A comparison of the biological activities of ethyl acetate fractions from the stems and leaves of Penthorum chinense Pursh

Penthorum chinense Pursh (PCP) is a popular traditional medicinal plant in China, widely used for the treatment of a variety of liver diseases. Although it has been long recognized that the main active elements of PCP are contained in ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), little is known so far in terms of the relative effectiveness of EAF derived from the stems versus leaves of this plant. In the current study, we prepared EAF by reflux extraction and sequential extraction from the stems (SEAF) and leaves (LEAF) of PCP and tested their hepatoprotective efficacies. The extract rates and flavonoid contents of LEAF were higher than those of SEAF. EAFs (>50 μg·mL⁻¹) prevented lipid accumulation in cells and protected against lipotoxicity injury when the concentration exceeded 25 μg·mL⁻¹. More than 95% free radicals released by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were eliminated by 25 μg·mL⁻¹ SEAF and 50 μg·mL⁻¹ LEAF, respectively. Further, EAFs (25 μg·mL⁻¹) also showed protective antioxidant effects, with the activity of LEAF being significantly higher than that of SEAF. EAFs (10 mg·mL⁻¹) also showed similar unspecific bacteriostatic activity. In comparison with SEAF, LEAF contained more flavonoids and had a higher anti-oxidation capability and for these reasons we suggest it should be better for clinical use.     

Accumulation and distribution of selenium in some vegetable crops grown in selenate-Se treated clay loam soil

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the accumulation of selenium by some vegetable crops commonly grown in the Indian Punjab. Eleven vegetable crops were raised in an alkaline clay loam soil treated with different levels of selenate-Se, i.e., 0, 1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 mg·kg⁻¹ soil. Dry matter yield of both edible and inedible portions of different vegetable crops decreased with increasing Se level in soil except potato (Solanum tuberosum), radish (Raphanus sativus) and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) which recorded 10%–21% increase in inedible dry matter at 1.25 mg·kg⁻¹ Se soil. Application of 5 mg·kg⁻¹ selenate-Se soil resulted in complete mortality in the case of radish, turnip (Brassica rapa) and brinjal (Solanum melongena). Some vegetable crops including tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum), cauliflower and pea (Pisum sativum), though, survived the toxic effect at the highest concentration of Se yet did not bear any fruit. Potato and spinach (Spinacea oleracea) proved to be highly tolerant crops. Selenium concentration in the edible as well as inedible portions of all the vegetables increased with an increase in the level of applied Se. Selenium accumulation in the edible portion of vegetable crops in the no-Se control ranged from 2.2 to 4.9 mg·kg⁻¹ Se dry weight. At 1.25 mg·kg⁻¹ Se soil, the edible portion of radish accumulated the greatest concentration of Se (38 mg·kg⁻¹ Se dry weight) with that of onion (Allium cepa) bulb the lowest (9 mg·kg⁻¹ Se dry weight). Inedible portions of vegetables accumulated Se 2–5 times more than that absorbed by edible portions. Total Se uptake by edible portions of different vegetables was the greatest at 1.25 mg·kg⁻¹ Se soil, ranging from 7 to 485 μg·pot⁻¹. The results suggest that vegetable crops vary in their sensitivity to the presence of selenate-Se in soil. Vegetative portions were several times richer in Se than other parts of vegetable crops.     

乾县苹果营养诊断和施肥研究

经调查，供试３４个果园的施肥量和产量变异很大。许多果园施氮肥过多，钾肥太少。经叶分析，Ｎ，Ｐ，Ｋ，Ｆｅ，Ｚｎ的平均含量依次是２２．８±２．５ｇ·ｋｇ－１，１．４±０．２ｇ·ｋｇ－１，１０．７±２．０ｇ·ｋｇ－１，２２５±５１ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１和１８．７４±１２．３６ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１．Ｋ和Ｚｎ的含量低于正常值的果园数分别占３５．３％和５８．９％．多数果园Ｎ，Ｐ，Ｋ营养不平衡，营养三要素的需要顺序多是Ｋ＞Ｐ＞Ｎ．根据目标产量、生产单位果品需要养分量和养分平衡指数，确定了各果园的最小养分因素及其需肥量，并按养分比例法推荐了其他肥料的施用量。     

