共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
An efficient supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) process with carbon dioxide (SFE-CO(2)) was developed for the extraction of natural vitamin E (V(E)) from wheat germ. Both the pretreatment of extracted wheat germ and extraction conditions were optimized to ensure maximal V(E) yield. The extraction was undertaken at the extracting pressure of 4000-5000 psi, the extracting temperature of 40-45 degrees C, and the carbon dioxide flow rate of 2.0 mL/min for 90 min. An optimized pretreatment of wheat germ was usually necessary with a particle size of 30 mesh and a moisture content of 5.1%. A yield comparison of V(E) and its isomers extracted by supercritical CO(2) with those by conventional solvent extraction suggested that this SFE process was a practical process prospectively superior to conventional solvent extraction to prepare V(E) from wheat germ. 相似文献
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Extraction of pharmaceutical components from Ginkgo biloba leaves using supercritical carbon dioxide
Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) has many remarkable pharmacological and clinical effects, and it is the most frequently used product as a phytomedicine in many countries. The combination of primary extraction with 70% ethanol followed by extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide provides an efficient and economical means for obtaining flavonoids and terpenoids from Ginkgo biloba leaves. The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is affected by pressure, temperature, and the concentration of modifier in the extractant. At the most favorable experimental conditions of 300 MPa, 60 degrees C, and carbon dioxide containing 5% ethanol as modifier, the yield of GBE powder is 2.1% (based on the air-dry weight of Ginkgo biloba leaves) compared to a yield of only 1.8% by conventional solvent extraction. The contents of flavonoids and terpenoids in SFE products are 35.9% and 7.3%, respectively, which are significantly higher than the general standards of 24% and 6%, respectively. 相似文献
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Murga R Ruiz R Beltrán S Cabezas JL 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2000,48(8):3408-3412
Proanthocyanidins are supposed to have some therapeutical properties as antioxidants and antineoplasics. Most of the proanthocyanidins, however, are not commercialized since their separation from natural sources is either very expensive or not well-known. In this work, the feasibility of application of mixtures of carbon dioxide and alcohol under supercritical conditions for selective extraction of some phenolic compounds from grape seeds has been studied, among them some low polymerized proanthocyanidins, their main monomer units, (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin, and some low molecular weight phenolic compounds, like gallic acid. An analytical-scale supercritical fluid extractor, whose operation was previously optimized, was used to carry out the experiments. A commercial concentrate of complex phenols and tannins from grape seeds was subjected to supercritical extraction in order to find the best operation conditions before directly extracting defatted milled grape seeds. The solvent capacity was found to increase with pressure and with the amount of alcohol used as cosolvent as expected. Such variation in solvent capacity could be used for design of a selective separation process where individual phenolic compounds or groups of them could be obtained. HPLC coupled with two types of detectors, diode array and mass spectrometry, was used for tentative identification and quantification of complex phenols and tannins in the extracts and in the raw materials used for extraction. 相似文献
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Topal U Sasaki M Goto M Hayakawa K 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2006,54(15):5604-5610
Supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) extraction of lycopene from waste tomato skins was investigated. The experiments were carried out at pressures and temperatures ranging from 20 to 50 MPa and 313 to 373 K, respectively, without any modifiers. The flow rate of CO2 was maintained at 2.5 mL/min for 330 min extraction time. Solvent flow rate effect was examined for CO2 flow rates from 1.5 to 4.5 mL/min. The extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and UV-visible spectroscopy. The results showed that with optimized operating conditions, the maximum yield of lycopene (1.18 mg of lycopene/g of sample) was obtained at 40 MPa, 373 K, and 2.5 mL of CO2/min. Chromatographic analysis indicated that lycopene was extracted from tomato skin with negligible degradation at the optimum conditions and the amount extracted represented more than 94% of the total carotenoid content of the sample. The solubility of lycopene was modeled by use of the Chrastil equation. 相似文献
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为了探讨超临界CO2干燥罗非鱼的机理,该文基于微分床的质量守恒定律建立了超临界CO2干燥罗非鱼片的传质数学模型,通过Matlab软件对其干燥过程进行了数值模拟,分析了干燥室内超临界CO2中的溶质质量分数和罗非鱼片中的溶质质量分数随干燥时间和干燥床高度变化的规律,揭示溶质在超临界CO2干燥过程中的传质模式。结果表明:在超临界CO2干燥罗非鱼片的过程中,溶质传质主要以对流扩散为主,而以轴向扩散为辅;数值模拟的结果与试验值拟合良好(R2=0.97),相对偏差的绝对值在10%以内,说明建立的传质数学模型能较好的模拟超临界CO2干燥罗非鱼片的过程。研究结果可为超临界CO2干制罗非鱼片的工业化生产的过程控制提供参考。 相似文献
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Ishikawa H Shimoda M Yonekura A Mishima K Matsumoto K Osajima Y 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2000,48(10):4535-4539
The conformational changes in myoglobin, treated by microbubbling of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO(2)), were investigated by measuring the circular dichroism spectra in the ultraviolet range and compared with those in other proteins (ovoalbumin, bovine serum albumin, and beta-lactoglobulin). Irreversible unfoldings were observed after the microbubbling of SC-CO(2) at 35 degrees C and 30 MPa for 30 min. The degree of unfolding depended on the number of intramolecular S-S bonds. alpha-Helix contents of myoglobin decreased with increasing density of SC-CO(2). Unfoldings of myoglobin induced by heating, pH-lowering, and the addition of a denaturant were reversible. The irreversible unfolding of myoglobin was also observed by the bubbling of gaseous CO(2) under atmospheric pressure, but heating was required. 相似文献
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Peres C Gomes da Silva MD Barreiros S 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(7):1884-1888
The esterification reaction of geraniol with acetic acid catalyzed by Novozym was studied in supercritical ethane (sc-ethane) and in supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO(2)). Water activity (a(W)) had a very strong effect on enzyme activity, with reaction rates increasing up to a(W) = 0.25 and then decreasing for higher a(W). Salt hydrate pairs could not prevent changes in a(W) during the course of reaction but were able to control a(W) to some extent and had a beneficial effect on both initial rates of esterification and conversion in sc-ethane. The enzyme was more active in sc-ethane than in sc-CO(2), confirming the deleterious effect of the latter already observed with some enzymes. Temperatures between 40 and 60 degrees C did not have a strong effect on initial rates of esterification, although reaction progress declined considerably in that temperature range. For the mixture of 50 mM acetic acid plus 200 mM geraniol, 100% conversion was achieved at a reaction time of 10 h at 40 degrees C, 100 bar, an a(W) of incubation of 0.25, and a Novozym concentration of 0.55 mg cm(-)(3) in sc-ethane. Conversion was below 50% in sc-CO(2) at otherwise identical conditions. With an equimolar mixture of the two substrates (100 mM), 98% conversion was reached at 10 h of reaction in sc-ethane (73% conversion in sc-CO(2)). 相似文献
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Coleman WM Dube MF Ashraf-Khorassani M Taylor LT 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(8):3037-3043
The chemical nature of davanone isolated from natural davana oil via packed column preparative supercritical fluid chromatography with a carbon dioxide-based mobile phase has been defined. Analyses used to characterize davanone included nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, optical rotation, mass spectrometry, headspace solid-phase microextraction, enantiomeric purity via gas chromatography (GC), and GC-coupled olfactometry. For comparison, natural davana oil was subjected to the same types of measurements. The enriched davanone sample was nearly 100% optically pure. This indicates that fractionation of the davana oil with supercritical fluids at near room temperature had little effect on the optical integrity of the sample. 相似文献
