兽药新剂型与新技术的应用与发展

系统阐述了兽药新剂型中的缓控释制剂、经皮制剂、脂质体制剂、微囊制剂、纳米混悬剂、亚微乳制剂,以及固体分散、包合、乳化等新技术在兽药领域的应用。     

脂质体在医用生物学中的研究与应用

脂质体作为一种对机体无毒、无免疫原性的定向药物载体,它既能包封脂溶性药物,又能包封水溶性药物;减轻变态反应和免疫反应;延缓释放,延长药物在体内的半衰期;能有效地保护被包裹药物,提高生物利用度;改变药物在体内的分布,并能靶向性释药,降低药物的毒副作用;适合多途径给药等特点。文章论述了脂质体作为药物载体、基因工程载体、疫苗载体、免疫诊断、基因治疗和核酸免疫中的DNA载体等在医用生物学中的研究应用,并扼要介绍了近年来脂质体的最新发展动态,表明了脂质体制剂在医用生物学研究中广阔的应用前景。     

脂质体的作用机理及在兽医上的应用

脂质体是磷脂分散在水中形成的具有类似生物膜结构的双分子小囊。近年来，随着生物技术的迅猛发展以及脂质体制备工艺的逐步完善，脂质体的研究方兴未艾。我国兽医上，脂质体技术的应用主要表现在以下几方面：１）作为抗寄生虫药物的载体：文献报道有吡喹酮、碘醚柳铵、左旋咪唑、丙硫苯咪唑等脂质体的制备、药代动力学、药效学等的研究犤１～３犦。２）作为免疫佐剂：张春杰等报道了免疫用脂质体的不同制备方法以及作为新城疫疫苗的佐剂的研究；刘湘涛等则报道脂质体对禽多杀性巴氏杆菌亚单位抗原的免疫增强作用。３）其它：查红波报道了肿…     

动物药品新剂型概述

主要介绍了一些新型的动物药品制剂,包括脂质体制剂、微型胶囊、毫微型胶囊、β-环糊精分子胶囊、长效制剂、固体分散体和控释制剂。     

药用脂质体制备方法研究进展

介绍了目前常用的旋转蒸发法、硫酸铵梯度法、注入法、二次乳化法等13种制备方法，对其优缺点进行比较，同时结合作者的实践对脂质体制备中常见的问题进行了总结，并提出一些见解和建议，以期为新载体——脂质体的快速发展提供一些参考。     

动物药品新剂型概述

本文主要介绍了一些新型的动物药品制剂。包括脂质体制剂、微型胶囊、毫微型胶囊、β-环糊精分子胶囊、长效制剂、固体分散体和控释制剂。     

脂质体介导转染法原理及其研究近展

脂质体是由脂质双分子层组成的囊状栽体,阳离子脂质体介导的基因转染因其转染效率高,操作简单而倍受人们重视,本文就脂质体介导转染法原理及其主要方面的应用进展作一概述。     

兽用抗寄生虫药物新剂型及其新技术的研究进展

兽用抗寄生虫药物由于使用频繁,其给药技术研究一直备受重视.目前,兽用抗寄生虫药物新剂型和新技术的研究主要集中在缓释控释制剂和脂质体制剂,其次是透皮给药系统、微囊、微球、环糊精包合物、固体分散体等.但这些新剂型和新技术大多还处于研究阶段,在处方设计或制剂工艺方面都还存在一些问题,今后应加强这些新剂型的工艺和技术研究,以真正发挥这些新剂型的优点.     

中药脂质体包封率的研究进展

<正>中药脂质体是一种新型靶向递药系统,具有稳定性好、泄露率低、靶向性强、毒性低、不良反应少等优势,还可以进行大规模生产,是一种极具开发潜力的靶向递药系统[1]。脂质体作为药物载体只有对药物的有效包封,才可能较好地发挥临床治疗作用。因此,包封率不仅是评价脂质体制剂的制备工艺和质量评价的重要指标之一,也是较普通制剂发挥高效、低毒特点的关键所在[2]。包封率(EE)是指包封于脂质体内药物的含量占脂质体混悬液中药物总量的百分     

