Sweet potato and potato residual flours as potential nutritional and healthy food material

In this study,the proximate composition,mineral content and amino acid composition of starch processing residues from 10 cultivars of sweet potato and 10 cultivars of potato were determined,and the nutritional and health-related values of these residues were investigated.The residual flours contained 20.63–31.48 g and 17.14–28.57 g rich dietary fiber per 100 g dry weight for sweet potato and potato,respectively,as well as mineral elements,including potassium,ferrum,zinc and copper.The highest limiting amino acid score(AAS) of the almost balanced amino acid composition were observed to be 71.07 and 57.96 for sweet potato and potato residues,respectively.A grey relational analysis showed that the nutritional values of Jishu 4 at 0.7519 and LT-5 at 0.7281 were the highest among the sweet potato and potato residues,respectively.The evaluation of the sweet potato/potato residues,the by-products of the starch industry,based on recommended daily intake(RDI) standards,indicated that the residues have potential nutritional and health-related food values.     

Effects of Drying Processes on the Antioxidant Properties in Sweet Potatoes

The effects of different drying methods （hot-air drying, microwave drying and vacuum-freeze drying） on the antioxidant activity and antioxidants in sweet potato （lpomoea batatas L. Lain.） tubers were investigated to determine the potential drying process. Sweet potato tubers were cut into 5 mm thick slices, steamed at 100℃ for 10 rain, then dried in either hotair, microwave, or vacuum-freeze. The dried sweet potatoes in microwave possessed the highest antioxidant activity, while the lowest activity was observed in hot-air dried samples. The phenolic contents were positively correlated with scavenging activity and reducing power of DPPH^＋. The microwave drying retains the highest antioxidant activity with the highest content of phenolic compounds in dried sweet potatoes. β-carotene and ascorbic acid showed minor contribution to the antioxidant activity in dried sweet potatoes.     

Optimal storage temperature and 1-MCP treatment combinations for different marketing times of Korla Xiang pears

Maintenance of green color is the primary indicator of quality in the market evaluation of Korla Xiang pears at present and can generally be achieved through early harvesting and decreasing the storage temperature, but the fruit quality was reduced by early harvesting, and the decreasing storage temperature increased the risk of chilling injury. The objectives of this study were to determine the optimal storage parameters for different storage times and to find ways to preserve the green skin color of pears. Specifically, we analyzed the effects of the ethylene inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene(1-MCP), combined with low temperature on quality and maintenance of the green color of Korla Xiang pears during storage. We found that 1-MCP and/or low temperature reduced the loss of green color at 20°C after being removed from cold storage. In addition, 1-MCP significantly inhibited the decline of titratable acid and ascorbic acid but had no significant effect on fruit firmness and total soluble solids. Low temperature with or without 1-MCP inhibited the release of ethylene, inhibited the decline in the stalk preservation index, inhibited the increase in decay rate and weight loss rate during storage, and inhibited the increase in the core browning index after 225 days of storage. Different storage temperatures had different effects on the quality of Korla Xiang pears. Despite inhibiting ethylene release, a storage temperature of –1.5°C increased the respiration rate. Storage at –1.5°C caused core browning early during storage due to chilling injury, whereas at 2°C core browning occurred late during storage due to senescence. In late storage, 1-MCP had no significant effect on the maintenance of Korla Xiang pear quality at 2°C. Based on these results, we determined the optimal combinations of low temperature and 1-MCP treatment to maintain pear quality while avoiding chilling injury. For different marketing times, the optimal conditions for storage until New Year's Day(a storage duration of 90 days) are 2°C or 1-MCP combined with 2°C. For storage until the Spring Festival(a storage duration of 150 days), the optimal conditions are 0°C or 1-MCP combined with 0°C, and for storage until May(a storage duration of 225 days), the best conditions are 1-MCP combined with –1.5°C.     

甘薯叶中清除自由基活性物质的提取·保存与定性分析(英文)

[Objective] The research aimed to provide reference for the application of extracts from sweet potato leaves in anti-aging cosmetics. [Method] The extraction and storage conditions for free radicals scavenging substances from sweet potato leaves were optimized by orthogonal test and the bioactive components in extracts were investigated by correlation analysis. [Result] Sweet potato leaves contain the bioactive substances scavenging DPPH free radical and hydroxyl free radical. Extracting solvent species is the most important factor that influencing extraction yield. The optimal extraction and storage conditions are as following: water as solvent,pH 8.0 of extracting liquid,storage at 25 ℃. There is a good positive linear relationship between the content of total phenols in sweet potato leaves and corresponding scavenging rates against both the DPPH free radical and hydroxyl free radical. For the content of total flavones in sweet potato leaves,just a correlation with scavenging rate against hydroxyl free radical shown in test. [Conclusion] The phenols in extracts could effectively scavenge both the DPPH free radical and hydroxyl free radical,whereas the flavones in extracts can only function on the hydroxyl free radical.     