Development of a sandwich Dot-ELISA for detecting bovine viral diarrhea virus antigen with E2 recombinant protein

The IgG antibodies of rabbit anti-E2 protein of the bovine viral diarrhea virus were prepared by a general method from high efficiency serum immunized by E2 recombinant protein antigen expressed in E. coli prokaryotic expression system and were labeled to make enzyme-labeled antibody with the method of NaIO₄. A sandwich Dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Dot-ELISA) for the detection of BVDV was developed. The optimal reaction conditions of Dot-ELISA were determined. The results show that optimal coating antibody was 300 μg·mL⁻¹, the working concentration of HRP-labeled antibody was 1:50. The optimal blocking reagent and time were 5% bovine serum and 45 min. The minimum detection of the content of antigen reached 1.35 μg·mL⁻¹. Compared with the routine IDEXX ELISA test kit with the whole virus, its specificity, sensitivity and coincidence rate were 90.48%, 96.55% and 95.24%, respectively. Compared with the sandwich Dot-ELISA with the negative staining electron microscope and RT-PCR, the coincidence rates were 90.9% and 93.1%, respectively. In addition, Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) antigen of 178 samples collected from cow farms in the Hebei Province, China, were detected by the developed Dot-ELISA and the IDEXX BVDV antigen Test Kit simultaneously, BVDV antigen positive rate was 39.89%–41.01%. The result of detecting clinical samples demonstrated that the established method showed its specificity, sensitivity and repeatability, whereas the results were easily interpreted without an ELISA reader.     

Determination of ultratrace cadmium in food and environmental samples by ETAAS after vapor generation and in situ preconcentration

A method is described for the determination of ultratrace cadmium by coupling a continuous flow vapor generation system with in situ preconcentration technique and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). A graphite tube coated with Ir as permanent chemical modifier was used for trapping cadmium vapor species. The effects of the flow rates of carrier gas and sample injection in vapor generation systems on the trapping measurement for cadmium were respectively investigated. Graphite tubes with different characteristic surfaces were comparatively studied for trapping cadmium vapor. The experimental results showed that the permanent chemical modifier of Ir is an alternative to the thermolabile modifier of Pd for simplifying the trapping measurement. The trapping efficiency of cadmium on the graphite tube coated with Ir was estimated. The trapping temperature and time were also investigated. A detection limit (3σ) of 0.005 μg·L⁻¹ was obtained for this proposed method. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 1.4% for 0.5 μ·L⁻¹ of Cd (n = 11). This method can be applied to the determination of ultratrace cadmium in food and environmental samples with good agreement between the certified and found values.     

珠江河网淡水鱼、虾和河蚬重金属污染特性及安全性评价

为了全面评价珠江河网水产品重金属残留及食用安全风险,对鱼、虾和河蚬重金属的含量进行了检测分析,同时采用单因子污染指数（P_i）、综合污染指数（MPI）和健康风险评价模型对其污染程度、食用致癌和非致癌风险进行了评价。结果表明,水产品中重金属的含量（以鲜质量计）范围（均值）分别为Cr 0.031~0.264（0.131）mg·kg^-1、Ni 0.077~0.742（0.170）mg·kg^-1、Cu 0.199~22.575（2.318）mg·kg^-1、Zn 3.422~36.764（7.939）mg·kg^-1、As 0.112~4.192（0.339）mg·kg^-1、Cd 0.004~1.269（0.095）mg·kg^-1、Hg 0.012~0.048（0.026）mg·kg^-1、Pb 0.028~0.253（0.096）mg·kg^-1。鱼类和虾样品重金属残留均在安全值以内,但河蚬As和Cd残留略超标准值。水产品重金属污染程度评价结果表明,单因子污染指数排序为Cd > As > Pb > Hg > Cr > Zn > Cu。MPI值表明,不同水产品的污染程度依次为贝类（1.038） > 虾类（0.353） > 鱼类（0.101~0.292）。不同水产品重金属残留量的差异主要与它们不同的摄食习性、生活环境和对特定重金属的富集能力有关。健康风险评价结果表明,水产品复合重金属总目标危害系数（TTHQ）的高低顺序依次为河蚬 > 虾 > 鳢 > 鲶鱼 > 鲫鱼 > 翘嘴红鲌 > 鲈鱼 > 麦鲮 > 鲤鱼 > 餐条 > 罗非鱼 > 鲢鱼 > 广东鲂 > 鲮鱼 > 草鱼 > 赤眼鳟 > 鳙鱼。复合重金属TTHQ大于1,其中As的贡献比例最高,平均贡献率为51.7%。研究表明,当地居民若长期食用河蚬存在一定致癌风险。     

