减轻奶牛热应激的一种有效方法

新建奶牛场,植树绿化还未成荫,牛舍直接受到阳光照射,仅在屋面刷白,减少辐射热效果甚微。炎热的夏季,奶牛舍的温度如果超过27℃,奶牛采食量就会下降,开始对奶牛产生不利影响,导致奶牛产奶性能下降,繁殖能力降低,当温度达到或超过32℃时,其产奶量会明显下降,减产幅度高达20％。笔者受下雨时天气凉爽的启示及资料介绍,在本地区奶牛场实践,通过屋面喷淋是减轻奶牛热直激的一种有效方法。现以一幢长92m,宽12m,瓦屋面,半开放式（三面有墙,南面无墙）,对尾双列式牛舍,饲养泌乳牛128头,管道式挤奶,屋面安装喷水设施为例,介绍如下：     

How to perform transvenous electrical cardioversion in horses with atrial fibrillation

Electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation is a well-established technique for restoration of sinus rhythm in humans. While transthoracic cardioversion is more commonly used, transvenous electrical cardioversion (TVEC) has been reported as having higher efficacy at substantially lower energy levels. In horses, treatment of atrial fibrillation has essentially been limited to the administration of quinidine salts either orally or intravenously. TVEC provides an alternative to quinidine salts, especially for those animals in which quinidine is neither effective nor tolerated. The present report details this technique in horses, discusses possible complications of the procedure, and provides guidance for successful outcome. Still and video images are used to illustrate details with regard to TVEC techniques in horses. Please view supplemental material for the videos.     

Chlamydiae in free-ranging and captive frogs in Switzerland

A total of 210 frog samples originating either from a mass mortality (1991/1992) or from routine postmortem investigations of the years 1990 to 2004 were examined retrospectively for a possible involvement of Chlamydiae. For a prevalence study of Chlamydia in a selected Swiss amphibian population, 403 samples from free-ranging Rana temporaria were examined. Histopathology, immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody against chlamydial lipopolysaccharide, and a 16S rRNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by DNA sequencing were performed on the formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues. Using PCR, 8 of 54 (14.8%) frog samples from the mass mortality (1991/1992) were positive for Chlamydia suis S45. A control group of healthy Xenopus laevis had 3 of 38 positive samples, sequenced as C suis S45 (2/3) and an endosymbiont of Acanthamoeba species UWE1 (1/3). Chlamydophila pneumoniae TW-183 was detected from exotic frogs kept in a zoo. Of the frogs collected for the prevalence study, 6 of 238 (2.5%) tested positive, 1 each for C suis S45, Cp pneumoniae TW-183, and uncultured Chlamydiales CRG22, and the remaining 3 revealed Chlamydophila abortus S26/3. In immunohistochemistry, there were 2 positive labeling reactions, 1 in intestine and the other in the epithelium coating the body cavity, both testing positive for Cp pneumoniae TW-183 in PCR. Histologically there were no lesions recorded being characteristic for Chlamydia. Although there is a prevalence of Chlamydia in Swiss frogs, no connection to a mass mortality (1991/1992) could be established. For the first time, C suis S45 and Cp abortus S26/3 were detected in frog material.     

An alternative pathway electrosurgical unit injury in a dog

Objective: To report esophageal perforation, caused by alternative current pathway from the use of a monopolar electrosurgery unit (ESU), during routine orthopedic surgery in a dog. Study Design: Clinical report. Animals: Two‐year‐old male Labrador retriever. Methods: Medial meniscectomy and lateral suture stabilization were performed on a healthy Labrador retriever with a ruptured cranial cruciate ligament. Monopolar electrosurgery was used during the procedure for hemostasis and tissue dissection. Anesthetic monitoring was augmented with an esophageal electrocardiogram (ECG) probe. The day after surgery, the dog appeared dehydrated. After intravenous fluid therapy, respiratory distress was noted and thoracic radiography and contrast fluoroscopy revealed an esophageal perforation. Results: Exploratory surgery was planned to repair the defect. Cardiac arrest occurred after induction. Gross necropsy findings and histopathologic examination revealed lesions consistent with thermal necrosis of the esophagus and myocardial degeneration. An internal investigation of this medical device accident revealed that multiple factors may have contributed to the injury. Conclusions: An alternative current pathway from the monopolar ESU to the esophageal ECG probe resulted in a full‐thickness esophageal thermal injury and cardiac failure.     

