柳州市园林树木及城市建筑白蚁危害调查及防治

柳州市城区危害园林树木的白蚁有3科4属4种,危害房屋建筑的白蚁有1科1属1种。调查23种园林树木中,有18种树木受到白蚁的危害,占78.26%,树木受害株率21.35%,严重受害株率4.16%;调查3 694家住户中,有861户受到白蚁的侵害,占23.31%,危害程度16.44%。台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki是危害城区园林树木及房屋建筑的优势种,在272株受害树木中,有185株受台湾乳白蚁危害,在861户受害房屋建筑中,全部是受台湾乳白蚁危害。阴香、樟树、大叶桉、小叶桉、桃树等园林树木和房屋建筑内的木地板、墙裙、门、窗等木构件受到白蚁危害最为严重,建设健康"森林城市"必须同步抓好园林树木及房屋建筑白蚁防治。     

兴隆山自然保护区云杉落针,枯死原因的调查

1983年7月发现兴隆山部分云杉林木有大量落叶现象,1985年5月发现一些小树枯死。为查明受害原因和性质,1985年8月初,由兰州市林业局主持组成了联合调查组,对云杉落叶枯死现象做了调查,现将结果报告于后。一、林木受害症状及规律性1.林木受害症状受害树木的各龄老叶均由深绿变灰绿,再变为褐色,多在7月和8月逐渐死亡脱落。小树死亡,大树生长衰弱。受害较轻者仅部分针叶变色、脱落,落叶后枝条甚至整株树呈灰白色。2.被害树木空间分布规律受害树木在空间分布有明显的规律性,林缘重于林内,一般仅林缘一行树木受害。在沟内,树高约10米处,呈现出一条较为明     

城市公园树木白蚁危害及防治

温州市区9个公园的树木受白蚁危害比率为0~56.2%,其中翠微山公园和华盖山公园的树木受害最重。危害树木的白蚁共有2科4属5种,分别为黑翅土白蚁Odontoterms formosanus、黄翅大白蚁Macrotermtes barneyi、台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus、黄胸散白蚁Reticulitermes flaviceps和黑胸散白蚁R.chinensis。在调查的9个公园内共有29科37属41种树木受到白蚁危害,其中香樟、枫杨、构树、大叶桉、女贞等树木受害最为严重。采用草堆诱杀法及诱饵包诱杀法防治园林树木白蚁效果明显,在华益山公园,树木受害率从防治前的42.3%下降到5%左右。     

台风“威马逊”对海口树木的危害及防治对策

为了解超强台风"威马逊"对海口市园林树木的破坏程度,对海口市城区的主干道、公园和小区等开展园林树木的风害情况调查。共调查树木96种42396株,以棕榈科、桑科植物为主。风害症状以折枝、落叶为主,另有部分树木被连根拔起或被吹弯斜。43.8%的树种为中度受害,平均受害级2~4;35.4%为重度受害,平均受害级均在4或4以上,其中红花羊蹄甲(Bauhinia blakeana)受灾最严重。并针对风害原因提出相关对策。     

国槐锈色粒肩天牛的发生与防治

锈色粒肩天牛A priona sminsoni （Hope）是一种钻蛀性害虫,破坏性极大,主要危害国槐Sophora japonica、柳树Salix matudana Koide等.该虫于1996年随城镇国槐绿化大苗的调运传入阳谷县,近年来危害普遍,特别是北环路及谷山路受害较重,齐南路至阿城段稍轻.根据2010年的调查,全县1.5％的树木受害死亡,县城内受害树木有虫株率达70％,单株虫口密度平均12头,重者达55头,其它路段虫株率也达到35％.根据调查的表现来看,单株虫株率达20头以上的树木,受害木林木质部严重受损,主干以上出现枯黄而死.通过2010和2011年连续两年的有效防治,该县国槐锈色粒肩天牛的有虫株率下降到20％,单株虫株率下降到平均6头,并对锈色粒肩天牛的生物学特性及防治技术进行了研究,现将结果总结如下.     

