乌龟肌肉营养价值的评定

分析结果表明,乌龟的水分、总糖、灰分含量分别为80 24%,0 66%和0 95%。乌龟肌肉的蛋白质含量达16 64%,必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸分别占氨基酸总量的49 16%和43 39%,氨基酸组成中以Glu含量最为丰富,Ie是第一限制性氨基酸,氨基酸分为82 63;乌龟肌肉脂肪含量为1 51%,脂肪酸组成以C18∶1为主,达39.32%,其次为C16∶0及C22∶6,不饱和脂肪酸占脂肪酸总量的76 83%。     

Calculated Taste Activity Values and Umami Equivalences Explain Why Dried Sha-chong (Sipunculus nudus) Is a Valuable Condiment

ABSTRACT

Active nonvolatile taste active compounds—including free amino acids, flavor 5?-nucleotides, lactic acid, succinic acid, and four kinds of inorganic ions in dried Sha-chong (Sipunculus nudus)—were analyzed. The results were then used to calculate taste activity values (TAVs) and equivalent umami concentration (EUC) to evaluate their potential contributions to depth of flavor. Our results showed that the total free amino acid content of dried Sha-chong was 56.62 mg/g; glycine, arginine, and alanine as the major free amino acids, accounting for more than 76% of the total free amino acids; 5?-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and 5?-inosine monophosphate (IMP) were the main flavor 5?-nucleotides (128.8 and 121.0 mg/100 g); guanosine monophosphate (GMP) was present in a small amount, only 14.6 mg/100 g. Eight amino acids—especially Gly, Arg, and Ala,—three flavor 5?-nucleotides, succinic acid, sodium, potassium, phosphate, and chloride ions were of high TAV greater than 1. The EUC of dried Sha-chong was 49.12 g MSG/100 g, which meant that the dried Sha-chong has a strong umami taste and is suitable for use as umami condiment.     

野生与人工养殖鸭绿江斑鳜肌肉营养成分及品质评价

对野生及人工养殖鸭绿江斑鳜(Siniperca scherzeri Steindachner)的肌肉营养成分与品质进行了分析。结果表明,野生斑鳜肌肉粗脂肪含量明显高于养殖斑鳜,水分、粗蛋白和粗灰分含量与养殖斑鳜相近;野生和养殖斑鳜的氨基酸组成基本一致,野生斑鳜必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸含量分别为30.89%和27.18%,养殖斑鳜必需氨基酸含量为30.35%～32.35%,鲜味氨基酸含量为28.68%～28.69%;野生斑鳜、杂鱼喂养以及人工饲料喂养斑鳜的必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)分别为72.04、77.03和70.04,其必需氨基酸构成比例符合FAO/WHO的标准;按照氨基酸评分(AAS)和化学评分(CS),野生与养殖鸭绿江斑鳜的限制性氨基酸均为Val和Ile;野生斑鳜脂肪酸中EPA和DHA含量分别为4.18%和2.61%,明显高于养殖斑鳜同种脂肪酸的含量。综合分析认为,鸭绿江斑鳜是营养价值和经济价值较高的优质鱼类。     

Nutritive value of copra cake meal fermented with Rhizopus spp. and its use as a protein source in practical diets for rabbitfish (Siganus javus)

The aims of this study were to evaluate fermentation of copra cake meal with Rhizopus spp. to enhance its nutritive value and to determine the optimum supplementation levels of the fermented meal on the growth performance and feed utilization of the rabbitfish, Siganus javus. Copra cake meal was fermented with Rhizopus spp. and included in four iso-nitrogenous diets at 0, 150, 300, and 450 g/kg. Rabbitfish (88.3 ± 1.7 g initial body mass) were fed with the test diets at 2.5%–3.0% of biomass/d for 12 weeks. After fermentation, the crude protein content of copra cake increased significantly (P < 0.05) from 218 ± 16 g/kg (mean ± SD) to 293 ± 4 g/kg, while lipid decreased from around 127 ± 4 g/kg to 60 ± 11 g/kg. Total amino acid content of copra cake meal increased after fermentation from 176 ± 12 g/kg to 207 ± 18 g/kg. Based on the third-order (cubic) polynomial regression, inclusion of fermented copra cake meal (FCCM) in test diets had significant (P < 0.05) effects on all parameters observed except for feed intake and survival rate. Fish fed the FCCM0 and FCCM150 diets had a similar protein retention (PR) but significantly differed (P < 0.05) from the diets containing higher FCCM inclusion rates. The breakpoint of two regressions fitted to specific growth rate (SGR) determined that the optimum inclusion rate is 137 g FCCM /kg diet, and at this level, protein from soybean meal can be included at approximately 315 g/kg diet for grow-out of rabbitfish, S. javus, in floating net cages.     