Research on Yucca schidigera extract feeding on the rumen ecology, protozoal populations and serum chemistries of sheep

In a completely randomized block design experiment, 16 ruminally cannulated male sheep with body weights of (40 ± 2.1) kg were fed twice daily (8:00 and 16:00) with concentrate and forage (50:50 on dry matter (DM) basis). Dietary treatments were supplemented with intraruminal doses of powdered Yucca schidigera extract (YSE) at the levels of 0 (control), 100, 200 and 300 mg · kg⁻¹. On days of 15, 16 and 17 after feeding, ruminal content was sampled at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h after dosing (8:00), and blood samples were collected at the end of experiment (the days 18 and 19 after feeding). Results showed that the treatment groups’ acidity was not affected (P = 0.13) by YSE. Comparing to the control, the ruminal propionate concentration was increased by YSE addition in a dose-dependent manner by up to 29.8% (P < 0.05), and the acetic concentration was decreased by up to 17.5% (P < 0.05). The ruminal ammonia concentration 2 hours after feeding was higher (P < 0.05) in sheep fed without YSE (increased by 17.57 mg· 100 mL⁻¹) than those fed with YSE at 200 mg · kg⁻¹ (6.77 mg · 100 mL⁻¹ increase in NH₃) and at 300 mg · kg⁻¹ (6.50 mg· 100 mL⁻¹ increase in NH₃). Protozoal populations in the rumen were lower (P < 0.05) with the YSE feeding dose at 300 mg · kg⁻¹ than the control. The serum chemistries were not different among treatments (P > 0.05) and were within the normal physiological ranges for sheep 19 days after feeding. The study indicated that 200 mg· kg⁻¹ and 300 mg· kg⁻¹ YSE groups had particular suppressing effects on ruminal ammonia concentration, ammonia-N concentrations and protozoal populations. The effect of YSE on ruminal fermentation could be attributed to the selective inhibitory effect on rumen microbial species. High level (300 mg · kg⁻¹) YSE as feed additives resulted no negative impact on sheep in our tests.     

An ultrasound-assisted extraction technology of almond dregs protein

Using quadratic regression orthogonal design rotation, the ultrasound-assisted alkaline extraction process of protein from almond dregs was optimized in the experiment. The results showed that the optimized parameters of the almond dregs protein extraction process were as follows: extracting temperature 37°C, pH value 10.1, and ratio of solid to liquid 1:29.5 (g·mL⁻¹). The efficiency of protein extraction was 69.76% with twice extraction for each 30 min under the above conditions.     

Effects of dietary squid viscera meal on growth and cadmium accumulation in tissues of large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea R.