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罗非鱼片的超临界CO2干燥动力学及模型 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
超临界CO2干燥是一种新型的干燥技术。为掌握罗非鱼片的超临界CO2干燥特性,该文研究了温度、压力和CO2流量对罗非鱼片的超临界CO2干燥动力学的影响规律,拟合了干燥曲线方程。结果表明:温度(35~55℃)对超临界CO2干燥过程有显著影响,而压力(15~35MPa)和CO2流量(15~35L/h)对干燥过程的影响相对较小;干燥方程符合Page模型。研究结果可为罗非鱼片的超临界CO2干制工业化生产和控制提供参考。 相似文献
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Beveridge TH Girard B Kopp T Drover JC 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(5):1799-1804
Grape seed has a well-known potential for production of oil as a byproduct of winemaking and is currently produced as a specialty oil byproduct of wine manufacture. Seed oils from eight varieties of grapes crushed for wine production in British Columbia were extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide (SCE) and petroleum ether (PE). Oil yields by SCE ranged from 5.85 +/- 0.33 to 13.6 +/- 0.46% (w/w), whereas PE yields ranged from 6.64 +/- 0.16 to 11.17 +/- 0.05% (+/- is standard deviation). The oils contained alpha-, beta-, and gamma-tocopherols and alpha- and gamma-tocotrienols, with gamma-tocotrienol being most important quantitatively. In both SCE- and PE-extracted oils, phytosterols were a prominent feature of the unsaponifiable fraction, with beta-sitosterol quantitatively most important with both extractants. Total phytosterol extraction was higher with SCE than with PE in seven of eight variety extractions. Fatty acid composition of oils from all varieties tested, and from both extraction methods, indicated linoleic acid as the major component ranging from 67.56 to 73.23% of the fatty acids present, in agreement with literature reports. 相似文献
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Vági E Simándi B Daood HG Deák A Sawinsky J 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(8):2297-2301
Extraction of pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids) from marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) with supercritical carbon dioxide was investigated. The aim of this study was to map the effects of extraction pressure and temperature on the yield of coloring materials by applying a 3(2) full factorial design with three repeated tests in the center of the design. For comparison, laboratory and pilot plant Soxhlet extractions were carried out using ethanol and n-hexane solvents. The compositions of pigments in marjoram extracts were determined by HPLC. Similar amounts of carotenoids, in addition to 40% of chlorophylls and their derivatives, were recovered from the supercritical fluid extraction, in comparison to the ethanol Soxhlet extraction. 相似文献
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《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》1986,37(3):219-227
In order to provide information for a complete accounting of the carbon balance of an agronomic crop, respiration rates were measured by means of an open-chamber system. The combined effects of air temperature and soil water content on respiration rates in a soybean crop were studied for two seasons at Mead, Nebraska. For soil water potentials above about — 1.2 MPa, full-crop (aerial portion, roots and soil) respiration rate (corrected to 20°C) was unaffected by soil water potential. With water potentials < - 1.2 MPa, respiration rates decreased monotonically. Respiration rates increased with increasing temperature. Full-crop respiration rate ranged from 318 to 905 mg CO2 m−2 h−1 in 1979 and from 362 to 928 mg CO2 m−2 h−1 in 1980.An interaction between temperature and soil moisture content is evident in the data. Multiple regression indicated that 70–94% of the variation in full-crop respiration rates is explained by variations in air temperature and soil water content. 相似文献
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Figueroa-Espinoza MC Poulsen C Borch Søe J Zargahi MR Rouau X 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(13):4240-4249
