TRANSLOCATION AND PERSISTENCE OF 2,4-D IN POPULUS TREMULA L.

Summary. Treatment of aspen ( Populus tremula L.) with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), using a leaf spray, basal bark spray or a stem injection method of application, resulted in some reduction of stump regrowth although downward translocation of 2,4-D was slight. Persistence of 2,4-D in dead leaf tissue and in woody tissue near the injection sites was observed. This persistence could in certain circumstances be noted 6 years after treatment.
Migration et persistance du 2,4-D chez Populus tremula L.     

THE EFFECTS OF PICLORAM AND 2,4-D ON PLANT CELL MEMBRANES

Summary. The herbicide Tordon 50D (picloram + 2,4–D) caused severe shrinkage of the protoplasts of all cells of Pinus radiata needle segments within 24 h of treatment. Measurements of the resistance of these tissues to low-frequency and to high-frequency electrical currents showed a loss in the integrity of the plasmalemma within 4–8 h of treatment. Tordon 22K (picloram) had no such effects. The results with Tordon 50D could be attributed solely to the 2,4-D content.
Both Tordon 50D and Tordon 22K disrupted chloroplast structure in leaf discs, and the integrity of cell membranes in stem tips, of Eucalyptus viminalis.     

THE ADSORPTIVE BEHAVIOUR OF ACID AND ESTER FORMS OF 2,4-D ON SOILS

Summary. The adsorption of acid, n-butyl, and iso-octyl ester forms of 2,4-D (2,4- dichloiophenoxyacetic acid) was studied for several Canadian prairie soils. The k values for the acid ranged from 0·09 to 1·30 and were correlated to the soil organic matter and not to the clay content. The Q , values (μg adsorbed/g of organic matter) for the acid were 7–2±l. The n-butyl and the iso-octyl esters hydrolysed to the acid form in the aqueous medium and this process was accelerated in the presence of the moist soil. Consequently, the k values for the esters, using slurry type adsorption experiments, or their distribution coefficients, using leaching columns, could not be determined. It was concluded that the adsorptive behavior of the two esters in moist soil was similar to that of the acid form.
Comportement des formes actde, et ester du 2,4-D quant à leur adsorption dans tes sols     

变温变湿对智利小植绥螨发育和存活的影响

在北京一般温室中,24小时内温湿度变化很大。在日平均16.0℃,72％RH(昼夜变化范围:23.5—11.5℃,36—95％RH)的温室条件下,雌雄智利小植绥螨的发育历期均为11天左右。雌成螨产卵前期为2.8天。在26℃恒温中,每天12小时以下经低湿(30％RH)处理,对卵和幼螨的存活无明显影响;E70—75％RH的恒湿中,卵和幼螨可耐每天16小时以下的35℃高温,但在40℃中则不能存活。试验结果指出,在北京一般温室中,短时间的高温低湿对植绥螨没有明显的不利影响。     

THE REACTION OF TRIFOLIUM REPENS (L.) IN GRASSLAND TO 2,4-D, MCPA AND MIXTURES OF 2,4-D AND MCPB

Summary. Eight experiments were carried out on a range of pasture lypes under different management and in different years to lest the reaction of white clover ( Trifolium repens in grasstand to doses of up to 4 lb/ac of the herbicides MCPA-sodium or-potassium and 2,4-D-amine. The initial effect of the treatments was to reduce the amount of dover in the sward, the size of the reduction varying greatly from field to field for any one dose. In general, the higher the dose, the more severe was the depression of the clover 1 month after spraying. Both herbicides at 2 and 4 lb/ac caused substantial depressions on some of the fields. The growth of the treated clover was examined during the year following spraying. The ability of the clover to recover from the initial depression varied considerably in the different fields; on some, recovery started in the year of spraying and on others in the following year. Quick recovery was usually associated with a high initial resistance but there were fields in which the clover showed contrasting rates of recovery following similar depressions. The experiments produced no clear-cut evidence as to why the initial resistance and speed of recovery varied in different fields. In one experiment the effects of MCPB-sodium and 2,4-D-amine on white clover were compared separately and in a series of mixtures. An examination made 6 weeks after spraying showed that MCPB at up to 8 lb/ac had no significant effect on the clover, whereas 2,4-D at 1 lb/ac caused a 22% reduction. Mixtures containing up to 0.37 lb 2,4-D and up to 6 lb MCPB caused no reduction while those containing 0.75 lb 2,4-D and 4 lb MCPB were not significantly different from 1 lb 2,4-D alone.
Reaction de Trifolium repens (L.) en prairie au 2,4-D, au MCPA, et aux mélanges de1, 2,4-D et de MCPB     

EFFECT OF 2,4-D AND PICLORAM ON TRANSLOCATION OF 14C-ASSIMILATES IN VITIS VINIEERA L.