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic environmental pollutant with a long biological half-life and can produce both hepatic and renal injuries in mammals and fish. Squid viscera meal (SVM), an effective attractant for aquatic animals, is widely used as an ingredient in aquafeeds. However, SVM is rich in Cd and its complexes. A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary SVM on the growth and Cd deposition in the tissues of large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea R. Three practical diets were formulated to contain a 0, 50 and 100 g · kg⁻¹ SVM diet, correspondingly containing a 0.21, 7.26 and 12.08 mg Cd · kg⁻¹ diet. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 100 juveniles of large yellow croaker (mean initial weight, 9.75 ± 0.35 g) in floating sea cages (1.0 m × 1.0 m × 1.5 m). Fish were fed twice daily (05:00 and 17:00) to satiation for 8 weeks. The results showed that there were no significant differences in fish survival among the three dietary treatments, but significant higher specific growth rates (SGR) were observed in the fish fed diets with 50 or 100 g · kg⁻¹ SVM diet compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The cadmium concentrations in fish tissues (muscle, liver, kidney and gill) were significantly influenced by the dietary SVM. The cadmium concentrations in all tissues significantly increased with increasing dietary Cd levels (P < 0.05). In all the dietary treatments, the highest Cd level was always observed in the kidney, followed by the liver and the gill. Fish fed diets with 50 and 100 g · kg⁻¹ SVM had significantly higher Cd accumulations in the kidney (2.65, 4.44 mg · kg⁻¹), liver (0.58, 0.93 mg · kg⁻¹) and gill (0.35, 0.53 mg · kg⁻¹) compared with the control group (0.42, 0.26 and 0.12 mg · kg⁻¹, respectively). The Cd level in fish muscle, however, was undetectable in all treatments. Therefore, based on these results, accumulation of Cd in edible tissue (muscle) of farmed large yellow croaker is not a food safety issue. However, long-term feeding of diets with SVM may result in accumulation of Cd in the kidney, liver and gills of fish.     

联苯肼酯及其代谢物和哒螨灵在茄子中的最终残留量 及储藏稳定性研究

为探究哒螨灵、联苯肼酯及其代谢物在茄子上的储存稳定性及其残留行为,在湖北、四川等8地开展哒螨灵、联苯肼酯及联苯肼酯二氮烯在茄子上的规范残留田间试验,样品经乙酸乙腈提取,再由N-丙基乙二胺吸附剂(PSA)和十八烷基键合硅胶吸附剂(C18)分散固相萃取净化,过膜后,用超纯水-乙腈作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,通过基质标准曲线外标法进行定量.结果 表明,在3个添加水平下(0.05 (0.02)、0.1、0.5 (0.2) mg.kg-1)其回收率为89.0％～107.0％,相对标准偏差为3.0％～12.7％,定量检出限(LOQ)分别为0.050 mg·kg-1、0.020 mg.kg-1和0.020 mg·kg-1.最终残留试验表明,45％联肼·哒螨灵悬浮剂,用药量为制剂45 mL·hm-2(有效成分用量303.75 g.hm-2),施药2次,施药间隔7d,采收间隔期为7d、10d,收获茄子中哒螨灵的残留量均小于0.053 nag·kg-1,联苯肼酯的残留量均小于0.040 mg.kg-1.稳定性试验也表明,哒螨灵、联苯肼酯及其代谢物在-20℃冰箱储藏180 d稳定.结论 是45％联肼·哒螨灵悬浮剂在茄子上残留量极低.     

UPLC/MS/MS法测定芦笋中抗蚜威及其代谢物残留量

采用乙腈提取,NH2固相萃取柱净化,建立了芦笋中抗蚜威及其代谢物(脱甲基抗蚜威、脱甲基甲酰胺基抗蚜威)残留量的UPLC/MS/MS测定方法.添加抗蚜威及其代谢物质量分数均为0.002、0.01、0.1 mg·kg-1,平均回收率在93.8％～100.8％,相对标准偏差在3.9％～9.1％,定量限均为0.002 mg·kg1.     

气相色谱-串联质谱法测定茶叶中32种杀菌剂残留

建立了茶叶中32种杀菌剂类农药残留的气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)测定方法。样品经乙腈高速匀浆提取后,以N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)、石墨化碳(GCB)、C18为净化剂进行净化,在GC-MS/MS多反应离子监测(MRM)模式下进行测定,空白基质匹配标准曲线外标法定量。结果表明:27种杀菌剂在10~1 000μg·L~(-1),5种杀菌剂在20~1 000μg·L~(-1)范围内具有良好线性关系,相关系数(R~2)均大于0.99。方法检出限(S/N≥3)为0.1~8.1μg·L~(-1),定量限(S/N≥10)为0.4~23.4μg·L~(-1),平均添加回收率范围为70.4%~109.1%,相对标准偏差(RSD)3.4%~10.3%。该方法样品前处理操作简单、净化效果好、灵敏度高,具有良好的适用性,能够满足茶叶中多种杀菌剂残留测定分析的要求。     

