森林生态蓄水功能的经济评价(个案研究:伊朗扎格罗斯森林)(英文)

森林生态服务直接或间接地造福人类。本文利用模拟模型和地理信息系统作为工具,分析生态因子对生态系统服务功能的作用,评估了伊朗西部扎格罗斯森林对Bazoft河流域水源保护的经济价值。应用HEC-HMS模型中的曲线数字法对降雨量-径流进行了模拟。该模型需要输入土地覆被、土壤、短期降雨和流出数据。用观测数据并分阶段校对对拟合模型的功效进行了修订。测定了森林在4种设定的土地覆盖方案中保水性和减少地表径流量的作用以及土地用途改变对该区降雨量-径流行为的影响。结果表明:方案一假定该流域全被森林覆盖,总的流出量将最小,降雨初期损失将增加。用重置成本法估算了森林水文功能之保水性经济价值。评估结果表明,每公顷Bazoft河流域的森林可以蓄存84.8立方米水,年产值0.5 US$/m3。因此,每公顷BazoR河流域的森林保水性经济评价值是43US$。说明覆被森林有利于该流域经济发展,该研究有助于决策者选择适当的、经济可行的发展策略。     

A Case Study of Forest Carbon Trade in China:Sino-Forest Funded Protection of Natural Secondary Forests in Heyuan City,Guangdong

Climate change has posed a great risk and treats to global environment.To address the problem,international community resorts to carbon emission reduction,and many countries have implemented afforestation and reforestation project under Clean Development Mechanism.China started the research and has done a great load of works on forest carbon trade as early as the year of 2002 to contribute to the carbon emission reduction.This paper introduces the implementation of forest carbon trade in Heyuan City,Guan...     

Conservation and Development of Forest Mushrooms: A Case Study on Song Rong (Tricholoma matsutake) from China

Song Rong (i.e. Matsutake, Tricholoma matsutake) is the most favorite edible mushroom in Japan and restrictedly distributes in forests in East Asia. The yield of Song Rong, however, has been extremely dropping since 1940 's in the region due to changes of environmental ecology of nature forests. As a compensation for consumption, Japan imported products of T. matsutake from Korea and China, and T. magnivelare from North America since mid-1970s, but T. matsutake stili accounts for a large portion of the import components. About 6,000 to 7,000 ton of fresh Matsutake mushrooms were transported to Japanese markets, one fourth of these were harvested from uplandforests in Yunnan Province, southwest China. On the basis ofa case study of Song Rong in the Zixi Mountain Area of Chuxiong, Yunnan Province, this paper pays great attention to the sodai, economical and ecological aspects and issues relative to the production and sustainable management are addressed.     

Determining the Ecological Compensation Standard Based on Forest Multifunction Evaluation and Financial Net Present Value Analysis: A Case Study in Southwestern Guangxi,China

ABSTRACT

There is growing concern that public benefits from forests are underprovided in current forest management regimes and need to be increased through policy and economic measures that promote conservation. Ecological compensation is a type of institutional arrangement for the sustainable use of ecosystem services achieved by adjusting the distribution of costs and benefits among different stakeholders using economic measures. However, how to accurately and reasonably determine the compensation standard for ecological services has not been guided by scientific methods and theories. This study provides an estimation of the compensation standard for forest ecological services based on the forest multifunction evaluation and financial net present value analysis, and a case study was performed in Southwest China. The results showed that most forest types brought some economic loss to the managers but contributed great ecological benefits to the public when they were managed as ecological forests. It is crucial to incentivize forest managers to participate in voluntary conservation programs through ecological compensation. The results of this analysis can potentially guide sustainable forest management by both accurate quantification of the value of forest ecosystem services and an improved understanding of the costs of voluntary forest conservation schemes currently in use in many countries.     