Extraction Storage and Qualitative Analysis of Free Radicals Scavenging Substances from Sweet Potato Leaves

[Objective] The research aimed to provide reference for the application of extracts from sweet potato leaves in anti-aging cosmetics. [Method] The extraction and storage conditions for free radicals scavenging substances from sweet potato leaves were optimized by orthogonal test and the bioactive components in extracts were investigated by correlation analysis. [Result] Sweet potato leaves contain the bioactive substances scavenging DPPH free radical and hydroxyl free radical. Extracting solvent species is the most important factor that influencing extraction yield. The optimal extraction and storage conditions are as following: water as solvent,pH 8.0 of extracting liquid,storage at 25 ℃. There is a good positive linear relationship between the content of total phenols in sweet potato leaves and corresponding scavenging rates against both the DPPH free radical and hydroxyl free radical. For the content of total flavones in sweet potato leaves,just a correlation with scavenging rate against hydroxyl free radical shown in test. [Conclusion] The phenols in extracts could effectively scavenge both the DPPH free radical and hydroxyl free radical,whereas the flavones in extracts can only function on the hydroxyl free radical.     

Study on the Mechanism of Browning of Pomegranate （Punica granatum L. cv. Ganesh） Peel in Different Storage Conditions

Peel browning of pomegranate fruit is the key problem during storage. The mechanism of it during storage in relation to the technology of the browning control was studied in this paper. The effects of storage temperature, gas component and pH value on peel browning of sweet pomegranate fruit in Lintong, Shaanxi Province, China, were investigated. Change in tannin content was measured and the relationship between the activities of ascorbic acid oxidase （AAO）, polypenoloxidase （PPO）, peroxidase （POD）, catalase （CAT） and peel browning was analysed. The results showed tannin was the basic substance of pomegranate peel browning. The activities of the browning index of peel were correlated positively with AAO, PPO and POD, correlated negatively with CAT activity. Application of intermittent warming for 24 h at （15 ± 0.5）℃ every 5 days for pomegranate fruit storage under the conditions of pH 4.0, （5.0± 0.5）℃ and 5.0% CO2 ＋ 8.0% O2 ＋ 87.0% N2 gas component could delay browning, with the browning index being 0.15 after 120 days of storage. Enzymatic tannin denaturation was the main cause that led to peel browning of pomegranate fruit during storage. The browning control of pomegranate fruit peel was effective using intermittent warming storage with suitable pH, temperature and gas component.     

Physiology Mechanism of Metabolisms in the Middle Scales of Lilium davidii var. unicolor Bulbs Stored at Low Temperature for Dormancy-Release

Changes in carbohydrate, phenols, free amino acids and endogenous hormones in middle scales of Lilium davidii var. unicolor bulbs during the 101 days storage at 2, 6 and 10℃ in moist sawdust were studied. The results indicated that as the storage time increased and the storage temperature delined, contents of starch and abscisic acid (ABA) decreased markedly, and the level of total soluble sugar, phenols, gibberellic acid (GA3) and indole acetic acid (IAA) increased sharply. In the first 34 days, the contents of the above substances changed most actively. Correlation analysis revealed that the increase in content of total soluble sugar and phenols was respectively caused by activation of amylase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). During the storage, the content of free amino acids decreased, and the level of arginine was the highest and changed most remarkably. According to the results of stepwise regression analysis and path analysis, we could primarily conclude that the metabolism of carbohydrates, phenols and free amino acids in the middle scales may be mainly regulated by endogenous GA3.     

The Storability and Its Regulatory Mechanism of Huanghua Pear(Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai. )Fruit as Influenced by Postharvest Treatments

Different temperatures and PEF packing treatments were carried out on postharvest Huanghua pear fruit to investigate their effects on fruit storability and the regulatory mechanism. LOX activity, O2- content, AOS activity, ACC synthase activity, ACC content, ACC oxidase activity and ethylene production changed with peaks in the ripening fruit at 20℃ and were inhibited by cold storage, incidence of fruit wooiness and fruit decay were lightened as well. Low temperature combined with PEF packing(PEF1 and PEF2)treatmernts could further improve the fruit storability, maintain preferable quality. There was no significant difference between PEF1 and PEF2 both during cold storage at 1℃ and shelf life at 20℃. The recommended storage period of Huanghua fruit was two months at 1℃ and could be extended one month longer with PEF packing treatments.     

