Development and evaluation of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibodies against Campylobacter fetus in cattle

Campylobacteriosis is a zoonosis that occurs worldwide. Infection with Campylobacter fetus (C. fetus) causes infertility and abortion in sheep and cattle. The current study focuses on the SapA gene of C. fetus that encodes surface array proteins and plays an important role in the virulence of C. fetus. The SapA-N (1398 bp) and SapA-C (1422 bp) fragments were amplified from the C. fetusSapA gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the corresponding recombinant proteins rSapA-N and rSapA-C were expressed in Escherichia. coli BL21 cells. Results of Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that the immunological activity of rSapA-N was higher than that of rSapA-C (P < 0.05). Therefore, rSapA-N was selected to establish an indirect ELISA for detecting antibodies against C. fetus. The diagnostic criteria were as follows: S/P ? 0.45: positive; S/P < 0.4: negative; 0.45 > S/P ? 0.4: suspected. The specificity and sensitivity of our method were 94.3% and 88.6%, respectively. Moreover, no cross-reactions were observed between rSapA-N and serum samples that were positive for other bovine bacterial pathogens diseases such as Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. One hundred and two serum samples from cows that had experienced abortion were tested. Four and 2 C. fetus-positive serum samples were found among the 70 bovine brucellosis-positive samples and the 32 infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)-positive samples, respectively. The findings suggest that the rSapA-N-based ELISA method has immense potential in future applications.     

大豆抗原蛋白血清抗体间接ELISA检测方法的建立

旨在建立检测血清大豆抗原蛋白抗体的间接ELISA方法。经琼脂糖凝胶层析纯化大豆抗原蛋白,以不同剂量皮下注射免疫小鼠,采用方阵滴定法确定最佳抗原包被浓度及血清稀释度,并对其他条件进行优化,最终建立检测血清大豆抗原蛋白抗体的间接ELISA方法,利用该方法检测小鼠免疫后血清抗体水平。通过方阵滴定法确定11S蛋白最佳包被浓度为5.0μg/mL,血清稀释倍数为1∶800;7S蛋白抗原最佳包被浓度为2.5μg/mL,血清稀释倍数为1∶1 600;两者的批内、批间系数均小于10%,重复性较好,通过ELISA法确定11S和7S蛋白的最佳免疫次数为2次,免疫剂量为1 000μg/kg。结果表明本试验初步建立大豆抗原蛋白抗体检测间接ELISA方法,具有很强的特异性、敏感性和重复性,可用于大豆抗原蛋白过敏反应的临床检测。     

地方流行性牛白血病间接gp51-ELISA抗体检测试剂盒的研制

利用重组牛白血病病毒gp51蛋白作为包被抗原研制了gp51-ELISA诊断试剂盒.试剂盒主要成分包括抗原gp51包被96孔板、HRP标记的兔抗牛IgG和牛白血病阴性、阳性标准血清.对试剂盒进行了特异性、灵敏度、重复性及保存期试验.结果表明,试剂盒特异性好,灵敏度是AGlDT的4～8倍,批间和批内的变异系数分别小于10%和15%,于一20℃保存至少能保持6个月检测结果稳定.与法国Synbiotics公司同类试剂盒进行比对试验,诊断敏感性、特异性和符合率分别为75%、96.1%和94.6%.对采集于山东济南的164份奶牛血清和进口澳大利亚奶牛的398份血清进行检测,抗体阳性率分别6.10%和4.77%.     

Detection of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in naturally infected horses in the USA by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using whole-cell and recombinant antigens

Blood samples were collected from 98 horses suspected of having borreliosis or granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Connecticut and New York State, USA during 1985, 1995, and 1996. Serum antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi were detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), based on whole-cell and recombinant antigens, in 82 (84%) horses. Of the 181 sera tested, 59% were positive, using whole-cell antigens, compared to 48% with protein (p)37 and 35% with VlsE antigens. An ELISA containing either of these fusion proteins can be used as an adjunct to general screening by an ELISA or immunoblotting in animals not vaccinated for this disease.     

