刺参池塘低温有机污染物降解细菌的分离筛选及其降解特性

利用刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)饵料培养基,在低温(16±1)℃下,从刺参养殖池塘环境中富集驯化分离有机污染物低温降解细菌;根据菌株生长情况、好氧性和生物安全性进行了初步筛选,然后在菌体接种密度1×106 CFU/mL、(16±1)℃、pH 8.0、160 r/min条件下,通过检测菌株对饵料中有机物(COD)和氨态氮(NH4+-N)成分的去除率来最终筛选获得优良低温有机污染物降解细菌,并对其降解特性进行研究。菌株筛选结果表明,从分离的17株低温细菌中共获得3株菌株DR7、DR8和DR11,它们能同时高效降低和去除饵料浸出物中COD和NH4+-N,5 d COD去除率分别为37.7%、50.0%和21.0%,NH4+-N去除率分别为95.0%、98.0%和99.8%。根据菌株的形态特征、生理生化特性以及16S rRNA序列分析,初步鉴定DR7和DR11属于假单胞菌属细菌(Pseudomonas sp.),DR8属于副球菌属细菌(Paracoccus sp.)。菌株降解特性研究结果表明,菌株培养时间对饵料降解有显著影响(P<0.05),在0～6 d内3菌株对饵料中有机物和氨态氮的去除过程明显,其中DR8降解力最强;各组合菌株的饵料降解效果差异显著(P<0.05),但并不完全优于对照单菌株,其中最佳组合为DR8-DR11。研究认为,筛选的3株低温有机污染物降解细菌为良好的菌种资源,在刺参养殖池塘污染环境调控及刺参微生态制剂的研制方面具有较好的潜在应用前景。     

虾池溶解有机碳动态分析

在实验室条件下,通过对虾养殖和混养海湾扇贝两组实验,对池水溶解有机碳及其动态特征作了初步分析,结果表明：溶解有机碳（ＤＯＣ）在对虾饲喂前期呈几何对数增长,其中混养池（ｅｘ－１）的增长曲线呈阶段性增长态势;单养池（ｅｘ－２）则表现为急速增长。有机物溶解速率呈指数衰减趋势,经回归拟合得速率方程为Ⅰ－ＲＡ１＝－ｌｎ（ＣＡｔ／ＣＡ０）＝０９９１７－００１００１７ｔ２;Ⅱ－ＲＡ２＝－ｌｎ（ＣＡｔ／ＣＡ０）＝１４１５－００１４２９ｔ２。     

光合细菌对虾池水质作用规律的研究初报

1989—1990年用福建省水产研究所从自然海区分离、培养的光合细菌NO.3菌株进行生产性的对虾养殖试验。本文从养虾池的试验结果入手来分析、研究光合细菌对虾池水质作用的一般规律,并探讨其作用原理。 一、养虾池光合细菌使用方法     

对虾池生态系统溶解有机碳及颗粒有机碳的周日动态

对两个海水养虾池溶解有机碳（ＤＯＣ）及颗粒有机碳（ＰＯＣ）的周日动态进行了研究,结果表明,ＤＯＣ的浓度,１４：００～１８：００下降,１８：００～２２：００升高,之后又下降,周日波动幅度为３．２２ｍｇ／Ｌ（１池）及１．２４ｍｇ／Ｌ（２池）ＰＯＣ浓度白天（６：００～１８：００）升高,夜间（１８：００～次日６：００）下降,周日波动幅度为１．２８ｍｇ／Ｌ（１池）及１．２６ｍｇ／Ｌ（２池）。ＰＯＣ浓度高的虾     

中国对虾养成期间虾池水体和底质中细菌含量的变化

中国对虾养成期间虾池水体和底质中细菌含量的变化高尚德，陈旭仁，吴以平（青岛海洋大学，２６６００３）（青岛教育学院，２６６００１）关键词养虾池，细菌数量，变化ＶＡＲＩＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＴＯＴＡＬＢＡＣＴＥＲＩＡＮＵＭＢＥＲＩＮＳＨＲＩＭＰＰＯＮＤＷＡＴＥＲ...     

GLJ—1水质改良剂降解虾池硫化氢的实验研究

本文主要利用GLJ-1水质改良剂,对降解虾池硫化氢进行了试验研究。结果表明,在水族箱每平方米投放75g的改良剂,底泥中的硫化物平均可降解692.9mg/kg,降解率平均为62.9％;在虾池每亩投放15—25kg改良剂,水体中的硫化氢能被消除,PH和DO的含量相应增加,底泥的硫化物平均可降解290.0mg/kg,降解率平均为56.6％。     