兽用疫苗的种类及原理

<正>自疫苗注射技术问世以来,兽用疫苗作为一种动物疾病的预防药物,越来越多地应用在畜禽养殖业中。近年来随着生物技术的进步,兽用疫苗的研制获得了快速发展。本文介绍了兽用疫苗的类型和原理。1灭活疫苗该疫苗是把病毒进行灭活后制成的疫苗。选择合适的灭活剂是制备疫苗的关键。目前常用的灭活剂有甲醛、乙烯亚胺和β-丙酸内酯等。2化学合成疫苗该疫苗主要通过化学合成小分子     

吡喹酮长循环脂质体的研制及质量评价

在建立吡喹酮含量测定方法的基础上,通过葡聚糖凝胶柱色谱法、显微镜法、激光散射法等定性及定量方法考察脂质体的包封率、微粒外观、粒径及其分布等指标。首先单因素对脂质体制备方法、表面活性剂种类进行筛选,确定影响制备脂质体的主要因素,然后通过优化手段筛选最佳处方及工艺,并制备PEG表面修饰吡喹酮脂质体。优化后的脂质体其包封率在72%以上,体积粒径范围200 nm~300 nm,电镜结果显示,脂质体外观圆整而均匀。结果表明,按本处方制得的吡喹酮长循环脂质体包封率高,制备工艺简单,重现性好。     

吡喹酮脂质体冻干剂的制备及质量评估

制备了吡喹酮脂质体冻干剂,并对其质量进行评估。采用薄膜-超声法制备吡喹酮脂质体,结合冷冻干燥技术制备吡喹酮脂质体冻干剂,建立HPLC法测定吡喹酮脂质体的包封率,并研究其稳定性。优化后的脂质体冻干剂包封率在70％以上,粒径范围220～310nm,电镜结果显示,脂质体外观圆整而且均匀。本法制备的吡喹酮脂质体冻干剂质量稳定,且建立的包封率测定方法稳定可靠。     

几种常用新剂型在兽药制剂中的应用

适当选择剂型对兽药的疗效、质量、稳定性、生物利用度等都会起到非常重要的作用.概述了缓控释制剂、经皮制剂、微囊技术制剂、脂质体制剂等常用新剂型在兽药领域的应用,以期为探索成熟有效的剂型提供参考.     

Liposome-encapsulated oxymorphone provides prolonged relief of post-surgical visceral pain in rats

A delayed‐release formulation of liposome‐encapsulated oxymorphone was produced using a novel dehydration–rehydration technique. The purpose of this study was to (i) compare the analgesic properties of this preparation with those of repeated injections of standard oxymorphone in rats with post‐operative visceral pain and (ii) determine whether liposome‐encapsulated oxymorphone differed from standard oxymorphone in duration of the effect. Visceral pain was elicited in approximately 300 g Sprague–Dawley rats by intestinal resection performed under isoflurane anesthesia. Rats were monitored with pulse oximetry; mean anesthesia time (35 ± 10 minutes) did not differ between the groups. Rats were randomly divided into two groups: Group 1 received 1.2 mg kg^?1 liposome‐encapsulated oxymorphone SC once at skin closure and 0.2 mL of saline SC every 4 hours; Group 2 received 0.2 mL liposome‐encapsulated sucrose SC once at skin closure and 0.3 mg kg^?1 standard oxymorphone SC every 4 hours. In both groups, a behavioral ethogram for pain score (grooming, porphyrin staining, body position) was recorded every 4 hours for 48 hours after surgery. Observers were blinded to the treatment. Body weight, food consumption, and urine output were recorded daily for 7 days after anesthetic recovery. Data were analyzed using anova , with significance at p < 0.05. Based on the behavioral pain score, a single injection of liposome‐encapsulated oxymorphone was as effective for relief of post‐surgical visceral pain in rats as multiple (every 4 hours) injections of standard oxymorphone administered over a 48 hour period (p = 0.18). In rats, given one dose of liposome‐encapsulated oxymorphone, the mean body weight change from day 0 to day 7 was +9.4 g, whereas rats given multiple injections of standard oxymorphone had a mean body weight change of ?3.6 g over this time (p < 0.01). Mean daily food consumption was significantly less in rats given multiple injections of standard oxymorphone (p < 0.05). There was no difference between groups in urine production. In conclusion, a single dose of liposome‐encapsulated oxymorphone was effective in treating visceral pain in rats. Rats treated with liposome‐encapsulated oxymorphone had improved recovery, based on body weight changes and food consumption, compared with rats treated with multiple doses of standard oxymorphone. Liposome‐encapsulated oxymorphone offered advantages including provision of effective analgesia, prolonged dosing intervals, and minimal handling stress.     

