黑龙江省水稻纹枯病防治药剂筛选试验

试验选用11种防治水稻纹枯病的药剂进行试验研究,结果表明:在水稻10.1叶期(11叶品种)和孕穗期施用240克/升噻呋酰胺悬浮剂、75%戊唑醇·肟菌酯水分散粒剂、50%嘧菌酯水分散粒剂或12.5%氟环唑悬浮剂等药剂对水稻纹枯病防治效果最好,可作为水稻生产上防治水稻纹枯病的首选药剂。     

金边虎尾兰炭疽病防治技术的研究

对金边虎尾兰炭疽病进行了田间防治药剂筛选和采用温室大棚栽培防病试验.结果表明:供试的10种药剂中,10%苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂、450 g/L咪鲜胺水乳剂、430 g/L戊唑醇悬浮剂、250 g/L 吡唑醚菌酯乳油、53.8%氢氧化銅水分散粒剂、75%代森锰锌水分散粒剂和75%多·锰锌可湿性粉剂对金边虎尾兰炭疽病的防治效果较好.其中,450 g/L咪鲜胺水乳剂1000倍液的防治效果最佳,防效为83.87%.而采用温室大棚栽培防雨避病对金边虎尾兰炭疽病也有较好的防控效果     

不同杀菌剂对马铃薯早疫病的田间防效试验

2009～2010年通过田间小区方法进行了6种杀菌剂防治马铃薯早疫病(Alternaria solani)的试验。结果表明:75%拿敌稳水分散性粒剂6 000倍、50%肟菌酯水分散性粒剂4 000倍、43%好力克悬浮剂3 000倍、25%阿米西达悬浮剂1 200倍效果均比较好,防效在82.0%～84.3%之间,70%安泰生可湿性粉剂400倍次之,防效75.9%～76.0%;80%代森锰锌500倍再次之,防效66.2%~66.8%。以上6种杀菌剂均可作为防治马铃薯早疫病的有效药剂应用。     

几种杀菌剂对水稻纹枯病及稻瘟病田间药效评价

水稻稻瘟病及纹枯病是农业生产上的重要病害,为筛选出高效低毒的化学药剂。本文采用田间小区试验使用多种杀菌剂对水稻稻瘟病及纹枯病进行药效比较。结果表明,吡唑醚菌酯乳油对水稻稻瘟病的防治效果及增产率均具有较好的作用,肟菌·戊唑醇水分散颗粒剂次之。肟菌·戊唑醇水分散颗粒剂20 g/667 m~2对水稻纹枯病的防治效果最好,吡唑醚菌酯乳油的增产率最高。因此吡唑醚菌酯乳油及肟菌·戊唑醇水分散颗粒剂可作为水稻稻瘟病及纹枯病的有效药剂。     

甘蔗黑穗病的防治药剂筛选及产量评价

由甘蔗鞭黑粉菌引起的甘蔗黑穗病是我国甘蔗生产中危害最大的病害,给甘蔗产业造成严重的产量和经济损失。化学防治是作物病害综合防治的重要措施之一,开展甘蔗黑穗病高效、低毒、低残留防治药剂的筛选,进行田间防治试验,对甘蔗黑穗病的有效防治和提高甘蔗产量具有重要意义。为筛选适合大田防治甘蔗黑穗病的推荐化学药剂,通过测定11种杀菌剂对甘蔗鞭黑粉菌的抑菌试验,采用扫描电镜解析有效杀菌剂的抑菌机理,通过新植蔗和宿根蔗的甘蔗黑穗病大田防治试验,评价杀菌剂的防治效果和对产量、株高、茎径、公顷有效茎数、锤度、单茎重等甘蔗主要农艺性状的影响。结果表明,经室内生物活性测定,获得4种杀菌剂对甘蔗鞭黑粉菌单倍体生长、有性配合、冬孢子萌发有抑制作用,分别是42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺悬浮剂、75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂、250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油和325 g/L苯甲·嘧菌酯悬浮剂。扫描电镜显示,这4种杀菌剂均对甘蔗鞭黑粉菌冬孢子和单倍体孢子细胞组织造成不同程度的破坏,使甘蔗鞭黑粉菌失活。在大田新植蔗的甘蔗黑穗病防治试验中,42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺悬浮剂、75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂、250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油和325 g/L苯甲·嘧菌酯悬浮剂的防治效果分别为91.81%、82.84%、81.76%、70.92%,各药剂防治区产量分别比对照增产20.84%、17.13%、15.92%、13.35%。在宿根蔗的甘蔗黑穗病防治试验中,以上杀菌剂防治效果分别为89.35%、82.21%、81.51%、70.18%,其产量分别比对照增产30.15%、24.05%、20.33%、16.58%。新植蔗和宿根蔗药剂防治区的甘蔗其他农艺性状均优于对照区。这4种杀菌剂对甘蔗黑穗病均有良好的防治效果和增产作用,可作为大田防治甘蔗黑穗病的推荐杀菌剂。     