松黑叶蜂(Nesodiprion sp.)的初步研究

松黑叶蜂主要为害油松和华山松幼林。1963—1964年,该虫在陕西黃龙山林区大量发生,为害严重,轻者针叶被食残缺不全,逐渐枯黄;重者针叶食光,树木死亡。据发生年份的调查,黄龙山北寺山林场受害的500亩油松幼林,有虫株率均达100%,而且虫口密度和受害程度也逐年俱增。1964年的株平均虫口密度较1963年增加了6.9倍;1964年,因針叶全被取食而致幼树死亡的百分比较1963年增加了4.7%。同时,受害树木的高生长也逐年下降,受害严重较受害轻微的树木高生长,三年中相差80.6厘米,仅1964年一     

樟叶瘤丛螟的发生与防治

近年来调查,在祁门县境内,樟叶瘤从螟蔓延加快,危害加重,危害香樟、天竺桂、红楠、江浙钓樟等多种樟科树种,是主要食叶害虫之一.受害后树冠上挂有许多鸟巢状的虫包,影响树木的生长和观赏,严重时能将树叶吃光,甚至导致树木死亡.     

综合治理草履蚧保护西安大绿工程

近年来,草履蚧在关中平原绿化树木中危害日趋严重,危害40多种树木,以杨树受害最重,进而对核桃、苹果等多种经济林木危害,受害林木不能正常萌芽或萌芽后失水萎蔫,严重时导致树木死亡,已成为关中平原绿化的主要害虫之一。     

台风对博白林场不同树种的危害及其与林分因子的关系

为了解台风对博白林场不同树种的为害情况及其影响因子,对台风"彩虹"对不同林分位置的39个树种168株树木的受害情况进行了调查。结果表明:(1)不同树种受害情况存在较大差异,针叶树种受害明显轻于阔叶树种;(2)树木的受害情况与其胸径、树高、枝下高、冠幅关系密切,胸径较小、树高较高、枝下高较大、冠幅较大的树木受害较严重;(3)林内的树木受害明显轻于林窗和开阔地的树木,林缘迎风面树木的受害远重于林缘背风面的树木。     

不同台风等级对珠海城市绿化树木的影响

为探明不同台风等级对城市绿化树木的影响,根据台风"天鸽"及"海高斯"在珠海市的登陆路径,划分14、12、10共3种风力等级影响范围,按城市绿地分类,选取113 个调查样区,采用典型抽样法,每个调查样区设置1个400 m~2 样方,调查记录样方内所有径级超过5 cm树种名称、受灾特征等因子,并用Excel 2010和SPSS 20.0 软件进行相关数据处理,结果表明:(1)风力等级越大,受害树种种类及数量越多、受害程度越严重,风害值越大;在14、12、10级风力侵击下,其受害树种比例分别为92.65%、58.14%和44.74%,受害树木数量比例分别为46.45%、31.29%和16.01%;平均风害值分别为0.344、0.181和0.072。(2)风力对不同树种侵击产生的风害值存在极显著差异(P0.01);风害值可用作分析树木受害情况的量度指标,预判或评价树木抗风的能力。(3)台风侵击后风害值较小的树木,可选择为沿海城市绿化树种;风害值中等的树种,应在台风季节前应做好防护措施;风害值较高的树种,建议慎用。     

四川秦巴山区引种丛生竹冻害初报

笋竹产业是四川秦巴山区生态经济建设的重要切入点，丛生竹引种及资源培植是构建区域笋竹基地周年产笋的关键。冬季低温冻害是丛生竹引种及资源培植的主要制约因子。通过对12个竹种定植3年的冻害监测分析，各丛生竹均有不同程度的冻害，冻害程度在不同的地点、不同的竹种和不同的丛龄间存在极显著差异。纬度梯度冻害程度要大于海拔梯度，但任山地立地条件下，海拔控制尤为重要。推荐了5个适宜四川秦巴山区域低山河谷、丘陵区立地条件的丛生竹竹种。     

香樟树上的地衣状况对杭州市空气污染梯度的指示

在过去的25年,树木上的地衣已被广泛地用作空气污染状况的指示物,并已有大量的报道,主要在欧洲和北美的温带地区使用这一技木,在其他地区(包括香港)也可广泛应用。1987年5月11日至17日,英中双方于中国林科院亚林所举办了“应用真菌学教程”培训班,在此期间,安排了这一实验。     

