同时检测樱桃绿环斑驳病毒和桃潜隐花叶类病毒的二聚cRNA探针制备和应用

<正>樱桃绿环斑驳病毒(Cherry green ring mottle virus,CGRMV)和桃潜隐花叶类病毒(Peach latent mosaic viroid,PLMVd)是桃树上的主要病原。在检测中发现,我国桃树病毒多以CGRMV与PLMVd复合侵染为主,侵染率较高。通过分子克隆,串联几个病毒核酸序列合成多聚探针,能同时检测多个病毒和类病毒(Torchetti et al.,2012)。目前尚无关于CGRMV单一探针和同时检测CGRMV与PLMVd二聚探针的报道。本研究通过设计带酶切位点的特异引物制备二聚cRNA探针,以期建立适用于田间果树样品中CGRMV和PLMVd的快速检测技术,为桃树病毒病害的防治提供理论基础。     

我国梅树上病毒及类病毒的检测和鉴定

目前, 我国梅树上的病毒种类及发生情况仍不完全清楚。本研究从北京、武汉、南京和无锡的梅园中采集了64份疑似感染病毒的叶片样品, 通过RT-PCR和斑点杂交, 对7种病毒和2种类病毒进行了检测。共检测到6种病毒和1种类病毒。其中, 李属坏死环斑病毒(prunus necrotic ringspot virus, PNRSV)和桃潜隐花叶类病毒(peach latent mosaic viroid, PLMVd)为我国梅树上的首次检出。PNRSV、亚洲李属病毒2号(Asian prunus virus 2, APV2)、桃叶痘伴随病毒(peach leaf pitting-associated virus, PLPaV)的检出率高于30%。综合考虑病毒的分布及检出率, PLPaV、APV2、PNRSV和李树皮坏死茎痘伴随病毒(plum bark necrosis stem pitting-associated virus, PBNSPaV)是武汉、南京和无锡梅树上的主要病毒。此外, 通过克隆和测序, 获得了PLMVd和梅树病毒A(mume virus A, MuVA)的基因组, PLPaV的RNA1组分和PNRSV外壳蛋白(CP)基因序列。序列比较分析显示, 我国PLMVd梅分离物和PNRSV梅分离物与我国桃分离物亲缘关系最近, 表明PLMVd和PNRSV可能在梅和桃树间交互侵染;我国MuVA梅分离物序列与日本梅分离物序列的相似性高达98.56%;PLPaV梅分离物与我国桃分离物之间序列变异较大。上述结果不仅进一步明确了我国梅树上的病毒及类病毒种类和分布情况, 而且有助于深入了解它们的流行与传播。     

我国部分地区樱桃病毒病害初步调查和病原检测

对山东泰安、辽宁大连和北京的樱桃病毒病发生情况进行调查,发现8个果园/栽培区均有病毒病发生,主要症状为叶片皱缩、畸形、卷叶、花叶、植株矮缩等。采集20份样品,利用12种病毒的引物进行RT-PCR检测。结果表明,在样品中扩增出与樱桃病毒A(Cherry virus A,CVA)、李属坏死环斑病毒(Prunus necrotic ringspot virus,PNRSV),李矮缩病毒(Prune dwarf virus,PDV)、李树皮坏死与茎痘伴随病毒(Plum bark necrosis stem pitting-associated virus,PBNSPaV)、樱桃绿环斑驳病毒(Cherry green ring mottle virus,CGRMV)、樱桃小果病毒-1(Little cherry virus-1,LChV-1)预期大小一致的目的片段;序列分析表明,与GenBank中注册所测的病毒核苷酸序列均具有较高的一致性。其中,大连、泰安和北京样品均检测到CVA;大连和北京样品中检测到PNRSV和PDV;北京样品中检测到PBNSPaV;大连苗木样品枝条中检测到CGRMV和LChV-1。这是在我国樱桃上首次检测到LChV-1。     