The use of medetomidine-based sedation protocols to perform urohydropropulsion and cystoscopy in the dog

Voiding urohydropropulsion and cystoscopy are routine procedures performed in the dog for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. These procedures are typically performed under general anesthesia. The purpose of this study was to describe the use of medetomidine-based sedation protocols to perform voiding urohydropropulsion and cystoscopy in cardiovascularly healthy, non-diabetic dogs without evidence of urinary obstruction, renal disease, or hepatic disease. Results of this study revealed significantly shorter procedure times and decreased cost in sedated dogs, with diagnostic and therapeutic outcomes equivalent to those of patients that underwent general anesthesia. Based on the results of this retrospective study, the authors recommend medetomidine-based sedation protocols for voiding urohydropropulsion and cystoscopy in appropriately selected patients.     

When, why, and how to perform cardiac radiofrequency catheter ablation

Radiofrequency catheter ablative techniques provide a unique opportunity to cure dogs of certain supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, rather than simply controlling the rhythm with drug therapy. Accessory pathways, which can participate as one limb of a rapid, narrow complex tachyarrhythmia circuit, have a particularly high cure rate with radiofrequency catheter ablation. Focal atrial tachycardias also provide a substrate that can be amenable to ablation. Tachycardia-induced myocardial dysfunction resulting from frequent tachyarrhythmic episodes will resolve after a successful ablation. This report outlines the indications, equipment, and techniques used in dogs for performing catheter ablation with temperature-controlled radiofrequency energy delivery.     

蝗虫微孢子虫中试灭蝗效果及生物复合剂的研究

“八·五”期间蝗虫微孢子虫（Ｎ、Ｌ）中试灭蝗８３万亩，总感染率为８２．６８％，校正虫口减退率６７．６３％，施用后２～３年感染率３９％，４～６年为１２．６３％，且虫口密度每百网仅１．７～７．２头，远在防治标准以下；六种蝗虫病原菌及生物制剂灭杀蝗虫试验表明，ＩＧＲ、Ｂｔ、Ｑｙｂ、Ｊｄ四种效果较好，其校正虫口减退率分别为８１．２４％、８１．２５％、８２．６８％、７９．４５％；经与Ｎ、Ｌ混合喷洒或隔带喷洒灭蝗，其效果在７２．４９％～８４．５４％之间。尤以Ｎ、Ｌ与ＩＧＲ隔带喷洒灭蝗不仅效果好，且残虫中有６２．５％的３—４龄若虫，对蝗蝻的滞育性很强。     

如何正确合理地使用训犬口令

一、训犬口令的分类 根据口令的音调不同，通常把训犬口令的音调分为三种：命令音调、威胁音调和奖励音调。再根据声音的音调、音量、音长和所起的不同作用，把口令分为强迫口令、诱导口令、禁止口令和奖励口令。     

In situ coagulation and transection of the ovarian pedicle: An alternative to laparoscopic ovariectomy in juvenile horses

The feasibility of leaving the ovaries within the peritoneal cavity after laparoscopic coagulation and transection of the ovarian pedicle was assessed in the juvenile horse. Elective ovariectomy was performed on 10 quarter horses, aged 4 to 5 mo, with the fillies in a Trendelenburg position. The mesovarium was isolated, and multiple coagulation and transection cycles were performed until all ovarian attachments had been severed. The ovaries were dropped within the abdomen, and hemostasis of the transected mesovarium was evaluated before closure. The mean surgical time was 33 min (range, 23 to 48 min). Ten weeks after surgery the fillies were humanely euthanized. At postmortem examination, the ovary location within the abdomen was noted. In 1 horse, there was an abdominal adhesion; viscera had been punctured during insufflation. Of the 20 ovaries, 4 were free-floating within the abdominal cavity; the other 16 were enveloped in the free portion of the greater omentum in the cranioventral abdomen. Histologic examination of the ovaries was performed to assess follicle cell viability. In both the free-floating and the attached ovaries, the deep blood vessels and all examined follicular structures were necrotic and partially mineralized. Laparoscopic electrosurgical transection of the ovarian pedicle without removal of the ovaries should be considered an alternative to other ovariectomy techniques that may be performed in young female horses.     

Glomerulonephritis and anasarca in a colony of frogs.

A colony of frogs experienced excessive mortality due to glomerulonephritis. The presenting symptom in all cases was bloating due to hydrocoelom and anasarca. Mycobacteria sp was suspected to be a source of chronic antigenic stimulation that resulted in the glomerulonephritis. The prognosis was grave once symptoms appeared. Histopathology from some of the affected frogs is described, and mycobacterial disease in amphibians is discussed.