玉米赤霉烯酮单克隆抗体的制备及间接竞争ELISA检测方法的初步建立

为了研究玉米赤霉烯酮的间接竞争ELISA检测方法,试验采用牛血清白蛋白与玉米赤霉烯酮的耦联物(ZEN-BSA)做包被抗原,标准玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)做竞争抗原,以制备的可稳定分泌抗ZEN的单克隆抗体为基础,初步建立了ZEN间接竞争ELISA检测方法。结果表明:间接竞争ELISA检测方法线性范围为0.363 2～78.985 2μg/L,最低检测限为0.231 9μg/L;曲线回归方程为y=68.711-25.666x,其中R2=0.987 1,批内平均变异系数为3.10%,批间平均变异系数为6.26%,与相似毒素的交叉反应率均小于0.01%。说明建立的检测方法可以用于ZEN的检测。     

鹿副结核病抗体间接ELISA检测方法的建立

本研究以副结核杆菌亲和层析抗原为检测抗原,检测以草分枝杆菌抗原吸收的待检鹿血清,建立检测鹿副结核病血清抗体的间接酶联免疫吸附试验,确定其抗原最佳包被浓度为40μg/mL,血清样品稀释度为1:80,兔抗鹿IgG辣根过氧化物酶标记抗体稀释度为1:8000。经特异性试验和重复性试验证明该方法特异性高、重复性好。对不同地区4个鹿场的760头份鹿血清进行副结核病抗体检测,其中阳性61头份,阳性率为8%,获得副结核病在我国鹿群中的血清流行病学资料,从而为防制鹿副结核病提供一定的依据。     

葡萄球菌GST-mTSST-1融合蛋白抗体间接ELISA检测方法的建立

以纯化的金黄色葡萄球菌无毒诱变超抗原GST-mTSST-1融合蛋白作为检测抗原，通过优化ELISA反应条件，初步建立了检测血清特异性GST-mTSST-1抗体的间接ELISA方法，监测了小鼠血清中特异性GST-mTSST-1抗体水平的动态变化规律。方阵试验确定的GST-mTSST-1抗原的最适包被浓度为5．0μg／mL，血清最佳稀释倍数为1：100，ELISA阳性反应的临界值为D490nm≥0．219，批内和批间重复试验的变异系数均小于10％。应用该方法对试验小鼠血清进行检测，结果表明，建立的间接ELISA方法具有较高的敏感性、特异性和较好的重复性，适用于检测特异性GST-mTSST-1血清抗体。     

应用间接ELISA检测鸡痘病毒抗体方法的建立

应用鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)扩增鸡痘病毒(Fowlpox virus,FPV)并提纯后作为抗原建立了具有较高特异性和灵敏性的间接ELISA方法.通过方阵滴定法来确定抗原最佳包被浓度为2.7μg/孔,待检血清最佳稀释倍数为1:100,其阳性临界值为OD≥0.113.将400份FPV免疫实验鸡血清用本方法进行检测,其阳性检出率为81.25%(325/400).此外,将该方法与琼脂扩散试验进行比较检测血清样品,结果显示本方法的灵敏度比琼脂扩散试验灵敏400～800倍,而且还有特异性强,操作简便、快速等优点.     

Development and evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on recombinant TgSRS2 for serodiagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection in cats

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on recombinant SAG1-related sequence 2 of Toxoplasma gondii (rTgSRS2) was developed to detect toxoplasmosis in cats. The specificity and sensitivity of rTgSRS2 ELISA were confirmed using a series of serum samples from T. gondii-experimentally infected mice. A total of 76 field samples from cats were examined by the developed ELISA. The rTgSRS2 ELISA showed a good diagnostic performance characterized by high concordance (88.16) and kappa value (0.76) with latex agglutination test (LAT). The sensitivity and specificity of the test were 92.68% and 82.86%, respectively. These results suggest that the ELISA based on rTgSRS2 could be a useful tool for serodiagnosis of T. gondii infection in cats.     

Use of hydrophilic extra-viral domain of canine distemper virus H protein for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay development

Simple methods for measuring the levels of serum antibody against canine distemper virus (CDV) would assist in the effective vaccination of dogs. To develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific for CDV, we expressed hydrophilic extra-viral domain (HEVD) protein of the A75/17-CDV H gene in a pET 28a plasmid-based Escherichia (E.) coli vector system. Expression was confirmed by dot and Western blotting. We proposed that detection of E. coli-expressed H protein might be conformation-dependent because intensities of the reactions observed with these two methods varied. The H gene HEVD protein was further purified and used as an antigen for an ELISA. Samples from dogs with undetectable to high anti-CDV antibody titers were analyzed using this HEVD-specific ELISA and a commercial CDV antibody detection kit (ImmunoComb). Levels of HEVD antigenicity measured with the assays and immunochromatography correlated. These data indicated that the HEDV protein may be used as antigen to develop techniques for detecting antibodies against CDV.     