利用虾池中基础饵料生物提高养虾效益的试验报告

近几年来,在养虾业迅猛发展的同时,对其鲜活饵料的需要量也日益增大,饵料的销售价格逐年增加,养虾生产成本随之提高。另外,由于大量投喂饵料,池底有机物积累,使     

老化虾池生态系中几类主要细菌的季节变化特征

对青岛市老化虾池生态系中几类主要细菌的季节变化情况进行了研究，结果表明，虾池水体中的异养菌总数在放苗前和养成前期均较低，从养成中期开始逐渐增高，7、8月份菌量达到最高，养成末期逐渐有所下降，总变化幅度为10^3-10^5cells/ml；弧菌数和硝酸盐还原菌数在养殖中、后期增长速度高于其他种类，在总菌中所占比例增大；沉积环境中的3类细菌的数量均比同期水体中的菌量高1-2个数量级，养殖后期和末期菌量仍保持在较高水平，硝酸盐还原菌在总菌量中占较高比例。因此认为，现有老化虾池微生物群落的演变不利于对虾的生长，应对微生态平衡进行人工调控。     

虾池综合利用的几种类型

虾池综合利用对于降低养虾成本，增加效益，维持虾池生态平衡，提高虾池利用率和饵料利用率及净化水质具有重要意义。     

细菌降解琼胶的研究进展

琼胶和琼胶糖广泛应用于生化、临床、医药、食品等领域。琼胶类硫酸多糖对Ｂ型流感病毒、腮腺炎及脑膜炎病毒等有抑制作用。在琼胶糖结构研究中 ,人们发现某些细菌的胞外酶能够使琼胶裂解成低分子的寡糖 ,经过分离、纯化 ,用纸色谱法、化学方法、核磁共振光谱法确定它们的聚合度、取代基的位置和糖单位的结合顺序[1] 。酶法降解条件温和 ,专一性强 ,水解产物不易被破坏 ,利于产物分析和回收 ,因而逐渐代替了传统的酸解法。琼胶作为微生物培养基的凝固剂 ,大多数微生物不能使琼胶液化。因此 ,寻找一种高效的琼胶降解菌成为研究琼胶降解的关键…     

虾池沉积物中3类主要细菌的垂直分布特征

采用平板涂布法和MPN法测定了虾池底质下 0到 30cm深度范围内 3类主要细菌类群的垂直分布情况。结果表明 ,底泥中细菌主要集中于 0到 5cm的表层范围内 ,随深度增加 ,数量急剧减少 ,至 30cm深处所测到菌量已很少。底泥中的总菌量随养殖时间推移 ,逐渐增加 ,到养殖中后期 ,表层菌量增加至 10 6CFU/g ,表层以下 10～2 0cm的总异养菌量和硝酸盐还原菌数量也增加至 10 5CFU/ g以上。弧菌仍集中于表层。细菌的垂直分布主要受各层有机物和溶解氧含量的影响     

溶藻细菌控藻作用及其在对虾养殖池塘中的应用前景

浮游微藻与养殖池塘的水质及对虾的健康状况密切相关,控制有害微藻的过度繁殖,维持优良的藻相对于养殖水环境的稳定、减少对虾疾病的发生具有重要意义。文章对浮游微藻与对虾养殖的关系及溶藻细菌的研究进展进行了概述,分析了溶藻细菌在对虾养殖中的应用前景,提出了利用溶藻细菌控制对虾养殖池塘有害微藻的研发思路。     

对虾精养池塘碳、氮和异养细菌含量的变化及其相关性研究

文章调查了广东省汕尾市红海湾对虾精养池塘水体中不同形式的碳（C）、氮（N）和异养细菌含量的变化,并分析c和N对异养细菌的影响,以期为养殖过程合理调控水质环境提供理论数据。结果发现,池塘中不同形式的P（C）在养殖前、中期逐渐升高并达到最大值,中、后期缓慢下降趋于稳定,P（N）在养殖前、中期较低,后期升高并达到最大值;异养细菌数在养殖中期的第56天和养殖后期的第98天出现2个高峰,养殖第70天出现低谷。异养细菌数与总无机碳（TIC）和总碳（TC）呈现极显著正相关关系;养殖中、后期异养细菌数与C／N（TOC／TN）呈极显著负相关关系。结果表明,养殖中、后期水体中C（主要是有机碳）成为影响异养细菌繁殖的限制性因素,适当添加C源可以促进异养细菌繁殖,吸收转化无机氮,从而达到降低水体中无机氮浓度、提高物质循环利用效率的作用。     

Phytoplankton succession in intensive marine shrimp culture ponds treated with a commercial bacterial product

Succession of phytoplankton dominance was studied in shrimp culture ponds treated with commercial bacterial products. Diatoms were dominant and the cyanobacteria were absent in both treated and control ponds at the beginning of the culture period. After 34 days, the diatoms significantly decreased whereas cyanobacteria increased in both ponds. Chlorophyll a increased from a mean of 35.56 mg m^?3 in the first phase to 186.00 mg m^?3 in the final phase, and from 42.12 mg m^?3 to 242.81 mg m^?3 in the treated and control ponds respectively. Cyanobacteria were significantly higher in the control compared with the treated ponds during the final phase of the culture. Algal bioassay showed that the addition of nitrogen either alone or with silica to pond water significantly increased the specific growth rate of Chaetoceros calcitrans. The specific growth rate of Oscillatoria sp. significantly increased when a combination of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon was added to the pond water. Addition of silica seemed to depress the growth rate of Oscillatoria sp. Nutrient enrichment should be minimized and the supply of nitrogen and silica should be adequate for promoting the growth of beneficial phytoplankton in aquaculture systems.     