苹果茎痘病毒双重RT-PCR检测体系的建立及应用

<正>病毒病是危害苹果(Malus domestica)的一类重要病害。已报道的苹果病毒种类很多,在我国发生普遍的主要有苹果褪绿叶斑病毒(Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus,ACLSV)、苹果茎沟病毒(Apple stem grooving virus,ASGV)、苹果茎痘病毒(Apple stem pitting virus,ASPV)、苹果花叶病毒(Apple mosaic virus,ApM V)以及苹果锈果类病毒(Apple scar skid viroid,ASSVd)~([1～3])。病毒或类病毒混合     

捷克首次报道杏假褪绿叶斑病毒侵染李树

杏假褪绿叶斑病毒(Apricot pseudo-chlorotic leaf spot virus,APCLSV)属于弯曲状病毒科、发状病毒属,是一种目前仍然了解不多的新病毒。该病毒与苹果褪绿叶斑病毒(Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus,ACLSV)具有很近的亲缘关系,主要侵染李属的核果类果树。目前已在意大利、西班牙、法国、匈牙利、土耳其、约旦和     

福建三明地区柑橘病毒类病原种类的鉴定及检测

为了明确福建省三明地区柑橘病毒类病原(病毒和类病毒)种类,利用RT-PCR技术对其进行了鉴定和检测,并对其检出率进行了分析。结果表明,从207份柑橘叶片样品中检出柑橘衰退病毒(citrus tristeza virus, CTV)、柑橘黄化脉明病毒(citrus yellow vein clearing virus, CYVCV)、柑橘叶斑驳病毒(citrus leaf blotch virus, CLBV)和蚜虫致死麻痹病毒(aphid lethal paralysis virus, ALPV)等4种病毒以及柑橘曲叶类病毒(citrus bent leaf viroid, CBLVd)、啤酒花矮化类病毒(hop stunt viroid, HSVd)、柑橘矮化类病毒(citrus dwarfing viroid, CDVd)、柑橘类病毒Ⅴ(citrus viroidⅤ, CVdⅤ)和柑橘类病毒Ⅵ(citrus viroidⅥ, CVdⅥ)等5种类病毒。其中,CTV、CYVCV、CLBV和ALPV的检出率分别是71.01%、66.67%、0.97%和6.28%,CBLVd、HSVd、C...     

苹果褪绿叶斑病毒辽宁分离物生物学和基因组研究

正苹果褪绿叶斑病毒(Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus,ACLSV)属于乙型线形病毒科(Betaflexiviridae)纤毛病毒属(Trichovirus),基因组为正义单链RNA,含有约7 500个核苷酸,编码3个部分重叠的开放阅读框。目前从Gen Bank数据库可以检索到19个ACLSV分离物的基因组序列。该病毒侵染仁果与核果,如苹果和桃,在苹果栽培种上不引起症状,在特定指示植物上引起症状,如俄罗斯苹     

河南甜樱桃病毒病害调查及病原检测

在河南省郑州市、巩义市、荥阳市、新郑市选择具有代表性的甜樱桃生产园对病毒病发生情况进行调查,采集表现为疑似病毒病症状的样本65份,利用7种病毒引物进行RT-PCR检测。5种病毒检测结果呈阳性,分别是李属坏死环斑病毒(Prunus necrotic ringspot virus,PNRSV)、李矮缩病毒(Prune dwarf virus,PDV)、樱桃绿环斑驳病毒(Cherry green ring mottle virus,CGRMV)、樱桃坏死锈斑病毒(Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus,CNRMV)及樱桃病毒A(Cherry virus A,CVA);序列分析结果表明,5种病毒扩增片段与GenBank中注册的相应病毒核苷酸序列均具有较高的一致性;样本病毒检出率为100%,其中13份样本为单独侵染,其余52份样本均为多病毒复合侵染,占比高达80%,复合侵染比例随着侵染病毒种类的增多逐渐降低;病毒侵染组合与叶片表型症状无明显对应关系。     