华鲮肌肉营养成分与品质的评价

利用常规肌肉营养测试方法测定分析16尾华鲮(Sinilabeo rendahli)的肌肉营养成分。结果表明:华鲮肌肉(鲜样)中各成分的质量分数分别是蛋白质16.69%,脂肪2.91%,水分77.90%,灰分1.82%,无氮浸出物0.68%。肌肉中含有19种氨基酸,总量为56.52%(质量分数,脱脂干样),其中8种人体必需氨基酸总量是25.81%,占氨基酸总量的45.67%;其必需氨基酸的构成比例基本符合FAO/WHO的标准。华鲮的必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为57.37。脂肪酸中EPA与DHA质量分数分别为7.41%、28.53%,均比其他一些经济鱼类高,微量元素比值合理。     

达里湖高原鳅肌肉营养成分分析与品质评价

采用常规生化分析方法分析和评价内蒙古达里诺尔湖达里湖高原鳅Triplophysa dalaica肌肉的营养成分。结果表明:达里湖高原鳅全鱼和肌肉的水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分含量分别为:(74.28±1.04)%和(78.30±0.23)%、(14.57±0.02)%和(17.77±0.05)%、(7.15±1.56)%和(1.77±0.03)%、(3.45±0.14)%和(1.14±0.05)%。达里湖高原鳅肌肉中共检测出18种氨基酸,总量(TAA)为(13.80±0.92)%,其中8种必需氨基酸(EAA)总量为(5.72±0.37)%,占氨基酸总量的(41.43±0.69)%,必需氨基酸总量(TEAA)/非必需氨基酸总量(TNEAA)为(70.76±1.99)%,其必需氨基酸比例符合FAO/WTO的理想模式。依据氨基酸评分标准(ASS),达里湖高原鳅的第一、第二限制性氨基酸分别为缬氨酸、色氨酸;依据化学评分标准(CS),达里湖高原鳅的第一、第二限制性氨基酸分别为色氨酸、蛋氨酸+胱氨酸,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为55.52。肌肉中鲜味氨基酸(DAA)总量为(5.29±0.24)%,占氨基酸总量的(38.40±1.07)%,支链氨基酸(BCAA)与芳香族氨基酸(AAA)的比值(F)为(2.48±0.16)。肌肉中共检测出22种脂肪酸,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)总含量为(23.50±0.12)%,其中二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)+二十碳五烯酸(EPA)含量为(9.37±0.10)%,必需脂肪酸(EFA)含量为(10.07±0.29)%。分析结果表明,达里湖高原鳅具有合理的氨基酸和脂肪酸组成,是一种味道鲜美、营养价值丰富的淡水鱼类,具有良好的开发利用前景。     

池塘低盐养殖点篮子鱼肌肉营养成分的分析与评价

点篮子鱼(Siganus guttatus)在低盐池塘中养殖102 d后,对其营养成分及其品质进行了分析和评价。结果表明,点篮子鱼新鲜肌肉中水分、粗灰分、粗蛋白和粗脂肪的质量分数分别为(75.17±0.87)%、(0.60±0.08)%、(22.33±0.50)%和(1.96±0.13)%;其肌肉干样中共检出19种氨基酸,总量为(89.03±0.36)%,其中,必需氨基酸总量为(34.26±0.12)%,占总氨基酸含量的38.49%,半必需氨基酸总量为(7.39±0.10)%,非必需氨基酸总量为(46.50±0.48)%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值为73.68%。可见,低盐度养殖点篮子鱼的必需氨基酸构成比例符合联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)的标准。根据氨基酸品质评价,其第一限制性氨基酸为色氨酸,第二限制性氨基酸为缬氨酸,必需氨基酸指数为75.44。低盐度养殖的点篮子鱼肌肉干样中鲜味氨基酸总量为(33.97±0.32)%,占总氨基酸含量的38.15%。综合来看,低盐度养殖的点篮子鱼必需氨基酸营养组成合理,鲜味氨基酸含量丰富,是一种营养丰富、味道鲜美的理想养殖对象。     

不同等级中华绒螯蟹滋味物质的比较分析

为了比较分析不同等级中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)(A级:200 g;B级:150g;C级:125 g)滋味物质的差异,利用电子舌比较分析其滋味轮廓,并采用氨基酸自动分析仪、高效液相色谱仪、离子色谱仪检测其游离氨基酸、呈味核苷酸、有机酸、无机离子的含量,计算味道强度值(TAV)和味精当量值(EUC)...     

