关于国外农业网站信息的研究

对国外农业网站进行了整体调研,以随机抽取的40个国外农业网站为样本,对网站进行了分类总结,分析了典型网站中的内容、现状和问题,对农业网站发展前景进行了展望。     

我国农业网站运营中的问题及其对策

农业网站是加快农业信息传递和传播的重要载体,针对当前我国农业网站发展的基本现状,分析了农业网站发展中服务定位不清晰、运营效率不高、盈利模式不明确等发展＂瓶颈＂问题,指出农业网站的发展壮大需要通过从明晰网站定位、分离网站所有权与经营权和创新网站盈利模式上来解决,对农业网站形成合理的运营机制,更好地服务＂三农＂,具有重要的借鉴和指导意义。     

农业信息网站的构建与实现

农业网站的建设有其自身的特殊性。针对农业网站建设的现状和实际应用需求,结合在网站建设方面的经验,从网站策划、功能结构、建设流程等方面对农业信息网站建设进行了探讨。     

中国农业网站数量预测及分析

本文建立了中国农业网站数量与国内网站总量预测两个回归模型,通过对比分析和实际分析,提出了"中国农业网站数量呈线性增长模式,国内网站总量呈非线性增长模式"的结论。     

基于角色的访问控制在新疆农科院WEB网站中的应用研究

为了更好地对科研院所网站信息进行维护管理，让不同单位和部门的信息管理人员实现信息的有效管理和即时发布，将基于角色的访问控制方式应用到网站后台用户管理中。通过对网站管理人员的权限需求分析，建立网站用户基于角色的访问控制模型，以此设计网站后台用户管理子系统。解决了不同权限管理者对网站管理的需求，实现了权限管理者对自己本单位网站信息的操作控制管理。满足了不同层次管理人员权限分配的要求。     

甘肃省农业科学院网站数据迁移重建实践与特点

引入了网站群管理理念,基于LA(N)MP的Web平台,改版了甘肃省农业科学院门户网站和所属各研究所、试验站、开发实体子站和各处室网页,整合了各地州市农业科学院(所)网站,实现了统一智能化管理、数据迁移、网站重建和集中存储。重建后的网站可靠、实用、安全、扩展性强,大大推进了甘肃省农业科技信息化建设进程。     

农业网站评价方法与评价指标体系研究

互联网技术的迅速发展推动了科技的进步与信息的迅速传播,农业网站利用现代技术服务＂三农＂、推动产业升级,是现代农业发展的重要体现和重要标志。通过对当前农业网站建设情况的分析,结合农业行业特点,总结了开展农业网站评价的方法与原则,提出了一套适合农业网站的评价指标体系,为农业网站建设提供参考。     

发挥农业网站优势促进佛山都市农业可持续发展

比较分析了国内外农业网站建设的成功经验,论述了农业网站在现代农业发展中的作用,全面阐述了目前佛山农业网站的建设现状,提出了佛山农业网站可持续发展的措施。     

教学网站的研究与建设

本文主要探讨了教学网站的建设意义、教学网站设计的基本要求,并通过教学网站建设实践介绍了教学网站的主要内容构成。     

网站制作流程与设计技巧

本文首先将网站建构的基本流程概括为五个阶段,并分别对其进行了介绍。然后从网站的整体风格、色彩搭配和布局规划角度出发,阐述了网站设计涉及的一些技巧。     

不同尺度域的侵蚀模数

概述了点、地块、坡面、流域、区域等不同尺度域侵蚀模数的物理概念和数学表达式,分析了其相关关系;介绍了不同尺度域侵蚀模数的测定和计算模型,对今后侵蚀产沙的监测研究工作提出了建议。     

土壤环境质量指导值与标准研究Ⅳ.保护人体健康的土壤苯并[a]芘的临界浓度

：基于人体健康风险评估制定土壤环境质量指导值或标准是当前国际上广泛采用的方法.本文全面调研了国际上保护人体健康的土壤苯并[a]芘（B[a]P）的各类临界浓度,初步确定了量化土壤中B[a]P暴露剂量的暴露场景和暴露参数,率先提出了制定我国土壤中保护人体健康的B[a]P临界浓度的方法体系,这种方法可用来制定持久性有机污染物的土壤临界浓度.考虑了口腔摄入、皮肤接触、呼吸摄入和取食污染蔬菜摄入四个主要暴露途径,探讨了B[a]P的致癌风险水平为10-5或10-6时,农业用地、居住用地和工业用地方式下土壤中B[a]P的临界浓度,同时制定了保护地下水的土壤B[a]P的临界浓度.     