来源于砂梨和桃的苹果褪绿叶斑病毒分离物部分CP基因和3′端非翻译区的序列分析

 苹果褪绿叶斑病毒（Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus, ACLSV）是引起果树病害的一种重要病毒。ACLSV寄主范围广、发生较普遍,可侵染苹果、梨等仁果类果树和桃、扁桃、李、樱桃、杏等核果类果树,据报道我国梨产区感染ACLSV达80%以上。ACLSV引起植物症状的类型与寄主种类、病毒株系有关。ACLSV为线形病毒科（Betaflexiviridae）、纤毛病毒属（Trichovirus）的代表成员^［1］。ACLSV的CP相对比较保守,研究表明不同的ACLSV分离物的CP基因具有序列多样性,存在分子变异^［2～5］,CP基因分子特性的研究可为ACLSV株系划分提供依据。来源于欧洲、亚洲和北美的桃、李等核果类果树,以及苹果寄主上的ACLSV分离物的分子变异报道较多^［2,3,5］,来源于梨寄主上的ACLSV分子变异研究较少^［4,5］。     

山西苹果褪绿叶斑病毒的分布及遗传多样性分析

苹果褪绿叶斑病毒Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) 是侵染苹果的主要潜隐性病毒之一, 在我国苹果植株上发生普遍, 严重威胁我国苹果的品质与产量。本研究从山西省12个苹果主产区随机采集360份表现褪绿和斑驳等症状的苹果叶片作为研究样本, 通过RT-PCR检测, 360份样本中有209份样本为ACLSV阳性, 对209份阳性样本的外壳蛋白(coat protein, CP)基因进行分离、测序、克隆, 得到12个新的ACLSV分离物(分别命名为 Shanxi 1~Shanxi 12)。选择17个来自不同国家的分离物与12个新的ACLSV分离物在核苷酸和氨基酸层面上进行序列一致性和系统发育分析。结果显示, 29个ACLSV分离物被划分为2个不同进化群体。进一步对2个不同ACLSV群体进行选择压分析和中性检验, 结果表明, 组Ⅰ与组Ⅱ的ACLSV群体之间存在明显的遗传差异, 其中负向选择可能是ACLSV遗传变异的原因之一。本研究较全面地分析了ACLSV的发生、危害, 并对山西苹果的ACLSV分离物进行了遗传结构分析, 为山西苹果褪绿叶斑病毒病的防治提供了理论指导。     

A preliminary account of the sanitary status of stone-fruit trees in Morocco

Field surveys were carried out in the main stone-fruit growing areas of Morocco to evaluate the sanitary status of commercial orchards, varietal collections and nurseries. The presence of virus and virus-like diseases was checked by ELISA, sap transmission to herbaceous hosts, testing on woody indicators and molecular hybridization (dot-blot and tissue-printing). 1211 samples (382 almond, 339 peach, 291 plum, 150 apricot and 49 cherry) were tested by ELISA for the presence of Prunus necrotic ring spot virus (PNRSV), Prune dwarf virus (PDV), Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), Apple mosaic virus (ApMV) and Plum pox virus (PPV). The overall average of virus infection rate was 16.4%, whereas that of single species was: 22.6% for almond, 17.8% for plum, 15% for peach, 10.2% for cherry, and 2.7% for apricot. The following viruses were detected: PNRSV, PDV, ACLSV and ApMV. 565 samples were tested by dot-blot and tissue-printing hybridization for the presence of Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd) and Hop stunt viroid (HSVd). 48 samples were infected, 41 by PLMVd and 7 by HSVd. In addition, nested-PCR tests identified Plum bark necrosis and stem-pitting associated virus (PBNSPaV) in a few almond trees affected by stem pitting.     