猪戊型肝炎病毒抗体间接ELISA诊断方法的建立

本实验建立了应用高效融合表达的重组抗原PET32a-p214检测猪戊型肝炎病毒血清抗体的间接ELISA诊断方法。确定了抗原最适包被浓度为6μg/mL;血清最适稀释度为1∶100,作用时间为60 min;酶标抗体最适稀释度为1∶4 000,作用时间为60 min;判定标准为OD值≥0.339为阳性,OD值<0.339为阴性。实验结果表明该法特异性、敏感性和重复性均较好,与万泰公司戊型肝炎病毒抗体诊断试剂盒检测猪血清的符合率为98.6%。该方法的建立为猪戊型肝炎病毒抗体检测和进行猪戊型肝炎流行病学调查提供了一种简便快速的血清学诊断方法。     

Development and evaluation of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serological detection of Schmallenberg virus antibodies in ruminants using whole virus antigen

Background

In late 2011, a new Orthobunyavirus of the Simbu serogroup named Schmallenberg virus (SBV) emerged in continental Europe. The virus is transmitted by hematophagous arthropods, with the Culicoides species as, so far known, main vectors. Infection with the virus can cause clinical signs in adult ruminants including diarrhea, fever and reduced milk production. Transplacental infection of the developing fetus can lead to malformations of varying severity. To assess seroprevalence of SBV in Sweden an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was established in connection with the surveys. Here, we describe the development and evaluation of the indirect ELISA, based on whole virus as the coating antigen and a monoclonal antibody for the detection of antibodies to SBV in ruminant sera. The evaluation includes comparison between the in-house ELISA, virus neutralization test and an indirect commercial ELISA.

Results

The optimal working dilutions of antigens and conjugate were estimated with checkerboard titrations. Comparative studies, including ROC analyses, were used for the selection of an optimal cut-off (S/P value = sample value as percentage of positive control value). With an estimated S/P value of 15% the whole virus ELISA showed a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 99.19% compared to virus neutralization test (VNT) and with a good consistency as shown in reproducibility and variability experiments. Furthermore, the comparison of our whole virus indirect ELISA to an indirect ELISA with a SBV nucleoprotein antigen, demonstrated a higher sensitivity of our test.

Conclusion

The indirect whole virus ELISA described in this paper is a readily available test for serological analysis of SBV antibodies. Since this in-house ELISA demonstrates a specificity and sensitivity comparable to virus neutralization test and also shows a higher sensitivity compared to commercially available indirect ELISA, it is a useful alternative for surveillance and screening purposes of SBV.     

Evaluation of a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of allergen-specific IgE antibodies in dogs

Twenty-eight atopic dogs, 22 pruritic, non-atopic dogs and 10 healthy dogs were ELISA tested. For calculations of diagnostic specificity and sensitivity, positive ELISA test results in non-atopic dogs were considered false positive results. The absence of any positive results in the atopic dogs was considered false negative results. The atopic dogs were tested both with ELISA and an intradermal test, utilising allergen extracts from the same manufacturer, to determine the frequency of positive allergen reactions in the ELISA test compared with the intradermal test. The Prausnitz-Küstner test was performed to evaluate the significance of a positive ELISA test result. Based on cross-tabulations with clinically defined atopic dermatitis, the ELISA test showed a sensitivity of 53.6% and a specificity of 84.4%. The correlation between the ELISA and the intradermal test was poor. Positive Prausnitz-Küstner tests were not obtained using sera from dogs that were intradermal test negative for the tested allergens, even though sera had high levels of IgE as measured by the ELISA. These findings question the significance of a positive ELISA test result and indicate that the test is not measuring functional allergen-specific IgE.     

Development of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of leptospiral antibodies in dogs.