不同杀菌剂及其复配制剂在小麦赤霉病及呕吐毒素防治中的作用

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol, DON）,又名呕吐毒素,是由引起小麦赤霉病的镰刀菌属（Fusarium spp.）产生的一种单端孢霉烯族毒素。为研究不同杀菌剂及其复配制剂对小麦赤霉病及DON的防治效果,分别使用单药剂及其复配制剂进行田间药剂试验,并使用液相色谱串联质谱检测麦粒中DON的含量。2014年在江苏姜堰、建湖和六合3地进行的单药剂试验结果显示,25%丙硫菌唑悬浮剂（SC）、25%氰烯菌酯SC、30%戊唑醇SC和25%多菌灵可湿性粉剂（WP）对赤霉病和DON均有防效,20%嘧菌酯可分散粒剂（WG）的赤霉病防效较差,对DON无防效。25%丙硫菌唑SC较其他4种药剂具有更好的防效,并且在3个试验点效果稳定。2015年在江苏姜堰进行的单药剂及其复配制剂药效试验结果显示,75%百菌清·戊唑醇WP、25%丙硫菌唑SC、25%氰烯菌酯SC和48%氰烯菌酯·戊唑醇SC 4种药剂的赤霉病和DON防效较好,防治后的小麦DON含量均小于1 000 μg·kg^-1,符合国家限量标准,与其他药剂差异显著（P<0.05）,DON防效均大于70%,分别为76.3%、75.6%、73.6%和72.2%。病情指数、病穗率与DON含量之间的相关性分析结果表明,病情指数与DON含量之间存在显著的正相关（r=0.628,P=0.022）,病穗率与DON含量之间无显著相关性（r=0.400,P=0.176）。     

农业科研单位行政办公室管理工作探究

为筛选出防治香草兰疫病的最佳药剂，采用田间小区试验方法，测定68%精甲霜·锰锌WDG(水份散粒剂)、50%烯酰吗啉WP(可湿性粉剂)、25%甲霜·霜霉威WP、69%烯酰吗啉·锰锌WP、36%霜脲锰锌WP和70%乙磷铝锰锌WP等6种不同使用浓度药剂对香草兰疫病的防治效果。结果表明：68%精甲霜·锰锌WDG 1 000倍液、50%烯酰吗啉WP 1000倍液及36%霜脲锰锌WP 1 000倍液对香草兰疫病大田防效较好，分别为86.6%、81.4%和79.8%。生产上可交替使用这3种药剂来防治香草兰疫病。     

不同复配杀菌剂对水稻叶鞘腐败病的防治效果

对防治叶鞘腐败病不同复配杀菌剂的药剂进行筛选试验,结果表明,复配杀菌剂对水稻生长安全,75%嘧菌酯·戊唑醇WG、75%肟菌酯·戊唑醇WG 300 g/hm~2,对水稻叶鞘腐败病防效高,分别为75.61%、71.65%,且使水稻增产较高,分别增产11.2%、11.1%。     

4种杀菌剂防治棉花烂铃病田间药效比较

为筛选防治棉花烂铃病的新型高效低毒低残留农药,2012和2013年在江苏省大丰市开展了25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂700倍液、50%烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂1000倍液、46.1%氢氧化铜水分散粒剂850倍液和70%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂200倍液防治棉花烂铃病的田间药效试验。结果表明:4种杀菌剂对棉花烂铃病都有一定的防治效果,其中25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂700倍液对棉花烂铃病的防治效果最好,2012年的防治效果为50.70%,2013年的防治效果为75.21%,适宜推广应用。     

香蕉黑星病防治药剂田间试验

选用45%醚菌·腈水悬浮剂、30%醚菌酯可湿性粉剂、12.5%腈菌唑乳油、30%(苯醚甲环唑＋丙环唑)乳油,开展香蕉黑星病的田间防治效果评价。结果表明：供试的4种药剂6种施药倍数,对香蕉黑星病的防效均大于60%,其中45%醚菌·腈水悬浮剂1 000～1 500倍液的防效达76.96%～81.90%,与30%(苯醚甲环唑＋丙环唑)乳油1 500倍液的防效相当,且防效均显著高于12.5%腈菌唑乳油1 500倍液和30%醚菌酯可湿性粉剂1 500倍液。     