Summary. High concentrations of 2,4-D and picloram interfered with the downward movement of ¹⁴c-assimilates infield-grown vines. The interference in translocation was appreciably greater with picloram than it was with 2,4-D, Although basipetal translocation was retarded, translocation within the treated shoots continued from the vegetative part to the clusters. Translocation of 2,4-D appeared to follow the same route as ¹⁴c-assimilatcs for the most part. Formative effects were absent on untreated grape shoots although the adjacent shoots treated with 2,4-D or picloram on the same cordons were killed; however, formative effects were evident on some of the stump sprouts which developed after the vines were harvested. The malformed leaves on the stump sprouts were twelve or more nodes from the base of the shoots, while ¹⁴c was in the more basal leaves.
Thompson Seedless (Sultanina) rootings treated with 20 000 ppm 2,4-D or picloram transported less ¹⁴C to the roots than did the controls. Treatment with either herbicide resulted in a marked increase in the labelling of the stems.
Effet du 2,4-D et du pichlorame sur la migration de métabolites marqués au ¹⁴C dans Vitis vinifera L.     

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND SOIL TYPE ON THE PHYTOTOXICITY OF TRIFLURALIN

Summary. Wheat, oats, and green foxtail were grown at day-night temperatures of 32–16, 27–16, or 16–16°C in the growth chamber. The caryopses were planted at depths of 2·5 or 6·3 cm, and trifluralin was incorporated in the surface 5 cm of soil. The results indicated that the phytotoxicity of trifluralin was somewhat greater when plants were grown at day-night temperatures of 32–16°C than at a temperature regime of 16–16°C. A further study in the greenhouse indicated that the phytotoxicity of trifluralin was dependant upon soil properties. In general, the toxicity of trifluralin to both wheat and green foxtail appeared to decrease with an increase in the organic matter content of the soil.
Effets de la température et de la nature du sol sur la phytotoxicité de la trifluraline     

THE PERSISTENCE AND MOVEMENT OF FLUORODIFEN IN SOILS AND PLANTS

Summary. Miller clay and Lufkin sandy loam soils were treated with fluorodifen (4-nitrophenyl 2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl ether) at 3–4 and 5 kg/ha. The disappearance was monitored using electron-capture gas chromatography. Less than 10% of the herbicide remained 6 months after application. Persistence was increased by incorporation in the loam but not in the clay soil. Little leaching was detected in either soil. Fluorodifen was applied to both roots and leaves of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), grain sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea L.). The herbicide was absorbed by the treated tissue, but limited trans-location into other plant parts was detected by gas chromatography, autoradiography and liquid scintillation spectrometry. Following root application, higher concentrations of fluorodifen were found in the lower stems of morning glory and grain sorghum than in other species. La persistance et la migration du fluorodifene dans divers sols et plantes Résumé. De I'argile de Miller et des sols sablo-limoneux de Lufkin ont été traités avec du fluorodiféne (4-nitrophényl 2-nitro-4-trifluorométhylphényl éther) à 3, 4 et 5 kg/ha. La degradation a été suivie en utilisant la chromatographic en phase gazcuse avec détecteur à capture d'électrons. Aprés 6 mois d'application il ne fut détecté que moins de 10% de l'herbicide. La persistance fut accrue par l'incorporation dans le sol limoneux mais non dans le sol argileux; il ne fut mis en évidence qu'un faible lessivage dans les deux sols. Le fluorodifene fut appliquéà la fois sur les racines et sur les feuilles du soja (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), le sorgho à grains (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), l'arachide (Arachis hypogaea L.) et le volubilis (Ipomoea purpurea L.). L'herbicide fut absorbs par les tissus traites, mais il ne fut décelé qu'une migration limitée dans les autres parties de la plante, au moyen de la chromatographie en phase gazeuse, de l'autoradiographie, et de la spectrométrie à scintillation liquide. A la suite d'application par les racines, les concentrations de fluorodifene constatées dans les tiges basses du volubilis et dans le sorgho à grain furent supérieures à celles trouvées dans les autres espéces. Persistenz und Translokation von Fluorodifen in Böden und Pflanzen Zusammenfassung. Miller-Ton und Lufkin-Lehmboden wurden mit 3,5 und 5 kg/ha Fluorodifen (4-NitrGphenyl 2-nitro-4-trifluoromethyIphenylather) behandelt. Der Verlust der Aktivsubstanz wurde mit Hilfe der Elektroneneinfang-Gaschromatographic bestimmt. Sechs Monate nach der Behandlung waren weniger als 10% der ursprünglich ausgebrachten Aktivsubstanz noch nachweisbar. Die Persistenz war im Lehmboden, nicht jedoch im Tonboden, durch Inkorporation erhöht; in keinem Boden war nennens-werte Einwaschung zu beobachten. Fluorodifen wurde bei Sojabohnen (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), Körner-Hirse (Sorghum vulgare Pers.), Erdnuss (Arachis hypogaea L.) und Ipomoea purpurea L. sowohl über das Blatt als auch über die Wurzel angewandt. Das Herbizid wurde in das brhandelte Gewebe aufgenommen. Es erfolgte jedoch nur cine geringe Translokation in andere Pflanzenteile, wie die Untersuchung mit Hilfe der Gaschromatographic, Autoradio-graphic und Flüssigkeits-Scintiliations-Spectrometrie ergab. Nach Wurzelapplikation wurden in den unteren Sprossteilen von Ipomoea purpurea und Sorghum vulgare grössere Fluorodifen-Konzentrationen gefunden als bei den anderen Arten.     