家畜和畜产品可追溯系统研究进展

阐述了构建家畜和畜产品可追溯系统对于食品安全和国际贸易的重要性和必要性,介绍家畜和畜产品可追溯系统的构成和特点,比较不同类型的畜体标识方法,归纳可追溯系统所涉及的信息网络等技术,回顾发达国家和地区可追溯制度建设和可追溯系统的实施情况,指出制约可追溯系统应用的主要问题。以及介绍中国进行可追溯系统试点研究的进展,提出家畜标识制作的新工艺与新方法,指出可追溯系统的发展方向和趋势,为建立适合中国国情的家畜和畜产品可追溯系统提供参考。     

Spatial interpolation of soil hydraulic properties and simulated rice yield

Abstract. Simulated estimates of crop yield were made for rainfed rice in a 50 ha dryland rice area. The aim was to investigate how soil units and management units of different sizes with different yields could be used to obtain values for areas of land. Two procedures were applied. First, yields were simulated at six sites, that were representative of six soil mapping units. Second, yields were simulated using soil information from 133 auger sites, and were interpolated over management units using block kriging. Differences between the two procedures for the total area and for a test set of 22 additionally sampled locations were small. A 60% increase in precision was achieved when relatively large management units were defined.
A Geographical Information System was used to identify areas with greatest yield potential for rainfed dryland rice. Statistical analysis showed that the six soil units could be grouped into three yield classes. The largest yields were obtained for a sub-area comprising 11% of the survey area which was associated with a slowly permeable Bg horizon in the soil profile.
It was concluded that the best procedure for the spatial interpolation of simulated rice yield should be based on preliminary simulation of crop yields. A sensitivity analysis of the impact of weather variability and soil heterogeneity on the variation of yield was useful to detect the importance of their contributions. The procedures developed in this study are of value in obtaining a reliable estimate of average yield, and can consequently be used for associated cost-benefit calculations.     

Comparison of the effect of Cow manure,Vermicompost, and Azolla on safflower growth in a saline-sodic soil

ABSTRACT

Soil salinity and sodicity are two important factors in land degradation, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Application of soil amendments, such as organic matter, can be a suitable method for improving the fertility of saline-sodic soils. In this research, a saline-sodic soil was chosen, mixed with three levels of 1%, 3%, and 5% (weight) of Cow manure, Vermicompost, and Azolla, and incubated for 5 months at field capacity and a temperature of 20°C. Then, safflower seeds were planted and treatments were placed in a greenhouse for two months. After this period, plant indices were measured. The results showed that the addition of treatments caused differences in safflower growth in comparison to the control treatment. The noted differences were mostly negative for the treatment of cow manure, they were negligible for Azolla, and were positive for Vermicompost. Vermicompost applied at 5% level provided the most suitable substrate for safflower growth in saline-sodic soil.     

不同氮水平下玉米苗期根系形态和氮吸收量的 QTL 定位

【目的】玉米的根系形态与氮素吸收能力关系密切,利用单片段代换群体对玉米苗期根系形态相关性状和植株氮吸收量进行 QTL 定位,可为进一步精细定位并克隆控制玉米低氮下优异根系形态和氮吸收的主效 QTL 奠定基础。【方法】以氮效率差异显著的两亲本许 178 和综 3 构建的 150 个玉米单片段代换系 (SSSL) 群体作为研究材料,进行水培试验。以 Ca (NO₃)₂ 作为氮源,设置高氮 (4 mmol/L NO₃– )和低氮 (0.05 mmol/L NO₃– ) 两个处理,培养 20 d 后分根、冠收获植株,测定生物量和氮含量。通过 WinRHIZO 根系分析系统获得根系的总根长、根表面积、根体积、根直径和根尖数等指标。根据代换系与亲本许 178 表型值的 T-test 结果,利用该群体 SSR 遗传连锁图谱,在 P ≤ 0.001 条件下定位所调查性状的 QTL。【结果】高氮条件下 SSSL 群体除了根直径与总根长和根尖数没有显著相关性以外,其它各性状之间均显著或极显著正相关,并且植株氮吸收量也与根系各性状呈显著或极显著正相关;低氮条件下,除了根直径以外,植株氮吸收量与其他根系性状均呈极显著正相关,并且地上部和根部氮累积量均与根表面积的相关性最大。在高氮条件下共检测到 102 个 QTL 位点,包括 40 个根形态相关 QTL、34 个植株生物量 QTL 和 28 个氮吸收量 QTL;在低氮条件下共检测到 85 个 QTL 位点,包括 47 个根形态 QTL、22 个植株生物量 QTL 和 16 个氮吸收量 QTL。所检测到的根形态相关 QTL 与生物量和氮积累量 QTL 成簇存在,同一 QTL 区间多同时检测到根形态 QTL 和氮吸收量 QTL。高氮条件下,在代换系 1428、1376、1282、1266 和 1473 的代换区间上检测到高氮特异的 QTL 簇,同时包括多个根形态和氮吸收量 QTL,贡献率从–43% 到 84%。低氮下,在代换系 1419 和 1314 的代换区间上同时检测到低氮特异的多个根形态和氮吸收量 QTL,贡献率从–32% 到 55%。【结论】单片段代换系 1419 和 1314 所包含的代换片段 bnlg182—bnlg2295 和 umc1013—umc2047 检测到多个低氮特异的 QTL,并且这两个区间在前人的研究中均有玉米氮效率相关 QTL 检测到,说明该区间包含有玉米根系形态和氮吸收量的主效 QTL,在玉米氮高效吸收中可能起重要作用。     