几种杀菌剂防治马铃薯晚疫病试验

由于长期使用几种广谱性杀菌剂防治马铃薯晚疫病,导致该病病原菌抗药性增强,防效降低。为筛选高效、经济、安全的杀菌剂在生产上推广使用,试验选取了18.7%烯酰.吡唑酯WG、68.75%氟吡菌胺.霜霉威SC、72%甲霜灵锰锌WP、75%代森锰锌WG 4种药剂,设置高、中、低不同浓度,高浓度施药2次,中低浓度施药3次进行防治马铃薯晚疫病的田间药效试验。试验结果表明:18.7%烯酰.吡唑酯WG高、中、低浓底的防效分别为71.08%、73.03%、69.04%;其次为68.75%氟吡菌胺.霜霉威SC防效分别为62.09%、74.53%、64.65%,72%甲霜灵锰锌WP的防效分别为56.91%、71.71%、66.87%;75%代森锰锌WG的防效分别为46.52%、70.38%、68.85%。其中18.7%烯酰.吡唑酯WG和68.75%氟吡菌胺.霜霉威SC防效较好,其余2种药剂对马铃薯晚疫病均有一定的防效,建议生产上轮换使用。     

15%嘧咪酮热雾剂防治橡胶树白粉病田间试验

报道了几种高扬程药剂对橡胶树白粉病的防治效果。供试的杀菌剂有15%嘧咪酮热雾剂和15%粉锈宁烟雾剂、硫磺粉、15%咪鲜胺·腈菌唑烟雾剂等6种,不同杀菌剂用相匹配的植保机械施药。施药2次,根据施药后10 d的调查结果比较防效,15%嘧咪酮热雾剂的防效最好,15%粉锈宁热雾剂药效最差。且施药后10 d的调查数据显示,15%嘧咪酮热雾剂施药2次的防效优于硫磺粉施药3次,表明15%嘧咪酮热雾剂的持效期要优于325目硫磺粉。     

五种杀菌剂对花生褐斑病菌室内毒力的影响和田间药效

为了筛选对花生褐斑病田间防治效果好的杀菌剂,结合室内毒力测定(菌丝生长速率法和载玻片萌发法)和田间小区药效试验对四种杀菌剂与常规使用的杀菌剂多菌灵进行了比较。结果表明,室内毒力测定中,多菌灵对菌丝的抑制效果最强,抑菌率为91.4%;其余四种供试杀菌剂中以咪酰胺效果最好,抑菌率达85.6%;王铜效果最差;多菌灵对分生孢子的抑制率为60.9%,其余四种杀菌剂效果差异不显著。田间药效试验结果显示,咪酰胺2 000mg/kg对花生褐斑病的田间防治效果达60.62%,远远高于对照药剂多菌灵(15.53%)以及其它三种供试杀菌剂(王铜、爱可和戊唑醇)。此外咪酰胺比清水对照增产32.28%,也远远高于其它几种药剂。通过室内毒力试验和田间药效试验表明,田间杀菌剂防治花生褐斑病时,咪酰胺比对照药剂多菌灵具有更好的防治效果,适用于花生褐斑病重病地区。     

Control of tomato powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) in the Comarca Lagunera, Coahuila State, Mexico, supported by the spray forecast model Tomato.PM

Tomato powdery mildew [Leveillula taurica (Lev.) Arm.] is a common disease of tomato crops in the Comarca Lagunera region of the state of Coahuila, Mexico. To control the disease, fungicides are commonly sprayed up to 18 times on a weekly basis in this region. Effectiveness of the spray forecast model Tomato.PM, developed for California conditions, to reduce fungicide spraying, was evaluated. Disease dynamics on plants treated with three different fungicides (azoxystrobin, myclobutanil and wettable sulfur), with and without model recommendations, was analyzed in three experiments at three locations. When spraying followed model recommendations, it was possible to eliminate 11-16 fungicide applications with no significant effect on fruit yield. All three fungicides reduced the severity of disease but their effects varied with the cropping cycle. A significant increase in total yield due to fungicide spraying was observed in one out of three experiments.     

Powdery mildew of mango: A review of ecology,biology, epidemiology and management

Powdery mildew of mango, incited by the fungus Pseudoidium anacardii (F. Noack) U. Braun & R.T.A. Cook 2012 (formerly known as Oidium mangiferae Berthet), is one of the most common, widespread and serious diseases throughout the world and causes significant yield losses. Symptomatology, biology, and etiology of powdery mildew and its control through fungicides have not been widely studied, and substantial information is still required on the inoculum potential, growth models and epidemiological parameters of powdery mildew, influence of changing climate, impact of extensive use of fungicides and disease resistance. These critical factors may influence the development and emergence of diverse isolates of O. mangiferae including fungicide-resistant strains. Mango varieties differ slightly in their reaction to powdery mildew but a source of resistance has not been identified. In view of the increasing demands of mangoes in the world, control of powdery mildew is gaining importance. The present review treats briefly different aspects of powdery mildew disease with major emphasis on its ecology, pathology, epidemiology and management. Some new approaches such as biological control, integrated management strategies and some other aspects which have not been highlighted in former reviews, are also discussed.     