The overall objective of this research was to find a new way to valorize rye bran, by producing a gellifier from the enzymatic solubilization of arabinoxylans (AX). The effects of three pure endo-xylanases from Aspergillus niger (Xyl-1), Talaromyces emersonii (Xyl-2), and Bacillus subtilis (Xyl-3) and of Grindamyl S100 (GS100), a commercial enzyme preparation containing a Xyl-1 type endo-xylanase, were tested on rye bran to study the solubilization of water-unextractable arabinoxylans (WUAX). Eight different extrusion-treated rye brans were also used as substrates to find the best physical treatment to facilitate enzymatic arabinoxylan (AX) solubilization. Arabinoxylans were better solubilized from the bran extruded at high temperature using Xyl-3. This enzyme was then tested in combination with pure (1,4)-beta-d-arabinoxylan arabinofuranohydrolase (AXH) and endo-beta-d-glucanase or ferulic acid esterase (FAE), from A. niger. Only beta-glucanase in combination with Xyl-3 improved the AX extraction, but it did not have a marked effect on the viscosity of the extracts. Xyl-3 was then tested on a high-shear-treated rye bran, and results were compared to those obtained with the high-temperature-extruded rye bran. The high-shear treatment did not improve the bran AX enzymatic solubilization. The combination of FAE with Xyl-1 or Xyl-3 did not improve the AX extraction from untreated and high-shear-treated rye bran. Finally, to study the gelation capacity of the enzymatically solubilized AX, the effect of the hydrogen peroxide/horseradish peroxidase (H(2)O(2)/POD) was tested on the Xyl-3 high-temperature-extruded bran extracts. Solubilized AX did not gel in the presence of the oxidizing system. 相似文献
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超临界CO2连续浓缩鱼油EPA和DHA的研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
为了克服鱼油有效组分超临界CO2间歇萃取方法的缺点,设计建造了超临界CO2在内径14 mm、填料高1.8 m的填料塔中连续萃取浓缩鱼油有效组分的流程.根据单因素试验的结果,对工艺参数进行优化.设计了4因素3水平并考虑部分交互作用的正交试验方案,以综合指标进行评价,得到了优化工艺参数为:填料塔压为12.5 MPa;CO2流量为5 L/min;鱼油进料流量为0.8 mL/min;塔的温度分布为40~85℃.经方差分析得知,温度分布的影响对综合指标高度显著,鱼油进料流量对综合指标的影响显著,试验范围内的压力、CO2流量、压力和温度分布交互作用、温度分布和CO2流量交互作用以及压力和CO2流量交互作用对综合指标没有显著影响. 相似文献
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Nasir MI Bernards MA Charpentier PA 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(5):1961-1969
There is a growing interest to develop environmentally friendly surfactants for utilization with supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2), which is a "green" solvent with many industrial applications. The goal of the present work was to separate the commonly used soybean lecithin into a phospholipid-rich fraction, acetylate this fraction, and then test its solubility in scCO2 to gauge its suitability as a surfactant for potential scCO2-based applications. Soybean lecithin was first purified by fractionation using acetone and ethanol and then acetylated with acetic anhydride. The acetylated lecithin was further purified by fractionation with acetone to separate the acetylated fraction from the nonacetylated fraction. High-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry were utilized to characterize these fractions. The various acetylated phospholipid fractions were then tested for solubility in scCO2 under various pressures and temperatures using both a cloud-point and a Fourier transform infrared apparatus. Acetylation was found to increase the solubility of the phospholipids in scCO2, and N-acetylated phosphatidylethanolamine (NAc-PE) was found to be the most soluble component of the acetylated phospholipids. 相似文献
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Jaime L Mendiola JA Ibáñez E Martin-Alvarez PJ Cifuentes A Reglero G Señoráns FJ 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(26):10585-10590
In the present work sub- and supercritical extraction conditions using carbon dioxide were studied in order to obtain extracts with different compositions from the green microalgae Dunaliella salina. Different compositions of beta-carotene isomers were identified in the extracts by using HPLC-DAD. Also, antioxidant activity of the extracts was measured using a TEAC assay. An experimental design was applied considering two factors, extraction pressure and temperature, in a wide range of values, trying to maximize the extraction yield. Higher yields were obtained at high pressures and low temperatures, that is, at higher CO2 densities. Attempts were made to correlate the antioxidant activity of the extracts with their chemical composition by means of principal component analysis. A certain relationship was found between their antioxidant activity and the isomeric composition of beta-carotenes. As a result, an original equation is proposed to predict the antioxidant activity of extracts from D. salina in terms of the ratio 9-cis-beta-carotene/all-trans-beta-carotene, the concentration of alpha-carotene, and, especially, the concentration of 9-cis-beta-carotene. 相似文献