Postharvest responses of hydroponically grown lettuce varieties to nitrogen application rate

Limited information is available on the influence of preharvest N application rates on postharvest quality of different lettuce genotypes. Two green leafy lettuce(Multigreen 1 and Multigreen 3) and red leafy lettuce(Multired 4) were grown in gravel film technique and fertigated with five different N application rates: 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 mg L~(–1). The 120 mg L~(–1) N application is commercially recommended for lettuce. After harvest, lettuce samples were packed in a bioriented poly propylene packaging(5% O_2 and 5% CO_2) and held at 5°C and 85% RH for 3, 6, 9 and 12 days. The genotypes, preharvest N application rates and storage time affected the leaf colour coordinates, phenolic acids(dicaffeoyltataric acid, caffeoyl tartaric acid, 3-caffeoylquinic acid and 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid) and browning enzyme activities(phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL), polyphenol oxidase(PPO) and peroxidase(POD)). Lower rates of N application at preharvest stage showed higher weight loss with the storage time increasing in Multigreen 3. In Multigreen 1, colour coordinate b* value decreased remarkably with N application rates from 60 to 120 mg L~(–1) due to the onset of browning during storage. While in Multigreen 3 and N application higher than 60 mg L~(–1) influenced the decrease in b* value. Browning occurred due to the increased activity of PAL enzyme and the availability of the substrates caftaric, chlorogenic, caffeic acids, PPO activity and production of browning pigments due to the activity of POD. Higher, N application rates(120 mg L~(–1)) influenced the browning mechanism and showed brownish red leaves in Multired 4 during storage. Higher ascorbic acid concentration played a role in reducing the onset of browning in the fresh cuts leaves of Mulitired 4 and Multigreen 3 fertilized with lower preharvest lower N application rates(120 mg L~(–1)). Preharvest N application at 90 mg L~(–1) retained the colour, ascorbic acid content and the phenolic acid components and extended the shelf life of Multired 4 lettuce up to 6 days.     

Study on the Photosynthetic Characteristics in Spring Maize （Zea mays L.）of Different Quality Type

common maize synthetic rate（ Photosynthetic characteristics were probed by sweet maize, waxy maize, high starch maize and The results revealed that leaf area index （LAI）, chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll b content,photo-PR） showed single peak curve at the whole growth stage. The stages of peak were different according to different varieties. NEAUS4 had the lowest peak and while SIDAN 19 had the highest among all stages. Ratio of chlorophyll a to b was low at seedling stage, reached the peak atjointing stage and then declined. SIDAN 19 had the lower level at the last stages.     

Effects of 1-MCP on Post-Harvest Physiology of Tomato

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. 402) was used to investigate the effects of 1-MCP (1-methylcyclopropene) treatment on ethylene production, respiration, vitamin C, chlorophyll, titratable acid,change of fruit color and rot. The results indicated that 1-MCP strongly inhibited ethylene production and respiration of tomato at very low concentration, delayed the incidence of climacteric peak of ethylene production and respiration. 1-MCP also delayed the decrease of vitamin C, chlorophyll and titratable acid during shelf life and storage significantly. Shelf and storage life of fruit treated with 1-MCP were extended at least 10 days at ambient (20 - 22℃ ) and 15 days at storage (9 - 11℃ ) temperature, respectively. Efficacy of 1-MCP on shelf and storage life was improved by increasing its concentration. After treatment of 1-MCP, rots were markedly lower than that of untreated fruit. 1-MCP treatment delayed the fruit color change.     