不同药剂防治水稻稻曲病田间药效试验

为筛选防治水稻稻曲病的高效药剂,同时验证在孕穗末期—破口初期施药对稻曲病的防效,2019—2020年连续2年开展了不同药剂防治水稻稻曲病田间试验。结果表明:19%啶氧·丙环唑SC 70 mL/667 m²、125 g/L氟环唑SC 50 mL/667 m²、40%咪铜·氟环唑SC 30 mL/667 m²、25%噻呋·嘧菌酯SC 40 mL/667 m²平均病指防效分别为89.95%、89.85%、87.05%、85.60%,体现了较高防效;75%肟菌·戊唑醇WG 15 g/667 m²,平均病指防效为81.30%,也有较高防效;而36%丙环·咪鲜胺SC 50 mL/667 m²平均病指防效仅为78.20%,防效稍差。前5种药剂可结合稻瘟病防治,在水稻孕穗末期—破口初期使用,能有效控制水稻稻曲病为害。     

芝麻棒孢叶斑病的发生规律和高效防治药剂的筛选

芝麻棒孢叶斑病是芝麻常发性病害,严重影响着芝麻的产量和品质。为确定芝麻棒孢叶斑病防治的最佳时期,制定有效的药剂防治措施,2017-2019年对黄淮芝麻主产区平舆县的棒孢叶斑病发生情况进行了监测,并测定了16种杀菌剂的室内毒力和田间防效。结果表明,芝麻棒孢叶斑病的发生初期为现蕾期-初花期,病情发展的转折期为初花期-盛花初期(黄淮产区为7月20日-31日,此时田间发病率小于3%或病情指数小于1)。16种供试杀菌剂中己唑醇、咪鲜胺、氟硅唑、戊唑醇、苯醚甲环唑、腐霉利、噻呋酰胺和咯菌腈对芝麻棒孢叶斑病菌的毒力较强,EC₅₀分别为1.5734×10^-4、0.1248、0.7128、1.3922、2.0014、2.7323、5.4327、6.1285 mg/L;噻呋酰胺、己唑醇、嘧菌酯、戊唑醇和苯醚甲环唑的田间防效和增产效果较好,防效分别为67.19%、65.86%、61.17%、60.87%、61.83%,增产率分别为38.96%、36.86%、39.72%、34.96%、38.56%;苯醚甲环唑、己唑醇、嘧菌酯和戊唑醇施药2次的防效和增产效果最佳。综...     

石斛锈病病原初步鉴定及其防治药剂筛选

石斛锈病为齿瓣石斛(Dendrobium devonianum Paxt.)上的一种新病害。通过对锈病病斑的形状、颜色和冬孢子的外观形态进行观察，确定病原为担子菌门冬孢菌纲锈菌目柄锈菌属真菌。对锈病进行田间药剂防治试验，结果表明，43%戊唑醇SC、10%苯醚甲环唑WG、15%三唑酮WP三种药剂对该病防治效果较好，相对防效分别达到81.14%、76.36%和76.33%。     

Local and systemic control of powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) on pepper plants by foliar spray of mono-potassium phosphate

A foliar spray of 1% (w/v) solution of the fertilizer mono-potassium phosphate (MKP) (KH₂PO₄) on the upper surfaces of lower leaves of greenhouse-grown peppers induced local and systemic control against Leveillula taurica, as compared with control plants. This protection was expressed by a reduction in the leaf area covered with sporulating colonies and in conidial production on leaf tissue, 24 or 48 h post-treatment, when MKP was applied on lower leaves of plants that had been exposed to the source of inoculum. Foliar application of MKP, initiated before or after exposure to heavily diseased plants as the source of inoculum, was effective in controlling powdery mildew. Application of MKP efficiently suppressed powdery mildew as expressed by inhibition of the development of new sporulating colonies, as well as the conidial production of the fungus on infected tissue. Microscopic examination indicated destruction of both hyphae and conidial structures on MKP-treated leaves. The efficacy of MKP in controlling powdery mildew on greenhouse-grown plants was compared with a sterol-inhibiting systemic fungicide. Both treatments significantly inhibited powdery mildew as compared with non-treated control plants, although the fungicide-based treatment seemed to be slightly more effective (not significant) in controlling the disease. Phosphate solutions were not phytotoxic to plant tissue and did not affect the yield, as compared with the fungicide treatment. However, a lower yield was recorded for the non-treated control plots because of mildew infection on leaves. These data indicate that MKP spray may be applied as an alternative practice for the control of powdery mildew in peppers.