Viruses and viroids of stone fruits in Jordan

Field surveys were carried out in the main stonefruit-growing areas of Jordan to assess the sanitary status of varietal collections, mother plant blocks and commercial orchards. The presence of virus and virus-like diseases was determined by ELISA, sap transmission to herbaceous hosts, graft transmission to Prunus persica cv. GF 305 and P. serrulata cv. Kwanzan, and molecular hybridization tests. A total of 1312 samples was tested by ELISA (531 peach, 361 plum, 218 apricot, 135 almond and 67 cherry trees). The overall mean level of infection was about 14%, indicating an acceptable sanitary status as a whole, considering that no sanitary selection has ever been carried out in Jordan. The infection level of different species was: peach (18%), cherry (15%), almond (14%), apricot (11%) and plum (10%). The following viruses and viroids were identified: Plum pox potyvirus (PPV), Prunus necrotic ringspot ilarvirus (PNRSV), Prune dwarf ilarvirus (PDV), Apple mosaic ilarvirus (ApMV), Apple chlorotic leaf spot trichovirus (ACLSV), Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) and Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd). Most of these agents (ApMV, ACLSV, PLMVd and HSVd) are reported for the first time from Jordan.     

A survey of peach viruses in Lebanon

Field surveys were carried out in the main peach-growing areas of Lebanon to assess the presence and distribution of viruses and viroids in commercial orchards. Field inspections were made in spring and summer 2000 to observe symptoms of virus and viroid diseases respectively. In total, 950 trees in 95 commercial plantings from three different regions of Lebanon (Bekaa Valley, Mount Lebanon and north Lebanon) were surveyed and sampled. Immunoenzymatic tests (DAS-ELISA) were used to ascertain the presence of the following: Prunus necrotic ring spot ilarvirus (PNRSV), Prune dwarf ilarvirus (PDV), Apple mosaic ilarvirus (ApMV), Apple chlorotic leaf spot trichovirus (ACLSV), Plum pox potyvirus (PPV), Tomato ringspot nepovirus (ToRSV) and Strawberry latent ringspot nepovirus (SLRSV). Peach latent mosaic pelamoviroid (PLMVd) and Hop stunt hostuviroid (HSVd) were identified by molecular hybridization. About 25% of the tested samples were infected by one or more viruses. In particular, the prevailing virus was PNRSV (61.2% of infection), followed by ACLSV (27.1%), PDV (22.4%) and ApMV (2.1%). Mixed infections were about 13%. ToRSV, SLRSV and PPV were not found. HSVd was apparently absent, whereas PLMVd was identified in 34% of the samples examined. This viroid prevailed in certain areas of Mount Lebanon in both native and foreign cultivars.     

Sanitary status of stone-fruit trees in East Anatolia (Turkey) with particular reference to apricot

Field surveys were carried out in the main stone-fruit-growing areas of East Anatolia (Turkey) to assess the sanitary status of varietal collections, mother blocks and commercial orchards. The presence of virus and virus-like diseases was ascertained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), sap transmission to herbaceous hosts, graft transmission to peach cv. GF305 and molecular hybridization tests. A total of 1019 samples was tested by ELISA (859 apricot, 120 cherry, 21 almond and 19 peach). The sanitary status of apricot was extremely satisfactory, as the infection level was less than 0.3%. Cherry and almond, however, showed 21% and 33% infection respectively. The viruses identified were apple chlorotic leaf spot trichovirus (ACLSV), prune dwarf ilarvirus (PDV) and prunus necrotic ringspot ilarvirus (PNRSV). The commonest virus was PDV. Plum pox potyvirus (PPV), apple mosaic ilarvirus (ApMV) and the nepoviruses tomato black ring (TBRV), raspberry ringspot (RpRSV), strawberry latent ringspot (SLRV), cherry leaf roll (CLRV), arabis mosaic (ArMV) and tomato ringspot (ToRSV) were not encountered. Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd) and hop stunt viroid (HSVd) were not detected either.     

Simultaneous detection of eight viruses and two viroids affecting stone fruit trees by using a unique polyprobe

The use of riboprobes carrying partial sequences of different plant viruses or viroids fused in tandem, has permitted the simultaneous detection of up to six different pathogens using a non-radioactive molecular hybridization procedure. In the present report, we describe the development of a unique polyprobe (poly10) with the capacity to detect viruses and viroids commonly found infecting fruit trees. The poly10 covers eight viruses: Apple mosaic virus (ApMV), Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV), Prune dwarf virus (PDV), American plum line pattern (APLPV), Plum pox virus (PPV), Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), Apricot latent virus (ApLV), Plum bark necrosis and stem pitting-associated virus (PBNSPaV) and two viroids: Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) and Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd). Poly10 is comparable to the individual riboprobes in terms of end-point dilution limit and specificity, allowing the detection of up to 2.5 picograms of viral or viroidal RNA. However, the polyprobe requires a hybridization temperature of 60°C instead of the standard 68°C. The validation of the new simultaneous detection strategy was confirmed by the analysis of 60 field samples, which came from seven different hosts. The use of the polyprobe as an alternative to other routinely used detection methods is discussed.     