A method of preparing mesocosms for assessing complex biotic processes in soils

Equipment and handling methods for the preparation of soil mesocosms were developed. The mesocosms were used to investigate the interrelationships between mesofauna and microflora in a coniferous forest soil. Soil monoliths were taken from the ground, defaunated by deep-freezing, wrapped in nets to control reimmigration of different faunal size-classes, and replanted in the field for 8 months. in a practical test the technique described here proved to be an inexpensive field method for producing a replicated series of mesocosm in a short time. Deep-freezing is appropriate for defaunating soil monoliths. The fine nets effectively exluded meso-and macrofauna. No significant differences were found in the abundance of Enchytraeids and Collembola between recolonized mesocosms and the undisturbed control at the end of the study period. In contrast, oribatid mite abundace was still greatly reduced in the recolonized esocosms. Dominance structure and species composition of the more dominant oribatid species in the different treatments were apparently similar. To compensate for the low colonization ability of oribatids, a reintroduction of selected animal size-classes to defaunated monoliths is recommended.     

Toxicity interaction of metals (Ag, Cu, Hg, Zn) to urease and dehydrogenase activities in soils

A study of the individual and mixture toxicities of the trace metals Ag, Cu, Hg, Zn to the soil enzymes dehydrogenase and urease was undertaken. An agricultural soil and a sandy forest soil were spiked with metal salts, individually and in combinations. The anion additions to the various treatments and controls were normalized for added anions using Ca salts. The soils were then left to equilibrate and leached to reduce the excess metals and anions. Total and dissolved metal concentrations were measured concurrently in order to consider the effect of soil chemistry on the enzyme activities. Dose-response relationships for total soil metals and soil solution metals were estimated for each metal separately following a log-logistic curve fitting. Ag and Hg were the most efficient metals to reduce soil enzyme activities. The Bliss independence model was used to predict the toxicity of metal combinations. The enzyme responses in relation to the total soil metal combinations were synergistic for the agricultural soil and antagonistic for the forest soil; possibly as a result of a higher organic matter content and higher pH in the latter soil. Enzyme activities expressed in relation to the dissolved metal concentrations were more variable than against the total metal contents and consequently we observed both synergistic and antagonistic interactions.     

思茅松中幼龄人工林的生物量碳密度及其动态变化

 通过样地实测生物量和采用重铬酸钾法测定植物碳索含量,研究了思茅松中幼龄人工林生物量碳密度的分配特征及随林龄的动态变化规律。结果表明：1)林龄为3-5、6-10、11 -20和21 -30 a思茅松人工林的生物量碳密度分别为（20.15 ±3.09)、(27. 24 ±2.25)、（94. 89 ±9. 90)和147. 58 t/hm2。随林齡增长,乔木层、枯落物层和林分的碳密度显著增加,灌木层和草本层的碳密度有所减少。林分、乔木层和枯落物层的生物量碳密度随林龄的变化用逻辑斯蒂模型可实现良好拟合,而灌木层和草本层拟合效果差。2)林龄为3-5、6-10、11 -20和263思茅松人工林的年均固碳量分别为（4. 92 ±0.63)、（3. 52 ±0.25〉、（6. 44 ±0.30)和5. 68 t/(hm2·a)0乔木层的年均固碳量与林龄存在显著正相关,灌木层和草本层的年均固碳请与林龄存在显著负相关,林分年均固碳量与林龄呈较弱的正相关。乔木层和草本层的年均固碳量与林龄的关系以逻辑斯蒂模型拟合效果较好,灌木层年均固碳量和林龄关系以Gauss模型拟合效果较好,林分的年均固碳量与林龄的拟合效果差。     

RAPD-based Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Selection of Lingonberry (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vaccinium vitis-idaea</Emphasis> L.) Material for <Emphasis Type="Italic">ex situ</Emphasis> Conservation

Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers were used to assess relatedness and genetic diversity for 15 lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) populations. Seven primers yielding 59 polymorphic bands were used to analyse 13 populations, representing ssp. vitis-idaea from Sweden, Finland, Norway, Estonia and Russia, and two populations, representing ssp. minus from Japan and Canada. A cluster analysis and a multidimensional scaling analysis (MDS) showed similar phenetic patterns among populations, with a pronounced geographic grouping in most cases. Significant correlations were obtained between geographic and genetic distances for the entire set of populations as well as for the 13 ssp. vitis-idaea populations. Mean within-population diversity was 0.206 when estimated with Lynch and Milligan's index, and 0.431 when estimated with Shannon's index, which is in agreement with the mixed mating system reported for lingonberry. Within-population variability accounted for 68.6% of the total variance when all populations were included, and for 78.8% when only populations of ssp. vitis-idaea were analysed. Two different approaches were applied to the selection of plant material for a potential gene bank: (1) a hierarchical sampling strategy based on a cluster analysis and (2) the Maximum genetic diversity program, developed for the establishment of core collections. Random sampling was undertaken for comparisons with the selected data sets. The most diverse and representative set of lingonberry specimens was obtained when samples were selected with the Maximum diversity program.