甘薯采后生理、主要病害及贮藏技术研究

目的】中国种植甘薯约670万hm2,年产量1亿t,因贮藏不当,霉烂变质15%左右。论文研究甘薯采后呼吸类型、贮藏温度和贮藏期主要病害,探讨不同贮藏方法对主要病害和采后生理的影响,为甘薯贮藏保鲜提供理论依据和技术参数。【方法】以陕西省主栽品种秦薯5号为试材,采用气流法测定呼吸强度,分别在（10±0.5）、（11±0.5）、（12±0.5）、（13±0.5）℃温度下贮藏,通过比较腐烂指数确定贮藏温度。对病原菌进行科赫氏验证、ITS序列分析和形态学鉴定,根据病原菌孢子繁殖情况确定噻苯咪唑（TBZ）熏蒸用量,以目前采用的甘薯杀菌剂甲基托布津粉剂作对照。贮期用DNS比色法测定多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）活性,用试剂盒法测定淀粉酶和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性,抗坏血酸含量测定用2,6-二氯酚靛酚滴定法,淀粉含量测定用酸水解法,还原糖含量测定用DNS比色法,原果胶含量测定用咔唑比色法。研究经过TBZ熏蒸、贮前低温（3、4、5℃）处理、塑料袋包装,秦薯5号贮期SOD、淀粉酶、PG的活性,分析淀粉、还原糖、抗坏血酸、原果胶的含量变化,计算贮藏后期腐烂指数和商品率。试验数据采用Excel 2010统计软件整理分析,多重比较采用Duncan新复极差测验。【结果】甘薯为呼吸跃变型,最适贮藏温度为11℃,贮藏期间主要病害黑斑病病原菌为暗梗孢科砖隔孢亚科(Dietyosporoideae of Dematiaceae)交链孢霉属（Alternaria Nees ex Wallr.）甘薯交链孢霉菌(A.bataticola Ikata),TBZ抑制病原菌孢子繁殖作用明显。甘薯采后经室温愈伤,贮前低温处理,TBZ熏蒸,塑料袋包装,11℃下贮藏,能够显著抑制淀粉酶、PG酶活性,保持SOD酶较高活性,从而降低了淀粉转化成糖的速率,使抗坏血酸含量维持较高水平,延缓了甘薯采后生理衰老进程,保持了甘薯原有良好品质。【结论】甘薯采收以后在自然条件下放置5 d,使其愈伤,然后转入冷库在4℃下低温处理2 d,再将冷库缓慢升温,每天升温1℃,直至11℃下长期贮藏。在冷库升温期间用含量为4.5%的TBZ熏蒸剂按6 g•m-3用量处理3 h,塑料袋包装,贮藏210 d,腐烂指数0.185,商品率93%。甘薯贮前经愈伤、低温处理,TBZ熏蒸结合塑料袋包装,在适宜的温度下贮藏,保鲜效果理想,食用安全卫生。     

不同贮藏方式对甜高梁茎秆含糖量的影响

旨在研究可作为再生能源的甜高粱贮藏期间的糖的种类及含量变化,探讨减少糖分损失的贮藏方法,为科学合理贮藏甜高粱茎秆方法提供理论依据.采用甜高粱品种新高梁4号茎秆在捆扎竖立堆垛和捆扎横放堆垛两种条件下贮藏至157～199天期间其总糖、可溶性糖、还原糖、蔗糖及纤维素含量的变化.结果表明:横放条件下的甜高粱茎秆总糖、可溶性糖、还原糖、蔗糖含量比竖放的甜高粱高;竖放与横放的甜高梁茎秆纤维素含量无变化.     

青椒的冷害及防治技术研究

试验对不同低温贮藏条件下青椒果实的呼吸强度、丙二醛含量的变化和冷害发生规律以及防治技术进行了研究。结果表明,在低温胁迫下,青椒果实呼吸异常升高,丙二醛含量积累峰提前出现。与0℃贮藏条件相比,3℃下贮藏的青椒其冷害发生更早,程度更严重。单果套袋和DPA处理可将青椒在0℃下的贮藏期延长到45d。     

低温贮藏下两种甘薯的品质变化研究

研究了甘薯品种宁紫1号和宁选1号在6~7℃、相对湿度85%~90%条件下贮藏105 d期间的品质变化。结果表明:低温贮藏能较好的保持两种甘薯的总淀粉、可溶性蛋白质和黄酮甙含量,但低温下两种甘薯的累计腐烂率均较高。另外,宁选1号在6~7℃低温下的贮藏品质总体上优于宁紫1号。     

甘薯叶——羊肉香肠的开发与研制

甘薯叶含有丰富的营养成分,是一种极具开发潜力的叶资源。通过对冷冻干燥和烘干两种不同干燥方式所得的甘薯叶粉进行了粒度测定;以新鲜羊肉和甘薯叶干粉为主要研究材料,研制出一种比较适合大众口味的甘薯叶——羊肉香肠。结果表明冷冻甘薯叶粉的粒度性能优于烘干粉,甘薯叶应选择冷冻干燥;把可食用的"栅3"冷冻甘薯叶干粉加入到羊肉香肠中可以改善其膻味,增强可接受性,其添加量以0.2%为宜。     

甘薯茎叶多酚类物质的组分构成及抑菌活性

[目的]研究甘薯茎叶多酚的组分构成及其抑菌活性.[方法]采用反相高效液相色谱法,分析甘薯茎叶多酚组分构成;采用牛津杯法和最小抑菌浓度法,测定甘薯茎叶多酚及其组分对常见细菌(金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌、普通变形杆菌)及霉菌(米曲霉、米根霉)的抑菌活性.[结果]甘薯茎叶多酚主要由7种多酚类物质组成,其中4,5-...     