Histological evidence of lunar-synchronized ovarian development and spawning in the spiny rabbitfish Siganus spinus (Linnaeus) around the Ryukyus

ABSTRACT: This study clarifies the annual reproductive cycle and the lunar-synchronized spawning of the spiny rabbitfish ( Siganus spinus ) that inhabit the Okinawan waters. Annual and weekly changes in the gonadosomatic index (GSI) and the histological features of the ovaries were checked. Gonadosomatic index was high during the months of May to July, and yolk-laden oocytes were observed in the ovaries from March to July. Some of the ovaries collected during June and July contained oocytes at maturation stage or ovulatory follicles. These results suggest that the spiny rabbitfish undergo active vitellogenesis and spawning from May to July. During the reproductive season (May to July), collection of fish according to the lunar phase revealed that a high GSI occurred around the time of the new moon. Cyclic oocyte development with peaks around the time of the same moon phase was also observed, suggesting that, in Okinawan waters, this species is a lunar-synchronized spawner and spawns three times.     

Effects of water temperature and body weight on anaesthetic efficiency in marbled rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus)

The effects of four anaesthetic agents, tricaine methanesulphonate (MS‐222) (112.5 mg L^?1), 2‐phenoxyethanol (400 μL L^?1), clove oil (70 mg L^?1) and benzocaine (65 mg L^?1) on juvenile marbled spinefoot (Siganus rivulatus) of three mean body weights (7.3 g, 19.1 g, 55.5 g) and at three temperatures (20, 25, 30°C) were evaluated. In addition, the relationship between body lipid content and efficacy of the four anaesthetic agents was evaluated in juvenile S. rivulatus. Times necessary for induction and recovery were recorded. Significant effects of temperature on induction and recovery times were observed. Induction and recovery times decreased with increasing water temperature. No uniform relationship between body weight of juvenile marbled spinefoot and anaesthetic efficacy was observed. Body fat content was positively correlated with induction time only when MS‐222 was used but did not affect induction times of fish exposed to 2‐phenoxyethanol, clove oil or benzocaine. Recovery times were generally longer for all fish containing more body fat. Results of the study show that anaesthetic efficiency increases with increasing water temperature but is not strongly affected by body weight for juvenile marbled spinefoot. In addition, body fat in fish affected the efficacy of the various anaesthetic agents tested in this study, generally slowing down recovery.     

俄罗斯鲟肌肉营养成份的分析

采用生化分析方法对工厂化养殖的1龄和2龄俄罗斯鲟的肌肉营养成份进行检测。结果表明,1龄鱼的水分含量为80.84%,蛋白质含量为16.10%,脂肪含量为2.14%,灰分含量为0.92%;2龄鱼的水分含量为79.96%,蛋白质含量为15.00%,脂肪含量为4.08%,灰分含量为1.26%;1龄俄罗斯鲟肌肉中蛋白质含量高于2龄,脂肪含量低于2龄,且差异均显著;1龄和2龄俄罗斯鲟肌肉蛋白质中都含有18种氨基酸,平均含量分别为15.60%、14.46%,其中8种人体必需氨基酸平均含量分别为6.30%、5.95%,4种呈味氨基酸的平均含量分别为6.70%、6.26%;1龄和2龄俄罗斯鲟肌肉中都包含有9类脂肪酸,脂肪酸总量及各类脂肪酸含量都非常接近。     

网箱与微流水养殖的齐口裂腹鱼肌肉营养成分的比较与分析

本研究比较和分析网箱与微流水两种养殖模式下体质量(76.5±17.8)g和(67.2±8.1)g的齐口裂腹鱼Schizothorax prenanti肌肉常规营养成分。结果显示:两组齐口裂腹鱼肌肉中一般营养成分含量不存在显著性差异,均含有18种氨基酸;除色氨酸(Trp)和组氨酸(His)外,网箱组齐口裂腹鱼肌肉中其余氨基酸、氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量和鲜味氨基酸总量均显著低于微流水组。氨基酸评分(AAS)和化学评分(CS)结果显示:两组齐口裂腹鱼肌肉中必需氨基酸构成合理,色氨酸均为第一限制性氨基酸,赖氨酸在必需氨基酸中评分最高。两组齐口裂腹鱼肌肉中均含有21种脂肪酸,网箱组饱和脂肪酸(SFA)总量和单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量显著低于微流水组,而多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量显著高于微流水组,且n-3/n-6比值要高于网箱组。综上所述,微流水养殖的齐口裂腹鱼营养价值更高。     