西乡县茶园土壤养分及矿质元素特征分析与评价

为了全面掌握西乡县茶园土壤的养分及环境质量基本状况,采集了西乡县代表性茶园土壤23份,测定了土壤养分和22种元素含量,依据相关土壤环境质量标准,评价了茶园土壤养分及其环境质量,并利用GIS克里金插值法分析了茶园土壤元素的分布情况。结果表明：研究区域茶园土壤pH为4.89(4.10～5.75),有机质为27.71(13.23～59.42)g·kg^-1、全氮为1.39(0.74～2.02)g·kg^-1;速效氮为62.85(18.70～212.99)mg·kg^-1,有效磷为46.39(0.81～163.00)mg·kg^-1,速效钾为115.18(50.53～365.00)mg·kg^-1,有效镁为404.96(94.41～870.52)m g·kg^-1。仅有17%的茶园土壤主要营养诊断指标达到优质高效高产茶园的养分要求。土壤样品内梅罗综合污染指数均值为0.67,土壤环境质量整体处于安全级别,个别茶园土壤的Ni、Cr、Cu和Cd含量略高于风险筛选值。土壤中22种元素...     

北太平洋公海中心渔场海域放射性核素137Cs的生态环境监测与风险评估

为合理开发北太平洋公海渔业资源并了解日本福岛核泄漏对公海渔业的影响,利用2011—2013年连续3年在北太平洋公海中心渔场采集的海洋生物样品,经济品种以巴特柔鱼(Ommastrephes bartramii)为主,采用γ谱仪进行检测放射性核素137Cs,开展核素在渔场中海洋生物体内的分布富集分析及其风险评估。研究结果显示:2011—2012年采集海洋生物品种较多,所有样本都检测出了超出本底值的137Cs核素比活度。2011年所测核素137Cs比活度范围为0.05~6.21 Bq·kg-1,2012年比活度范围为0.02~0.46Bq·kg-1;而2013年采集的样品较少仅有2类,比活度范围为0~0.37 Bq·kg-1。将各个营养级生物的137Cs核素质量活度进行均值化,3年期间大型鱼类的平均值为0.49 Bq·kg-1,巴特柔鱼的平均值为0.18 Bq·kg-1,小型鱼类平均值为0.10 Bq·kg-1,随营养级上升核素质量活度整体呈倒金字塔分布。研究表明,中心渔场调查期间所测核素质量活度水平均未超过中国食品中放射性核素质量活度的限制浓度与通用水平的标准限。目前对放射性元素137Cs的风险评估显示核素含量处于相对安全限度范围内,但需保持可续性的生态监测。     

氟吡菌胺及其代谢物在黄瓜中的残留

为评价氟吡菌胺及其代谢物在黄瓜上的安全性,建立了同时检测氟吡菌胺及其代谢物2,6-二氯苯甲酰胺的高效液相色谱-串联质谱法。前处理采用以乙腈提取,无水硫酸镁、石墨化碳（GCB）和乙二胺-N-丙基硅烷（PSA）为分散净化剂的QuEChERS方法,应用高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪在多反应监测（MRM）模式下进行检测。结果表明,在0.05~5 mg·kg^-1的加标范围内,氟吡菌胺和2,6-二氯苯甲酰胺的平均回收率分别为82%~98%和90%~100%,相对标准偏差（RSD,n=5）分别为1.6%~7.9%和3.2%~9.4%,定量检出限（LOQ）为0.05 mg·kg^-1。最终残留试验表明：在氟吡菌胺推荐剂量（735 g·hm^-2）下,施药3次,距最后一次施药间隔1、3 d和5 d时采收,氟吡菌胺及2,6-二氯苯甲酰胺在黄瓜上的最高残留量均小于0.05 mg·kg^-1,低于我国规定的氟吡菌胺在黄瓜中的最大残留限量0.5 mg·kg^-1。该方法前处理过程简单、方便、快速,灵敏度、准确度和精密度均满足残留分析的要求,可用于氟吡菌胺及代谢物2,6-二氯苯甲酰胺在黄瓜中的残留检测。     

