widely demonstrated beneficial health effects. In this work, the organoleptic, volatile flavor, and antioxidant quality of clementine juice were studied with regard to the influence on them by different juice extraction systems: plug inside fruit and rotating cylinders. The results showed that juice extracted by the former method presented higher yields and hesperidin content, which was related to higher antioxidant activity, demonstrated by ORAC and LDL assays. The organoleptic quality was not affected by the processing technique, whereas there were significant differences in the chemical flavor profile. There are important differences in chemical and functional quality between juice extraction techniques, which must be taken into account when employing processing systems to produce high-quality products.     

Effect of gamma-irradiation on phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity, total phenolic content, and respiration of mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)

Ionizing treatments were applied at 0.5 kGy, 1.5 kGy, and 2.5 kGy to edible mature mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus, albidus) in order to assess the effect of the gamma-irradiation on some biochemical parameters. Irradiation at doses of 1.5 kGy and 2.5 kGy reduced significantly (p < or = 0.05) the rate of respiration of the mushrooms, compared to that of samples irradiated at 0.5 kGy and nonirradiated control samples (C). Ionizing treatments increased significantly (p < or = 0.05) the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity and total phenols concentration between days 1 and 4. From days 3-4, to the end of the storage period (day 12), both PAL activity and total phenols in the irradiated samples (I) collapsed to lower values. In contrast, the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) increased until days 7, 9, and 12 for samples treated at 0.5, 1, and 2 kGy, respectively. Color measurements showed a loss of whiteness (L value) during storage. After day 4, however, the effectiveness of gamma-irradiation became apparent, and highest L values were obtained for I only.     

Effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer on growth,yield and chemical composition of sweet fennel

Abstract

In this study, the effect of different levels of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilizers on vegetative fresh bulb yield, quality and biochemical attributes of sweet fennel were investigated in spring 2017 and 2018. Treatments consisted of 0, 50, 100, or 150?kg ha^?1 of N and K in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that, the bulb fresh yield increased with application of N and K in both years, while the higher level of K had significant adverse effect in first year. Results also showed that sweet fennel bulb treated by N and K exhibited higher vitamin C, total phenols and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant capacity, especially in first year. In both years, alone or combined application of N and K increased total soluble solids (TSS) content as compared to control, and this effect was more pronounced in 2017 season. Macronutrient contents of bulb including magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), K, N, and calcium (Ca) were significantly enhanced by NK fertilizer, however an alone application of K decreased Ca and Mg nutrient contents. Therefore, to improve fresh bulb yield, quality and antioxidant capacity in sweet fennel, 150?kg ha^?1 K and 100?kg ha^?1 N is recommended.     

Chemical composition and biological properties of portuguese wild mushrooms: a comprehensive study

The chemical composition and biological properties of Portuguese wild mushrooms ( Cantharellus cibarius, Hypholoma fasciculare, Lepista nuda, Lycoperdon molle, Lycoperdon perlatum, Ramaria botrytis, Tricholoma acerbum) were evaluated in order to assess these products as sources of nutrients and nutraceuticals. The analyzed mushrooms contain very useful phytochemicals such as phenolics, tocopherols, ascorbic acid, and carotenoids. All of the species proved to have antioxidant activity (measured by four different methods), being more significant for R. botrytis (EC 50 values < 1 mg/mL). Lycoperdon species were resistant to all of the tested microorganisms, and the other samples revealed antimicrobial activity selectively against Gram-positive bacteria, with very low minimal inhibitory concentration, in some cases, even lower than the standard. The combination of bioactive compounds and rich nutritional composition (high contents in protein and carbohydrates, low content in fat with the precious contribution of unsaturated fatty acids and the absence of trans fatty acids) in the mushroom makes it a very special food.     