Anaesthetic efficacy of clove oil,benzocaine, 2‐phenoxyethanol and tricaine methanesulfonate in juvenile marbled spinefoot (Siganus rivulatus)

Anaesthetics are used in aquaculture and fisheries to facilitate routine procedures, such as capture, handling, transportation, tagging, grading and measurements that can often cause injury or induce physiological stress. Two experiments were performed to assess the efficacies of four anaesthetic agents, clove oil, benzocaine, 2‐phenoxyethanol and MS‐222 on juvenile marbled spinefoot rabbitfish (Siganus rivulatus). In the first experiment we tested the lowest effective doses that produced induction and recovery times in 3 min or less and 5 min or less respectively. Dosages were 70 mg L^?1 for clove oil, 60–70 mg L^?1 for benzocaine, 400 μL L^?1 for 2‐phenoxyethanol and 100–125 mg L^?1 for MS‐222. In the second experiment, we determined optimal concentrations of the four anaesthetics if they were to be used to transport rabbitfish fry. Anaesthetic concentrations suitable for handling and transport were: 10–15 mg L^?1 of MS‐222, 5–10 mg L^?1 of benzocaine, 5 mg L^?1 of clove oil and 50–100 μL L^?1 of 2‐phenoxyethanol. All anaesthetic agents are acceptable for use on S. rivulatus, however, 2‐phenoxyethanol, MS‐222 and clove oil appear to be more suitable than benzocaine. Further studies need to be conducted on effects of high and low doses of anaesthetic agents on physiology of marbled spinefoot.     

Gustatory responses in Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis (Temminck and Schlegel)

Gustatory neural responses of the Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis (Temminck and Schlegel) to extracted compounds of prey organisms, such as amino acids, nucleotide‐related substances, organic acids and organic bases, were electrophysiologically recorded from the facial nerve supplying the anterior palate. Of the 17 amino acids tested, l ‐proline was the most potent amino acid at 10^?2 M, and its threshold was the lowest at around 10^?6 M. l ‐leucine, l ‐methionine, l ‐alanine, l ‐valine and l ‐isoleucine were also highly stimulatory at 10^?2 M; however, the other 11 amino acids examined were not as effective or were ineffective. Thus, the gustatory receptors for amino acids of the Pacific bluefin tuna show a narrowly tuned response profile. Among the seven nucleotide‐related substances tested, uridine‐5′‐monophosphate, inosine‐5′‐monophosphate and adenosine‐5′‐diphosphate were highly stimulatory, and their thresholds were 10^?4–10^?5 M. Inosine elicited a positive response at 10^?2 M but its response magnitude was not so high. Organic acids l ‐lactic and pyruvic acids were effective at 10^?2 M, but no response was elicited at 10^?3 M. Among organic bases, betaine was highly stimulatory, and its response magnitude at 10^?2 M is almost equal to that of l ‐proline at the same concentration. The threshold for betaine was determined to be at around 10^?5 M. Trimethylamine oxide and ammonium chloride were ineffective.     

淇河鲫肌肉营养成分分析及营养价值评定

测定了10尾淇河鲫的含肉率及其肌肉的常规营养成分和氨基酸组成,并对其营养价值作了综合评定。该鱼含肉65.72%。鱼肉鲜重含蛋白质19.39%,脂肪2.96%。17种氨基酸总量为18.22%,其中7种必需氨基酸量为7.37%。必需氨基酸指数为85.37。氨基酸分和化学分分别为0.56和0.34。     

Quality Indices of Squid (Photololigo duvaucelii) and Cuttlefish (Sepia aculeata) Stored in Ice

The objective quality indices of squid (Photololigo duvaucelii) and cuttlefish (Sepia aculeata) stored in ice were compared with the subjective counterparts. Sensory (overall quality rating, quality index method [QIM], and multisample difference test), microbiological (total viable count [TVC], psychrophilic count), chemical (trichloroacetic acid-soluble peptide [TCA-soluble peptide], trimethylamine nitrogen [TMA-N], total volatile bases nitrogen [TVB-N], ammonia content, and protein pattern), and physical analyses (expressible drip, color, and texture) were determined in both species during 16 days of iced storage. As storage time increased, TCA-soluble peptide, TVB, ammonia content, and expressible drip were increased (p < 0.05). TMA content was markedly increased after 10 and 8 days of storage in squid and cuttlefish, respectively. Both TVC and psychrophilic count increased as the storage time increased (p < 0.01). Myosin heavy chain was degraded with coincidental decrease in shear force and sensory texture during storage (p < 0.05). According to the overall rating score, shelf life of both species in ice was estimated to be 6 days. The increases in ammonia content and expressible drip were highly correlated with the decrease in overall quality rating and increase in quality index score of squid and cuttlefish (p < 0.01).     