Viruses and viroids of stone fruits in Syria

Field surveys were carried out in the main stone fruit-growing areas of Syria to evaluate the sanitary status of mother blocks, varietal collections and commercial orchards. The presence of virus and virus-like diseases was checked by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), sap transmission to herbaceous hosts, testing on the woody indicators Prunus persica cv. GF 305 and Prunus serrulata cv. Kwanzan and dot-blot hybridization tests. A total of 1337 samples was tested by ELISA (444 apricot, 283 peach, 246 cherry, 222 almond and 142 plum). The overall mean infection rate was 13%, and the percentage infection level of single species was: peach 24%, cherry 16%, almond 13.5%, apricot 6%, plum 5%. The following viruses and viroids were detected: PNRSV, PDV, ACLSV, PPV, ApMV, PLMVd and HSVd ¹ .     

Incidence and genetic diversity of Peach latent mosaic viroid and Hop stunt viroid in stone fruits in Serbia

Tissue-imprint hybridization (TIH) assay was validated for large-scale detection of Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd) and Hop stunt viroid (HSVd). All 72 collected leaves (100%) from 2 PLMVd- and 2 HSVd-infected trees were positive in TIH, regardless of the geographic orientation of the scaffold, level of the canopy and position of the leaf in the shoot. In a large-scale survey in Serbia, we tested by TIH 871 trees of stone fruits, representing 602 cultivars from fruit collections in Belgrade, Čačak and Novi Sad. PLMVd was detected in 185 (50%) peach trees or 95 (54%) cultivars and HSVd in 2 apricot trees and cultivars (2%). The occurrence of HSVd is a new report for Serbia. No viroid infection was found in European plums, sweet cherries, sour cherries and wild Prunus spp. PLMVd-infected peach cultivars originated from the world’s main breeding centres of this crop. Western European and Asian cultivars were the most infected (58%) followed by those originating from North America (50%). Nine PLMVd and two HSVd isolates were sequenced and analyzed. All showed PMLVd sequences clustered together in the previously reported phylogenetic group III. Both HSVd isolates were found to be derived from recombinant events, but that of the cv. Saturn represented a putative new phylogenetic group of HSVd.     

Infectious diseases of almond with special reference to the Mediterranean area 1

The major and most widespread virus-induced disorder of almond is a complex disease called mosaic. The disease is characterized by a variety of symptoms ranging from bright chrome-yellow (calico) to chlorotic discolorations, localized necrosis of the leaf blade, leaf curling, bud failure, fasciations, rosetting, stunting and bushy growth. Three ilarviruses, apple mosaic (ApMV), prune dwarf (PDV) and prunus necrotic ringspot (PNRSV), are associated with almond mosaic throughout the Mediterranean, and are involved to different extents in its aetiology. Apple chlorotic leaf spot trichovirus (ACLSV) may also be present in mosaic-affected plants, and is sometimes associated with a chlorotic leafroll condition. Two epoviruses, tomato ringspot (ToRSV) and tomato black ring (TBRV), have been reported from the USA and Europe as the agents of diseases called yellow bud mosaic and enations, respectively. Plum pox potyvirus (PPV) and another filamentous virus, prunus latent virus (PLV), can also infect almond. Brown line and decline, a putative phytoplasma disease, occurs in California, together with the leaf scorch induced by the xylem-limited bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. A stem pitting lot associated with nepovirus infection and a graft-union necrosis apparently not caused by phytoplasmas have been reported from Italy. Infections by hop stunt viroid (HSVd) were recently reported from Spain.