THE INFLUENCE OF SIZE OF SPRAY DROPLETS ON THE HERBICIDAL ACTIVITY OF DIQUAT AND PARAQUAT

Summary. Single droplets ranging in size from 250 to 1000 μ diameter and concentrations of diquat and paraquat over the range 0–09–0.75% ion were examined for herbicidal activity. Size of droplet and concentration of herbicide in the droplet were shown to have a marked influence on activity. An increase in droplet size above 250 μ increased herbicidal efficiency. An optimum was reached between 400 and 500 μ while activity fell off with a further increase to 1000 μ.     

EB-82灭蚜菌对蔷薇长管蚜的毒力及温湿度对其的影响

ＥＢ－８２灭蚜菌对蔷薇长管蚜的毒力及温湿度对其的影响马江龙厚茹（中国农科院生物防治研究所,北京１０００８１）ＴＯＸＩＣＩＴＹＯＦＥＢ┐８２ＡＰＨＩＤＩＣＩＤＥＯＮＭＡＣＲＯＳＩＰＨＵＭＲＯＳＡＥＡＮＤＴＨＥＩＮＦＬＵＥＮＣＥＯＦＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥ...     

THE PERSISTENCE AND PENETRATION OF LARGE DOSES OF SIMAZINE IN UNCROPPED SOIL

Summary. The residues remaining in the soil from repeated annual application of simazine at 2–8, 5–6, and 22–4 kg/ha to uncropped plots on a loam soil were measured by chemical or bioassay methods at various intervals after treatment.
The total simazine residue present 12 months after the last of three treatments with 2–8 kg/ha and 8 months after the last of five treatments with 5–6 kg/ha was less than 10% of the annual dose. This rapid decomposition is considered consistent with the soil and climatic conditions. In contrast a much larger residue (a mean value of 1·7 kg/ha) was found on plots sampled 21/2 years after the last of two annual applications of simazine at 22·4 kg/ha and the reduction in the amount of residue during the next 12 months was only of the order of 25%.
In all treatments the highest concentration of simazine was found in the surface layers of the soil but measurable residues were detected to 60 cm depth, 31/2 years after the last 22·4 kg/ha application.
There was considerable variation in the total residues recovered between replicate plots and between different positions on the same plots in all treatments regardless of the depth of the sample. The possible causes of this variation are discussed.
Persistance et pénétration de fortes doses de simazine dans un sol non cultivé     

THE MOVEMENT OF LABELLED 2,4-D IN YOUNG BARLEY PLANTS

Summary. After the 4- or 5-leaf stage in young barley plants, there is a decrease in the translocation of 2,4-D from the leaves to the root system. It is shown that there is no relation between this phenomenon and ear initiation, which occurs at this stage of development. Movement of 2,4-D out of leaves of the tiller in the axils of the 1st and 2nd leaves was also shown to be very small. There is some evidence for a'block'in the movement of 2,4-D in established grass plants.
La migration du 2,4-D marqué dans l'orge     