制剂新技术在兽药研发中的应用

作者系统阐述了固体分散技术、包合技术、微型包囊技术、纳米技术、脂质体制备技术、乳化技术及中药超微粉碎技术等制剂新技术在兽药领域的应用。     

基因治疗中的非病毒型载体研究进展

基因治疗载体一般分为病毒性载体和非病毒性载体。由于病毒型载体存在安全性问题,目前非病毒性载体的研究越来越受到人们的重视。非病毒载体是新兴的基因转导系统,具有低毒、低免疫反应、外源基因整合几率低、无基因插入片断大小限制,以及使用简单、制备方便、便于保存和检验等优势。脂质体作为常用的非病毒性载体容易制备,安全性高,却难达到质控要求,体内基因导入效率低,且无靶向性,使得其应用受到限制。pH一敏脂质体、阳离子脂质体等大大提高了脂质体的转运效率。同时高分子载体、纳米基因转运体在基因治疗中的应用,也为非病毒载体在临床上的应用开辟了广阔的前景。     

连翘酯苷脂质体在雏鸡体内的药动学研究

The study was aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of forsythiaside liposome in chicks by intravenous administration. The pharmacokinetics of chicks with intravenous administration of forsythiaside liposome and forsythiaside solution 20 mg/kg was studied and the concentrations of forsythiaside in heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney and plasma were determined by HPLC. The plasma concentration-time curves of forsythiaside liposome and forsythiaside solution were both fit to the two-compartment model and the pharmacokinetic parameters were (1.79±0.050) and （0.11±0.006） h for t_1/2β, (39.95±2.32） and (4.26±0.39) (μg·h)/mL for AUC, (0.56±0.04） and （4.73±0.41） mg/(h·kg) for CLs. Compared with the liposome to the solution, the drug distribution in liver, spleen and lung were obviously elevated. Compared with forsythiaside solution, the forsythiaside liposome could significantly prolong the resident time of forsythiaside in the blood circulating system and could be concentrated at the target tissue rich in the reticuloendothelial system.     

磷酸泰乐菌素脂质体的制备及体外释放动力学研究

为延长磷酸泰乐菌素在体内的作用时间,通过比较采用硫酸铵梯度法制备其脂质体制剂。以包封率为指标,分别考察磷脂与胆固醇之比、药脂比、硫酸铵浓度、孵化温度和孵化时间对包封率的影响,并在此基础上进行正交试验筛选最优处方。同时,对所得脂质体的形态、粒径及分布、包封率及体外释放动力学进行研究。结果显示,正交试验优化得到的最佳处方工艺如下,磷脂与胆固醇质量比为4∶1,药脂比为1∶10,硫酸铵浓度为300 mmol/L,体系pH值为7.0,孵化温度为50℃,孵化时间为20 m in。电镜下观察脂质体呈球形或类球形,分布均匀,平均粒径为6.526μm,且大部分在1μm~12μm之间,包封率为58.32%,体外释药符合W eibull方程(r=0.976 4)。研究证实硫酸铵梯度法制备磷酸泰乐菌素脂质体方法可行,包封率高,稳定性好,体外释药具有一定的缓释效应。     

Further studies of Mycoplasma gallisepticum serum plate agglutination antigen grown in medium with artificial liposomes substituting for serum

Frey's medium supplemented with artificial liposomes substituting for serum was evaluated for Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) serum plate agglutination (SPA) antigen. Antigens prepared in batch (static) culture were compared with antigens grown in a fermenter. All batch-grown MG liposome antigens were highly sensitive, specific, and resulted in a greater yield compared with fermenter-grown liposome antigens. Compared with antigens prepared in Frey's medium with 12% swine serum (regular FMS) or with commercial SPA antigens, liposome antigens had a higher degree of specificity; however, they were similar in sensitivity and antigen yield. The only growth parameter to affect the yield per liter of batch-grown liposome antigen was the concentration of liposomes in the growth medium. The reduced yield and sensitivity of antigens grown in a fermenter may have been due to autoclaving the medium instead of sterilizing by filtration. There was no obvious difference between patterns of serum-medium-grown, liposome-medium-grown, or commercial SPA antigens upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.