Serology plays an important role in the diagnosis of leptospirosis. Few laboratories have the resources, expertise, or facilities to perform the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Thus, there is a need for a rapid and simple serological test that could be used in any diagnostic laboratory. In this study, a genus-specific, heat-stable antigenic preparation from Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona was used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of leptospiral antibodies in dog sera. This antigenic preparation reacted with rabbit antisera against L. interrogans serovars bratislava, autumnalis, icterohaemorrhagiae and pomona and with rabbit antiserum against L. kirschneri serovar grippotyphosa. The ELISA showed a relative specificity of 95.6% with 158 dog sera which were negative at a dilution of 1:100 in the MAT for serovars pomona, bratislava, icterohaemorrhagiae, autumnalis, hardjo, and grippotyphosa. The relative sensitivity of this assay with 21 dog sera that revealed serovars MAT titres of > or =100 to different serovars was 100%. This assay is easily standardized, technically more advantageous than MAT, and uses an antigenic preparation that can be routinely prepared in large amounts. It was concluded that this ELISA is sufficiently sensitive test to be used as an initial screening test for the detection of leptospiral antibodies in canine sera, with subsequent confirmation of positive test results with the MAT.     

Comparison of the Q-fever complement fixation test and two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of serum antibodies against Coxiella burnetii (Q-fever) in ruminants: Recommendations for use of serological tests on imported animals in New Zealand

Abstract

AIM: To make valid recommendations on the use of serological test methods for the detection of serum antibodies in ruminants against Coxiella burnetii (Q-fever), by comparing the performance of the complement fixation test (CFT) and two ELISA, and by identifying reasons for discrepancies between the test methods.

METHODS: A total of 73 serum samples from infected cattle, 69 from infected goats, and 100 samples from non-infected cattle and 57 samples from non-infected sheep, as well as 95 samples from infected cattle herds (mix of seropositive and seronegative samples), were tested using the CFT, the IDEXX ELISA (I-ELISA) and the Pourquier ELISA (P-ELISA). A mixed panel of 12 serum samples from sheep from inter-laboratory proficiency testing (proficiency panel) was also tested using the CFT and both ELISA, and further investigated using IgG- and IgM-specific ELISA.

RESULTS: Generally, the two commercial ELISA were more sensitive than the CFT for the detection of infected ruminants. Good agreement between ELISA for positive and negative results was found for samples from the infected herd, while results for the positive panels varied between the two ELISA. For the total of the positive serum panels, the I-ELISA detected 95% of samples as positive or suspicious, while the P-ELISA detected only 81%. In the P-ELISA, more samples were considered suspicious (18%) than in the I-ELISA (14%). All sera from noninfected sheep and cattle tested negative in the serological test methods employed, except for one positive sample from a sheep in the P-ELISA. Further investigation revealed that a CFT-positive but ELISA-negative result was due to high IgM and low IgG reactivity.

CONCLUSIONS: The two commercial ELISA were more sensitive than the CFT in all panels from infected ruminants. However, they could only detect IgG. The I-ELISA should be the serological test method of choice for cattle, sheep and goats for import testing of animals into New Zealand because it was more sensitive than the P-ELISA and was equally specific to the PELISA and the CFT. For other animal species, such as deer and camelids, the CFT should still be used since none of the ELISA has been evaluated for these species. This study has shown that the two commercial ELISA will detect the majority of infected ruminants but may miss animals that have not developed an IgG response.     

Age-stratified validation of an indirect Salmonella Dublin serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for individual diagnosis in cattle.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are routinely used for cattle herd diagnosis of Salmonella Dublin infection in many countries. It is also possible to use such tests for individual diagnosis. Passively transferred immunoglobulins may cause false-positive test results in young calves. Also, false-positive test results may be seen in recovered animals several months after infection. False-negative results are seen in acutely infected animals, especially immature animals that are unable to produce a humoral antibody response to infection. To be able to interpret the individual animal test results, it is necessary to take age into account when validating the ELISA. In the present study an age-stratified validation of an indirect Salmonella Dublin serum ELISA as predictor of bacterial excretion was performed using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Three age groups were formed according to the results of an exploratory analysis of the age effect on area under curve (AUC) of ROC curves. The AUC for the youngest age group (0-99 days) was 0.816 (SE = 0.033), which was significantly (z = 4.23, P < 0.0001) smaller than the 0.977 (SE = 0.019) estimated for the next age group (100-300 days). The oldest age group (> 300 days) had an AUC of 0.905 (SE = 0.023), which was significantly different from the AUC of both the other age groups (z = 2.21, P = 0.027 when compared with the youngest age groups and z = 2.41, P = 0.016 when compared with the age group of 100-300 days). The results showed that the indirect Salmonella Dublin serum ELISA is most valid for detection of infection in individual cattle from the age of 100 days. Purpose-related test sensitivities and specificities were evaluated at different cutoff values.     