油类和糖类对绿僵菌孢子萌发的影响

在２３－２４℃及保湿条件下培养２４小时，绿僵菌分生孢子在７种植物油油滴上的萌发率在９６％以上。在４种矿物油中，石蜡油、煤油、柴油萌发率达８６％－９９％，但在润滑油中不能发芽。对１５种碳源上观察结果，赤癣糖、麦芽糖、Ｄ－甘露糖、葡萄糖有促进孢子萌发的作用。     

三种杀真菌剂对金龟子绿僵菌产孢及生长的影响

三种杀真菌剂在一定浓度范围为（氯硝胺在１００×１０￣（－６），孟加拉红在５００×１０￣（－６）和柯赛得在２０００×１０￣（－６）内）对金龟子绿僵菌的菌落形成没有明显影响，而柯赛得（含５０％氢氧化铜）和孟加拉红分别在１００×１０￣（－６）和５００×１０￣（－６）浓度时显著地增加金龟子绿僵菌的产孢量，柯赛得还具有缩短产孢时间的作用。氯硝胺在１～１００×１０￣（－６）浓度范围内，随着浓度增加，对产孢能力和菌落大小的抑制作用加强。柯赛得和孟加拉红随浓度的增加对菌落的抑制作用也有所加强，但没有像氯硝胺的抑制作用那么强。     

THE EFFECTS OF MALEIC HYDRAZIDE AND 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID ON ROADSIDE VEGETATION

Summary. Observations have been made on the effects of maleic hydrazide (MH) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), used singly or as a combined spray, on the vegetation of roadside verges, over a period of 3-4 years (1958-61). Each year, replicate plots were sprayed in spring, and assessments of growth and floristic composition of the vegetation, which was dominated by grasses, were usually made on three occasions. Treatment with MH, used singly, resulted in a general suppression of growth and flowering, particularly of the grasses. Well-marked changes in the composition of the sward were attributable to MH, notably the decline of tufted forms, e.g. Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata , and the rise to dominance of the rhizomatous grasses. These changes were associated with a progressive increase of some dicotyledonous plants, although this was effectively prevented by the combined spray of MH and 2,4-D. Two of the commonest weeds, Anthriscus sylvestris and Heracleum sphondylium , were almost eliminated from plots treated with this combined spray for 3 successive years; a low sward, fairly free from dicotyledons and dominated by Poa rather than Festuca , usually resulted. Treatment with 2,4-D alone, had relatively little effect on growth, flowering and proportion of the different grasses, but there was a reduction in the weed population.
Les effets de l'hydrazide maléique et de l'acide 2,4-dichlorophénoxyacétique sur la végetation au bord d'une route     

脱水休眠对斯氏线虫BJ品系活力的影响

本文报道了脱水休眠对斯氏线虫ＢＪ品系活力的影响,试验中采用了一种新型的脱水剂配方。结果表明,脱水休眠线虫复苏后对大蜡螟的侵入率为８．２％,显著高于未脱水休眠线虫的侵入率５．１％。耐高温能力也较高,在３５℃的环境里,经过５小时脱水休眠的线虫存活率为８８．５％,而未脱水休眠线虫为１５．９％。脱水休眠线虫抗干燥能力也高于未脱水休眠线虫,在２７℃、相对湿度５９％的环境中７小时,脱水休眠线虫存活率为９５．９％,未脱水休眠线虫为６３．５％。脱水休眠线虫在大蜡螟体内的发育历期与未脱水休眠线虫相同,表明脱水休眠对线虫的发育繁殖能力无不良影响。     

脱水休眠对斯氏线虫BJ品系活力的影响度

本文报道了脱水休眠对斯氏线虫ＢＪ品系活力的影响。试验中采用了一种新型的脱水剂配方。结果表明,脱水休眠线虫复苏后对大蜡螟的侵入率为８．２％,显著高于未脱水休眠线虫的侵入率５．１％。耐高温能力也较高,在３５℃的环境里,经过５小时脱水休眠的线虫存活率为８８．５％,而未脱水休眠线虫为１５．９％,脱水休眠线虫抗干燥能力也高于未脱水休眠线虫,在２７℃、相对湿度５９％的环境中７小时,脱水休眠线虫干燥能力也高于未