一株嗜盐光合菌的分离及对养殖污水的处理效果

以海南虾池特殊生境底泥为菌源,富集、分离出一株嗜盐光合菌,命名HPSB2,并对其进行形态学观察、特征峰值测定及生理生化检测.结果显示:其与红环菌科(Rhodocychceae)索氏菌属(Thauera)特性相似,16SrDNA序列比对显示与Thauera aminoaromatica和Thauera mechemich...     

Dominant sources of dietary carbon and nitrogen for shrimp reared in extensive rice-shrimp ponds

Stable isotope analysis was used to determine the sources of dietary nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) for shrimp during the rearing phase in extensive rice‐shrimp ponds in My Xuyen and Gia Rai districts, Vietnam. Farm‐made feed was added as a food source in shrimp ponds in My Xuyen district, and based on stable isotope analyses, was generally a poor dietary source. The commercial formulated feed used in Gia Rai also appeared to contribute little directly to the nutritional needs of the shrimp. In contrast, the natural biota in all ponds appeared to contribute substantially. In particular, biota from beam trawls and benthic organic matter were the most likely sources of nutrition in My Xuyen ponds, while benthic organic matter was the main source in Gia Rai ponds. δ¹⁵N ratios in the natural biota in My Xuyen farms decreased over the growing season, suggesting increased N fixation in the case of the benthic organic matter reaching values as low as 1‰. This suggests N‐limitation in the ponds and that natural biota become increasingly dependent on N fixed by algae and/or other microorganisms. There is the potential to promote the growth of the plankton and hence, the other natural biota, by the judicious addition of fertilizer.     

Selection of probiotic bacteria for use in shrimp larviculture

Three candidate probiotics, Bacillus foraminis, Bacillus cereus biovar toyoi and Bacillus fusiformis , were isolated from hydrogen-producing fermented solution and identified using 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Bacillus foraminis and B. cereus biovar toyoi exhibited strong antagonism against Streptococcus iniae and Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida in in vitro co-culture for competitive exclusion assay and then were conducted in the larviculture system of Penaeus monodon reared from zoea 1 to postlarva 1. The daily addition of B. cereus biovar toyoi resulted in significantly deleterious effects on survival ( P <0.01) whereas the daily addition of B. fusiformis showed highest survival rate (88.7±0.7%) but no statistically significant difference from control (73.3±12.1%). Bacillus fusiformis was continuously applied in the larviculture system of Litopenaeus vannamei . Administration of B. fusiformis significantly increased survival ( P <0.01) in both treatments added daily (87.9±1.7%) and every other day (54.7±1.2%), respectively, at a concentration of 10⁵ CFU mL⁻¹ over control (41.2±1.3%).     

有益微生物的应用对海水对虾养殖池塘中细菌数量动态变化的影响

2001年5~7月,在深圳东海岸水产公司南澳半封闭式斑节对虾Penaeus monodom精养基地,进行了有益微生物的应用对虾塘总异养细菌和弧菌数量影响的调查研究。结果表明,对虾养成过程中,施用有益微生物的实验组虾塘水体中总异养细菌和弧菌数量明显较未施用的对照组虾塘低,但各虾塘水体中总异养细菌和弧菌数量的变化特征基本相同,即在养殖前期,虾塘水体中总异养细菌和弧菌数量均较稳定,并处于相对较低的水平;而在养殖中、后期,总异养细菌和弧菌数量均急剧升高,尤以对照组虾塘的升幅最大,其弧菌数量甚至超过100×102CFU.mL-1的对虾发病之弧菌数量临界值。实验组与对照组虾塘中表层沉积物中,总异养细菌和弧菌数量差异不大,总异养细菌和弧菌数量变化特征也基本相同,但实验组与对照组之间有所差异,其中实验组表现为双峰型的变化特征,峰值出现在养殖前期或中期和养殖将结束时;对照组则呈单峰型变化,峰值均出现在养殖中期。有益微生物的应用对虾塘水体中总异养细菌和弧菌数量的抑制效果较对沉积环境中的效果明显。     

对虾环保型饲料在养殖上的应用

文章探讨了无公害健康养殖与环保饲料营养的关系以及环保饲料的应用,对环保饲料的营养饲料源、添加剂的质量要求、研制环保饲料的重要性,对食品安全和养殖安全的关系,以及环保饲料在无公害健康养殖的应用技术进行分析。