2008年初广州常见园林植物冷害情况调查及分析

2008年2月底有针对性地对广州市常见园林植物展开冷害情况调查.调查发现,广州市中心城区不少常见的园林植物都受到不同程度的持续低温天气的影响,隶属于60个科,154种,受害等级在Ⅰ-Ⅴ之间.其中,受害程度比较严重的植物主要集中在夹竹桃科、龙舌兰科、露蔸树科、蝎尾蕉科等几个典型热带分布的科,草本植物比木本植物更容易受害.植物的受害程度还与生境、栽培历史、管理方法等因素有关.针对本次冷害园林植物受害的特点与原因,提出关于广州市园林植物引种栽培的几点建议.     

深圳滨海地区园林植物应用调查及盐害分析

深圳地处滨海城市,植物生长易受盐害。本研究调查了深圳园林绿地植物种类和数量,记录其受盐害情况。调查结果显示,滨海区所应用的园林植物达119种及变种,隶属于47科98属,有36个树种出现受害症状,盐害树种占滨海区园林植物总数的30.3％。     

2015～2016年冬春武汉植物园61种樟科植物冻害调查

针对2016年1月的极端低温天气,对武汉植物园61种露天栽培的樟科植物受冻害情况进行了调查。结果表明:538株樟科植物中,受冻害85株,占所有调查植株15.8%;冻害程度达到Ⅱ级以上的有11个种,占所有调查樟科种类的18.0%;本次调查中,新木姜子属和楠木属耐寒性较好,而木姜子属的耐寒性整体表现最差,以上调查结果为樟科植物在武汉市的园林应用提供了科学依据。     

珠江三角洲陶瓷工业污染区植被受害证据与启示

以长期暴露在大气污染胁迫下的村边林为对象,进行植物群落结构调查、植物受害分析,探讨了陶瓷工业污染排放对植被的影响。调查样地位于广东南海区五星村边坡地的半自然次生林内,乔木层和灌木、草本幼苗层的调查分别在10个10m×10m和4个5m×5m的样方内进行。该森林群落以隆缘桉和尾叶桉数量占优势,其次是乡土树种鸭脚木、泥竹,重要值依次为26.75、17.08、16.27和11.50。隆缘桉和马尾松冠层枝叶完全枯死、脱落,受害程度达100%;其次是泥竹和南岭黄檀受害程度分别为85.1%和68.3%。尾叶桉、朴树、越南山龙眼、阴香、黄荆受害程度中等,在45%—57.5%之间;其它伴生本土种类如鸭脚木、珊瑚树、酒饼叶、等的重要值较低且表现出受害程度较严重。和上层乔木比较,林下植被受污染的伤害大大降低。桉树类树种因其速生、快速郁闭等特点被认为是华南荒山、退化丘陵地区植被恢复的重要种类,但在重度污染地区已面临严重威胁,而某些乡土树种在污染地区则显示出较强的抵御大气污染的能力。本文结果为污染地区森林资源管理,退化生态系统植被恢复之树种选择以及进一步开展乡土树种抵御大气污染胁迫的过程机制与功能特征的研究提供科学基础。     

Effects of mid-season frost and elevated growing season temperature on stomatal conductance and specific xylem conductivity of the arctic shrub,Salix pulchra

An increased risk of frost is expected during the growing season, as climate warming increases spring temperatures in the Arctic. Because deciduous species have a growth season limited in length and also have generally larger conduit volumes, they are more likely than evergreens to be injured by freeze-thaw-induced cavitation during the growing season. To test whether growth at elevated temperature increases susceptibility to freeze-thaw damage, we grew a deciduous arctic shrub species (Salix pulchra Cham.) in simulated Alaskan summer temperatures and at 5 degrees C above the ambient simulation (+5 degrees C plants) in controlled environments. Stem specific hydraulic conductivity (k(s)) and leaf stomatal conductance (g(s)) were measured in plants grown at both temperatures before and after a freeze treatment simulating a mid-season frost. Before the freeze treatment, specific xylem conductivity was 2.5 times higher and stomatal conductances were 1.3 times higher in +5 degrees C plants than in ambient-grown plants. Reductions in hydraulic conductivity and stomatal conductance as a result of the freeze were 3.5 and 1.8 times greater respectively in +5 degrees C plants than in ambient-grown plants. Many of the +5 degrees C plants showed extensive leaf damage. Plants grown in the two treatments also differed in comparative xylem anatomy; +5 degrees C plants had larger vessel diameters (25.4 versus 22.6 micro m) and higher vessel densities (71 versus 67.4 vessels mm(-2)) than ambient-grown plants. Our results suggest that higher growing season temperatures will increase the susceptibility of arctic deciduous shrubs to frost damage, which may offset their competitive growth advantage.     