孔雀石绿间接竞争ELISA检测方法的建立

采用无色孔雀石绿(Leucomalachite green,LMG)单克隆抗体建立了水产品中孔雀石绿(Malachite green,MG)残留的间接竞争ELISA(ciELISA)检测方法。结果表明,LMG-McAb最佳稀释倍数为1∶80 000,包被抗原最佳质量浓度为0.80μg/mL;竞争反应时的LMG理想稀释液为40%乙腈水溶液;标准曲线呈线性相关,相关系数R2=0.9823,最适检测范围1 ng/mL~256 ng/mL,最低检测限为1.29 ng/mL,批内和批间变异系数分别为4.307%和4.566%;鳗鱼肉样的平均添加回收率为90%~110%;该检测方法与隐性结晶紫、孔雀石绿、结晶紫的交叉反应(CR%)分别为40.67%、13.50%和5.89%,与其他抗生素无交叉反应。     

Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting antibodies in sera of Brucella suis-infected swine.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed using a heat-killed Brucella suis antigen for detecting antibodies in the sera of swine from which B. suis was isolated. Optimal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reactions were obtained using heat-killed B. suis antigen at a concentration comparable to McFarland Standard No. 1. Statistically significant differences were observed in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results of 40 animals from which B. suis was isolated and the results for 48 noninfected swine at serum dilutions of 1:25 and 1:50 (P < 0.0001). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is a rapid reproducible test which can be readily automated that appears to have practical value for screening large numbers of breeding and slaughter swine for brucellosis.     

牛副流感病毒3型核衣壳蛋白的原核表达及间接ELISA方法的建立

为建立以牛副流感病毒3型(BPIV3)核衣壳蛋白(NP)为包被抗原的间接ELISA方法,本研究扩增BPIV3的NP基因并克隆于原核表达载体,获得重组表达质粒p ET30-NP。将其转化至表达菌BL21(DE3),获得了可溶性表达的重组N蛋白,用镍柱在非变性条件下纯化后将其作为包被抗原,建立了检测BPIV3抗体的间接ELISA方法。特异性试验结果显示作为包被抗原的重组N蛋白仅与BPIV3阳性牛血清发生特异性反应,与牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒和牛病毒性腹泻病毒等牛的常见病原无血清学交叉反应,表明其特异性较强。牛BPIV3阳性血清在1:640倍稀释时按该方法检测仍为阳性,显示该方法具有较高的敏感性。重复性试验显示批内变异系数小于6%,批间变异系数小于12%,表明该方法具有较好的稳定性。对94份牛血清的比较试验显示,本研究建立的间接ELISA方法与病毒中和试验的符合率为98%。利用该方法检测了394份采自接种过BPIV3灭活苗牛场的血清样品和95份未接种疫苗牛场的血清样品,结果接种疫苗的牛血清均呈强阳性,而95份未接种疫苗牛血清的阳性率为80%。本研究建立的间接ELISA方法可以试用于国内BPIV3的流行病学调查和免疫监测,为国内BPIV3的防控提供技术支持。     

马传染性贫血弱毒疫苗免疫马与自然感染马酶联免疫吸附试验血清抗体耐热性比较研究

本试验对马传贫血清抗体酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)的耐热性进行了比较研究.对2匹弱毒疫苗免疫马跟踪检测17个月,在接种3周后ELISA检测均呈阳性,其中一匹马ELISA抗体阳性持续到接种后10个月,另一匹马ELISA抗体阳性可持续到接种后一年.对两匹马的所有不同时期采集的血清样品经75℃加热5 min处理后,用ELISA检测均为阴性.另选6匹马传贫弱毒疫苗免疫马血清且ELISA检测抗体呈阳性的30个样品,经75℃加热5min处理后,均由阳性转变成阴性.4匹经马传贫病毒辽毒株(LN-EIAV)实验感染马且ELISA检测抗体呈阳性的血清样品,经75℃加热5 min处理后,结果仍为阳性.23匹ELISA检测抗体呈阳性的自然感染马血清样品,经加热处理后,19匹马血清样品仍为阳性,4匹马血清样品由阳性转变成阴性.结果表明弱毒疫苗免疫马较自然感染马血清抗体耐热性稍差.