不同干燥方式对甘薯叶功能成分及抗氧化活性的影响

【目的】探讨不同干燥方式对甘薯叶功能成分含量及抗氧化能力的影响,为甘薯叶综合开发和干燥加工工艺优化提供理论依据。【方法】以甘薯品种‘台农71’和‘胜南’的叶片为材料,研究蒸干结合热风干燥、真空冷冻干燥、60℃/50℃/40℃热风干燥共5种干燥方式对甘薯叶功能成分（总酚、总黄酮、绿原酸类成分、β-胡萝卜素、维生素D₃、维生素E、抗坏血酸、维生素B₁、维生素B₂）、抗氧化能力（采用DPPH、ABTS⁺自由基清除法测定）和外观色泽（叶绿素、色值）的影响,并分析各功能成分间及功能成分与抗氧化活性的关系。【结果】甘薯叶中检测到的游离酚酸主要包括新绿原酸、绿原酸、隐绿原酸、咖啡酸、异绿原酸A、异绿原酸B和异绿原酸C。5种干燥方式对甘薯叶中功能成分有不同程度的影响。真空冷冻干燥下,‘台农71’叶片中游离酚酸总量最高,达到38.4 mg·g^-1DW,是其在60℃热风干燥下含量的25.6倍。真空冷冻干燥和蒸干结合热风干燥下,叶片中总酚、总黄酮和抗坏血酸含量差异相对较小,但都显著高于60℃/50℃/40℃ 3种热风干燥。真空冷冻干燥下,两个材料的总酚和总黄酮含量最高,分别是3种热风干燥的1.7—5.3倍和1.7—3.8倍。抗坏血酸在真空冷冻干燥下有较好的保留（175.3—441.1 mg/100 g DW）,而在热风干燥中含量极低（3.4—5.7 mg/100 g DW）。维生素D₃和α-生育酚在蒸干结合热风干燥下含量最高。抗氧化活性分析表明,不同干燥方式下甘薯叶甲醇提取物抗氧化活性差异显著（P<0.05）,其中真空冷冻干燥和蒸干结合热风干燥的自由基清除率较高,显著高于3种热风干燥。相关性分析表明,总酚、总黄酮、总绿原酸、维生素D₃、α-生育酚之间存在极显著相关性（P<0.01）;甘薯叶抗氧化能力与总酚、总黄酮及各绿原酸类成分的含量也存在极显著相关（P<0.01）。【结论】真空冷冻干燥和蒸干结合热风干燥能较好地保留甘薯叶中总酚、绿原酸及衍生物、黄酮、维生素D₃、α-生育酚、抗坏血酸等功能成分,使叶片干燥后仍具有较强的抗氧化能力。与真空冷冻干燥相比,蒸干结合热风干燥具有成本低和耗时短的优势,是实际生产应用中干燥保留甘薯叶多酚和黄酮的优选方式。     

“秦美”猕猴桃采后乙烯与呼吸强度的变化规律

“秦美”猕猴桃采后在２０℃下，用气相色谱仪洲其单果的呼吸强度和乙烯释放量。结果表明：其呼吸和乙烯均有明显的高峰出现。呼吸峰于采后１４．５天出现，乙烯峰出现比呼吸峰晚３天。贮藏期问，ＣＡ贮藏果的乙烯释放量非常低，从而延缓了果实的衰老，延长了果实的贮藏寿命。     

1-MCP对采后雪花梨衰老和品质的影响

以雪花梨果实为试材,研究了室温(25±2)℃条件下1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理对果实贮藏效果的影响.结果表明:1-MCP(500,1 000,1 500 nL/L)处理降低果实的呼吸速率和乙烯释放率,推迟乙烯生成高峰的出现.较高浓度的1-MCP(1 000,1 500 nL/L)处理明显保持较高的果肉硬度、可滴定酸和抗坏血酸含量及果皮叶绿素含量,延缓果肉可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量的增加,但对果肉膜透性的影响不显著;1-MCP(1 000,1 500 nL/L)处理还明显减少果实腐烂和果心褐变,降低果心中酚类含量和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性,维持果心中较高的过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性.这表明1-MCP处理能保持果实在常温贮藏期间较好的品质,延缓果实的衰老.