黄石铁尾矿废弃地刺槐人工林土壤肥力研究

用常规方法测定了覆盖混合基质的黄石铁尾矿废弃地的刺槐Robinia pseudoacacia人工林土壤的pH以及有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,用稀释平板法测定土壤固氮菌和解磷菌数量,分别用比色法、磷酸苯二钠比色法和高锰酸钾滴定法测定脲酶、磷酸酶及过氧化氢酶酶活性.结果表明,刺槐人工林下土壤pH比未种植植物的铁尾矿废弃地低4.7%,土壤的有机质、全氮、全磷质量分数分别为101.5、2.8和1.5 g.kg-1,碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾质量分数分别为、130.7、16.2和201.8 mg.kg-1,均极显著高于对照,而土壤的全钾含量比对照低13.7%.刺槐人工林土壤的自生固氮菌数量与解磷菌数量分别为75.0×105和85.7×105 cfu.g-1,土壤脲酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性分别为2.7 g.kg-1.d-1、317.6 mg.kg-1.h-1和4.6 mL.g-1.h-1,均极显著高于对照.可见,覆盖混合基质能够提高养分含量,促进刺槐的定居,而刺槐的生长进一步改善了土壤性质,促进了铁尾矿废弃地的生态恢复.     

Effects of folic acid supplementation on growth performance and hepatic folate metabolism-related gene expressions in weaned piglets

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different folic acid supplemental levels on growth performance, serum biochemical indicators, and hepatic folate metabolism-related gene expressions in weaned piglets. There were 160 piglets with initially average bodyweight of 7.33 kg randomly assigned to diets containing five levels of folic acid: basal diets (C), 0.5 mg·kg⁻¹ folic acid (FS 0.5), 2.5 mg·kg⁻¹ folic acid (FS 2.5), 5.0 mg·kg⁻¹ folic acid (FS 5.0), or 10.0 mg·kg⁻¹ folic acid (FS 10.0). Blood samples were collected from a subset (n = 20; 4 pigs per treatment) of the piglets on day 0, 14, and 28. Liver samples were collected from the blood-taken piglets on day 28 of the experiment. Pigs fed basal diet supplemented with 2.5 mg·kg⁻¹ folic acid grew faster (P<0.05) and consumed more feed (P<0.01) than groups of C, FS 5.0, and FS 10.0 during the last two weeks. Dietary treatment had no effect on F/G throughout the experiment. Pigs in the FS 2.5 group showed greater concentrations of Growth Hormone (GH) (P<0.05) and Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF-1) (P<0.01) in serum than C and FS 10.0 on day 28. RT-PCR analysis revealed that FS 0.5, FS 2.5, and FS 5.0 had a greater abundance of the mRNA encoding 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase than C and FS 10.0 (P<0.01). The mRNA expressions of folate binding protein in FS 0.5 and FS 2.5 were upregulated compared with pigs fed with basal diet (P<0.05). These results demonstrated that folate supplemental level of 2.5 mg·kg⁻¹ significantly enhanced the growth performance of piglets. Folic acid had an impact on folate metabolism and the homocysteine concentrations. No folate supplementation or folate supplemental level of 10 mg·kg⁻¹ could not increase the growth performance to the greatest degree.     