草鱼死后常温贮藏过程中的品质变化

为了研究草鱼死后常温贮藏过程中的品质变化,以草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)背肉为研究对象,测定了草鱼死后30 h内质构、pH、乳酸、游离氨基酸、ATP及其关联化合物等指标的变化。结果显示,草鱼肉的硬度和咀嚼性在死后23 h时达到最大值,弹性、内聚性及回复性均随时间的延长而降低。pH呈先降低后升高的趋势,在23 h达到最大值。乳酸含量则先增加后减少。在整个贮藏过程中,鲜甜味游离氨基酸的总含量逐渐减少,而苦味游离氨基酸的总含量则逐渐增加。ATP含量在草鱼死后10 h内显著增加,具有鲜味的IMP含量则迅速减少,呈苦味的HxR和Hx含量逐渐增加。在整个贮藏过程中,K值一直增加。K值的变化情况表明,草鱼死后常温贮藏10 h内可保持较高鲜度,27 h时,K值达到68.99%,表明鱼肉已经腐败。研究表明,草鱼死后室温贮藏时应在10 h内尽快加工。     

Comparative intestinal absorption of amino acids in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi) and Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis)

The kinetics of amino acid absorption in the proximal section of three fish species were studied using an everted intestine technique and a pancreatic digest of casein (Tryptone), as the model amino acid mixture. Fresh intestine of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was used to set up the experimental system, and results were compared with those obtained using intestines from totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi) and bluefin tuna fish (Thunnus orientalis). The kinetics of amino acid absorption was sigmoidal for all amino acids and for each species of fish tested. In general, specific absorptions of essential amino acids were higher than those of non‐essential ones. No correlation between the concentration of amino acids in the Tryptone solution and the corresponding absorptions was found. The maximum specific absorption rates of all amino acids for trout were 10 times higher than those determined for totoaba and bluefin tuna. The relative amounts of the different amino acids preferentially absorbed in all three species were different. Results obtained from the everted technique may be applicable to the design of formulated diets for large fish species with commercial value.     

Postmortem Changes in the Adductor Muscle of Scallop (Chlamys tehuelchus) in Chilled and Frozen Storage

Abstract

The effects of freezing and frozen storage on the biochemical properties of scallop adductor muscles stored at 2-4EC were investigated. Glycogen content fell 40% in the first 12 hr of chilled storage and decreased slowly thereafter. ATP content increased for a short time after death and then decreased slowly. Glycogen and ATP degradation was accompanied by a decrease in both pH and 260/250 absorbance ratio of scallop muscle extracts. A significant increase (p < 0.05) in the hypoxanthine (Hx) content was also observed in chilled stored adductor muscles. Adductor muscles showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the 260/250 absorbance ratio of extracts and an increase in the Hx level after freezing. An increase in Hx content was observed during frozen storage of adductor muscles frozen immediately after processing. Expressible juice increased with freezing and frozen storage of the muscles. The results shown in this paper indicate a rapid loss of quality in scallop adductor muscles during storage at 2-4. Freezing and frozen storage enhanced the quality deterioration of the muscles.     

Proximate,Fatty Acid,and Amino Acid Compositions of Fish Muscle and Egg Tissue of Hilsa (Tenualosa) ilisha

The total lipid profile including the fatty acid composition and amino acid composition in eggs of Hilsa (Tenualosa) ilisha was studied in comparison with its muscle tissue. The eggs contained 30.4% lipid (on dry basis), which was 1.2 times higher than that of the muscle tissue lipid. The major portion of the egg lipid was composed of wax ester (about 47.6%) followed by triacylglycerol (TAG), phospholipid (PL), and cholesterol. The muscle tissue lipid contained TAG as the major fraction (41.8 ± 1.48%). Total amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was about 43 ± 0.05% and 32.4 ± 0.24% in egg PL and body tissue PL fractions, respectively. Among fatty alcohols of egg wax ester, 16:0 alcohol is predominant (56.4 ± 3.02%). Both the egg and muscle tissues are rich in all essential amino acids. The results indicate that muscle and eggs from Hilsa are rich in essential amino acids, PUFA, and phospholipids which are essential for human health and membrane development.