Biological activity and chemical composition of the essential oil from Jamaican Hyptis verticillata Jacq

The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of Hyptis verticillata Jacq. was elucidated by a combination of GC and GC-MS analyses. The oil was dominated by the sesquiterpenoids cadina-4,10(15)-dien-3-one (15.1%) (1) and aromadendr-1(10)-en-9-one (squamulosone) (30.7%) (2). The oil exhibited chemosterilant activities against the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus Canest., and toxic action against adult Cylas formicarius elegantulus Summer, the most destructive pest of sweet potato (Ipomoea species).     

Effect of the seasoning method on the chemical composition of oak heartwood to cooperage

The effect of various oak wood seasoning methods, natural seasoning in open air, artificial seasoning in a kiln, and a mixed method that combines open air and kiln drying, on the chemical composition in American ( Quercus alba) and French ( Quercus petraea) oak was studied. The results confirm the evolution of ellagitannins in wood, low molecular polyphenols, and volatile compounds in relation to oak species and seasoning method. Natural seasoning in open air can be considered a superior method to mixed or artificial drying for wood seasoning in cooperage. It was more effective in reducing the excess of ellagitannins, especially in French oak wood. Moreover, the evolution of wood volatile compounds was more positive in the natural seasoning than mixed or artificial drying, since it led to woods with higher aromatic potential (larger concentrations of compounds such as volatile phenols, phenolic aldehydes, furanic compounds, and cis- and trans-beta-methyl-gamma-octalactones) than mixed or artificial methods. However, the three seasoning methods showed similar effectiveness regarding the desired reduction of off-flavors compounds.     

Effect of the chemical composition of industrial dusts on forest floor organic matter accumulation

The influence of dusts from aluminium (AP), zinc and lead (ZP1, ZP2), sintering (SP) and power (PP) plants on organic matter accumulation on the forest floor of a mixed oak-pine forest was studied in Niepo?omice Forest near Kraków, Poland. An artificial application of the dusts on experimental plots was used corresponding to 100, 500, 1000, 2000, and 5000 t km^?2. Increased organic matter accumulation was observed 5 yr following the addition of AP, ZP1 and ZP2 dusts, while SP and PP dusts at levels > 100 t km^?2 caused a slight decrease in litter accumulation. Statistical analysis indicated that Cd, Mn, Pb and Zn present in industrial dusts were responsible for the increase in litter accumulation, while some nutrients (e.g. K, Mg, Na) contained in the dusts might decrease organic matter storage to some extent.     

Yield and chemical composition of five common grassland species in response to nitrogen fertiliser application and phenological growth stage

Abstract

The interaction of grassland management factors such as plant species, rate of nitrogen (N) fertiliser application and stage of maturity at harvest, will determine the optimal balance of herbage yield, nutritive quality and ensilability for ruminant nutrition and/or industrial applications. This study investigated the effects of N fertiliser input and harvest date on the yield and chemical composition of five common grass species, and made comparisons with red clover. Perennial ryegrass (PRG), Italian ryegrass (IRG), tall fescue, cocksfoot, timothy and red clover were grown under two inorganic N fertiliser inputs (0 kg N ha^?1 and 125 kg N ha^?1; except red clover) and harvested at five dates (fortnightly from 12 May to 7 July) in the primary growth. Regression analysis of these data allowed comparison of the yield and chemical composition of each grass species at common growth stages, without the confounding effects of variation in maturity between grass species at common harvest dates. Of the grass species investigated, timothy was most productive in terms of dry matter (DM) yield and thus has the potential to provide a cheaper feed per unit DM. However, the most digestible grass species was PRG, with timothy being the lowest, and this could impact on both animal and bioenergy production potential. The most suitable grass species for ensiling was IRG (particularly when grown without fertiliser N) due to its higher water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentration and lower buffering capacity (BC) compared to all other grass species. In comparison to the grasses receiving inorganic N fertiliser, red clover had a numerically lower DM yield, but a higher mean DM digestibility and crude protein concentration. The lower WSC concentration and higher BC of the red clover may result in a greater preservation challenge during ensiling.