Post-fire attractiveness of maritime pines (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus pinaster</Emphasis> Ait.) to xylophagous insects

The spectrum and dynamics of xylophagous insects infesting Pinus pinaster after a fire event were studied from November 2007 to December 2008 at Sierra de Outes (Galicia, NW Spain). Insects were collected within and outside the fire area. Relationships among species status, species abundance, tree parameters and tree injury were assessed. Mortality of injured trees was also recorded. Insect colonization built up consistently during the first year after the fire, although the pests did not colonize unburned trees in nearby areas. Thirteen insect species from six xylophagous families were collected. Tomicus spp., Buprestis novenmaculata, Anobium punctatum and Pissodes castaneus were the first species detected. Tomicus spp. (29%) and Ips sexdentatus (23%) were the dominant taxa. Bole char height and soil burn severity were positively correlated with insect presence. Trees with short stem diameter and thinner bark were also preferred. B. novenmaculata presence was positively correlated with crown scorch. Loss of cambium hydration was negatively related to the occurrence of pests, likely because sapwood desiccation and loss of nutrient impede brood development. About 33.3% of the fire-scorched pines died. The results recommend the removal of injured and dying pines after fire, to avoid the rise of pest population threatening recovering trees in the burned areas.     

杭州市十种绿化树种净化大气能力比较

通过分析浙江省杭州市10种绿化树种的滞尘量和叶片中N、S、Cl等元素的含量,比较了这些树种对大气中粉尘、氯化物、硫化物、氮氧化合物等有害物质的吸收净化能力。单位面积滞尘量最高的树种是朴树,N、S、Cl吸收最高的树种分别是乌桕、银杏和杜鹃;乔木树种的全氮含量、全硫含量、单位面积滞尘量都比灌木树种的含量高,但是全氯含量比灌木树种的含量低;落叶树种的各净化指标平均值都比常绿树种的高。     

Implications of crude oil pollution on natural regeneration of plant species in an oil-producing community in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

The study evaluated the impact of crude oil pollution on natural regeneration of plant species in a major oil-producing community in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Three sites—unpolluted site(US), polluted and untreated site(PUS), and polluted and treated site(PTS)—were purposively chosen for the study. The seedling emergence method was used to evaluate soil seed banks in the various sites at two depths, 0 to 10 cm and 10 to 20 cm. Woody-plant species richness, abundance, and diversity were higher in the US seed bank than in the PUS and PTS seed banks. The highest number of non-woody plants was observed in the US, followed by the PTS, and then the PUS. Both species richness and diversity of non-woody plants were highest at the US, followed by the PUS, and lowest in the PTS. Woody species in the US seed bank were 87.5% and 80% dissimilar with those of the PUS and PTS at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm respectively. No variation was observed between woody species in the PUS and PTS seed banks. Non-woody species at 0-10 cm US seed bank were 73.08% dissimilar with those of PUS at the two soil depths and 81.48/88.46% dissimilar with those of the 0–10/10–20 cm of the PTS respectively. At 10–20 cm, non-woody species of the US were 69.66% dissimilar with those from each of the two soil depths in PUS; and 73.91/81.82% dissimilar with those of 0–10/10–20 cm of the PTS respectively. Non-woody species variation between the PUS and PTS was higher at 10–20 cm than 0–10 cm. The poor seed bank attributes at the polluted sites demonstrates that crude oil pollution negatively affected the natural regeneration potential of the native flora because soil seed banks serve as the building blocks for plant succession. Thorough remediation and enrichment planting are recommended to support the recovery process of vegetation in the polluted areas.