Mechanism of herbicidal action of the component I from Pythium aphanidermatum

The herbicidal mechanism of the components extracted from Pythium aphanidermatum was examined in this study. Component I was isolated using the HPD500 macroporous adsorption resin and HPLC. Its impact on seed germination and plant growth of weeds was determined and the contents of MDA, superoxide anion radical, and the activities of hills and roots were examined. The root length of weed plants was inhibited under illumination while the stem height was inhibited evidently under darkness. The relative electric conductivity of Digitaria sanguinalis and Amaranthus retroflexus under illumination was 94.55 μS·cm⁻¹ and 58.75 μS·cm⁻¹, respectively, whereas that under darkness was 85.25 μS·cm⁻¹ and 36.25 μS·cm⁻¹, respectively. The MDA contents of Digitaria sanguinalis and Chlorella pyrenoidosa were 0.08385 μmol·L⁻¹ and 0.1742 μmol·L⁻¹ under illumination, respectively, while those were 0.0129 μmol·L⁻¹ and 0.01935 μmol·L⁻¹ under darkness, respectively. Simultaneously, superoxide anion radical content was higher under illumination than under darkness. These results showed the photosynthesis was affected by component I extracted from Pythium aphanidermatum.     

Kinetics of microbial immobilization of phosphorus in a weathered subtropical soil following treatment with organic amendments and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas</Emphasis> sp.

To understand the role of microbial processes in phosphorus (P) immobilization in a weathered subtropical soil, the effects of application of a phosphatesolubilization microorganism strain (Pseudomonas sp. 2VCP1) on P availability in soil, dynamics in microbial biomass P (Bp), microbial biomass C (Bc) and Olsen-P were investigated during a 60-d laboratory incubation. The included treatments were P. sp. inoculums at ×10⁶ cfu·g⁻¹ soil (CKM); glucose at 5 g·kg⁻¹ soil (G); G with P. sp. inoculum (GM); rice straw at 5 or 10 g·kg⁻¹ soil (5S or 10S); 5S and 10S with P. sp. inoculum (5SM and 10SM). The results indicated that the amount of soil Bc increased about 3.2, 1.7, and 2.6 times for G, 5S and 10S compared to the control (no organic amendment and P. sp.; CK), respectively. The amount of soil Bp for G and 10S almost doubled during the first 7 d, then remained relatively steady. The amount of Olsen-P in G, 5S and 10S showed a significant decrease (0–5.4 mg P·kg⁻¹ soil) during the 60-d incubation compared to CK. However, changes in soil Bp between the treatments inoculated with P. sp. (CKM, G, 5SM, 10SM) and the uninoculated controls (CK, G, 5S, 10S) were not significant during the 60-d incubation period, whereas a small increase in Bp of the GM treatment was seen up to day 11. The amount of soil Bc in CKM, GM, 5SM and 10SM had increased but not greater than 20% compared to their corresponding uninoculated control. The amount of Olsen-P increased but not greater than 0.88 mg P·kg⁻¹ soil. The result illustrated that there were a few effects on soil P immobilization following inoculation with P. sp. in the soil, whereas organic amendments can significantly motivate the soil native microorganisms to immobilize phosphorus.     

施用高量有机物料对新垦耕地红壤有机碳积累及性态的影响

为了解新垦红壤培肥过程中有机物料用量对土壤有机碳积累、培肥效率及土壤性态的影响,选择一新垦耕地红壤,设置秸秆、秸秆加氮和猪粪等3种添加物各7个施用水平共19个处理,每种有机物料用量设0(对照)、25、50、100、150、200和250 g·kg-1等7个级别,进行了为期24个月的模拟培养试验,观察了有机物料分解率、土壤C/N、活性有机碳和养分的动态变化.结果表明,随有机物料用量的增加,土壤中活性有机碳、总有机碳含量均增加,C/N比下降,土壤有效磷、速效钾和水溶性盐分含量增加,有机物料在土壤中的分解率也随之增加.猪粪碳的矿化速率低于水稻秸秆,加氮可增加秸秆的腐殖化系数.研究发现,有机物料添加越多,培肥效率(腐殖化系数)越低.同时,高量施用猪粪容易引起土壤盐害.猪粪用量为50g·kg-1(相当于7.5t·亩-1)时土壤盐分含量超过了 2g·kg-1;高量施用水稻秸秆可引起土壤有效氮的下降,秸秆用量超过100 g·kg-1(相当于15 t·亩-1)时土壤碱解氮明显下降;秸秆加氮处理会引起土壤酸化.结果显示,为减免有机物质的过度分解,有机物料的施用量控制在50g·kg-1以下为宜.