生活道、文化道、游憩道三位一体的设计研究——以福建常山经济开发区绿道示范段为例

城市慢行系统已成为现代城市发展建设的新方向标,城市慢行系统指在城市中由步行、自行车、电瓶车等慢速出行方式构成的交通系统。文章选取以步行、自行车两种交通方式为主体的城市绿道——福建常山经济开发区绿道示范段作为研究对象。景观设计通过赋予城市绿道生活、文化、游憩不同的角色,使其成为常山经济开发区一条利于生活的便捷安全道、文化展示的优美传承道、休闲娱乐的康体健身道。     

嘉陵江中上游林地资源与地形因子时空变化研究——以四川省武胜县为例

嘉陵江中上游林地资源丰富,研究林地资源结构、分布与地形因子之间的关系,对嘉陵江生态保护具有重要意义。利用1998年、2018年Landsat TM遥感影像和DEM数据,采用最大似然分类法、DEM数据栅格表面分析、重分类处理与空间叠加进行林地资源空间演变受地形因子的影响研究。嘉陵江中上游林地资源面积以318.43 hm2·a-1的速度显著增加,林地资源类型中有林地平均增加速率最快,正向增加明显的有林地、宜林地和苗圃地与疏林地、未成林地和无林地速率大小不一;林地资源结构呈现出以水土保持林、水源涵养林的柏木(Cupressus funebris)和巨桉(Eucalyptus grandis)为主,经济林中的橙为辅的特征;林地资源主要集中在缓坡坡度、低海拔丘陵和下坡坡位上,无坡向分布区域极少;林地资源转移速率在下坡坡位、低海拔丘陵和西南、东南坡向正、负转移速率最快和最大;各林地类型分布指数在不同地形上差异较大,总体以斜坡、下坡位为绝对优势位,平坡、无坡向为相对劣势位;偏相关分析表明,坡度、海拔、坡向、坡位与林地资源总量分别为负相关、正相关、正负交替、负相关的关系,但与有林地、灌木林地、苗圃地正...     

寄主树木、寄主和环境因子对松褐天牛深沟茧蜂寄生率的影响研究

[目的]松材线虫病是我国对森林危害和威胁最严重的病害,控制其传播媒介昆虫松褐天牛是防治松材线虫病的主要手段。作者发现的松褐天牛深沟茧蜂(Iphiaulax monochamusi Yang)是寄生松褐天牛中老龄幼虫的重要天敌。为明确松褐天牛深沟茧蜂的寄生率与寄主树木、寄主和环境因子的关系,开展了本研究。[方法]通过解剖46株松褐天牛危害致死的马尾松,调查了松褐天牛深沟茧蜂寄生率与马尾松、松褐天牛和环境因子之间的关系。[结果]调查研究表明:寄主树木的高度、胸径和树龄对松褐天牛深沟茧蜂寄生率没有显著影响,松褐天牛的数量对松褐天牛深沟茧蜂寄生率亦没有显著影响,而松褐天牛幼虫龄期和松褐天牛幼虫在树干上的位置显著影响松褐天牛深沟茧蜂寄生率。松褐天牛深沟茧蜂寄生率与松褐天牛龄期呈显著正相关,其偏好寄生3~5龄幼虫;就天牛在其危害寄主树木上的位置而言,松褐天牛深沟茧蜂偏好寄生马尾松主干上部和在韧皮部危害的松褐天牛幼虫,其对位于马尾松树干上部的寄主幼虫寄生率最高,达27.38%,对在韧皮部生活、危害的寄主幼虫寄生率为20.18%,显著高于位于木质部生活的寄主幼虫寄生率(5.46%)。逐步回归分析表明:影响松褐天牛深沟茧蜂寄生率的关键环境因子是寄主树木的坡位和其它天敌寄生率,其中,坡位与松褐天牛深沟茧蜂呈显著正相关,其它天敌寄生率与松褐天牛深沟茧蜂寄生率呈显著负相关。[结论]以上研究初步明确了松褐天牛深沟茧蜂的寄生率与寄主树木、寄主害虫和天敌之间的关系,为今后利用该重要天敌控制松褐天牛打下了基础。