利用酵母双杂交筛选与致病疫霉菌效应蛋白PITG_07586互作的寄主蛋白

 致病疫霉是引起马铃薯晚疫病的病原菌,其分泌的效应蛋白是侵染寄主的重要毒力因子。本研究在致病疫霉转录组中筛选到一个侵染早期表达的效应蛋白基因PITG_07586(GenBank:XM_002904522.1)。该基因全长447 bp,其编码蛋白包含1个信号肽,1个核定位信号序列(RRRRKRRKKKK)。在本氏烟草中,瞬时表达该基因显著促进病原菌侵染。亚细胞定位表明GFP-PITG_07586定位在细胞核中。利用酵母双杂交技术并以PITG_07586为诱饵筛选马铃薯cDNA文库,最终获得3个靶标蛋白。经序列比对分析,这3个靶标蛋白分别是马铃薯POM30蛋白、电压依赖阴离子通道蛋白VDAC以及SRC2类蛋白。研究结果为致病疫霉菌效应蛋白PITG_07586及其靶标蛋白如何调控植物免疫提供重要依据。     

小麦白粉菌ADP/ATP载体蛋白基因的克隆及表达特征分析

 小麦白粉病是小麦上的一种重要病害。研究小麦白粉菌致病相关基因及其在致病过程中的作用,对于丰富小麦白粉菌致病的分子机制和筛选防治新靶标具有重要意义。前期转录组测序结果提示一个小麦白粉菌ADP/ATP载体蛋白（ADP/ATP carrier protein,AACP）在小麦与白粉菌互作时上调表达。本研究利用cDNA末端快速克隆技术（rapid\|amplification of cDNA ends,RACE）获得了长945 bp具有完整开放阅读框的小麦白粉菌ADP/ATP carrier基因序列,暂命名为BgtAACPx（GenBank登录号为MF197857）该基因编码314个氨基酸残基,利用相关软件进行生物信息分析,结果表明该蛋白为疏水性,含有6个跨膜区,亚细胞定位在线粒体上。与已有小麦白粉菌AACP蛋白的同源性为97%,是一个新的蛋白,同时构建了与其同源蛋白的遗传进化树。定量结果表明该基因在小麦白粉菌吸器期（48 h）、次生菌丝（72 h）至白粉菌刚产孢子又未形成孢子堆（120 h）这段时期高表达,提示该基因可能参与小麦白粉菌对小麦的致病过程。     

条锈菌诱导的小麦EF手钙离子绑定蛋白基因TaCab1的功能初步分析

 根据小麦EF手钙离子绑定蛋白(TaCab1)基因序列,利用WMD3软件设计特异的人工miRNA (amiRNA),构建VIGS沉默载体。利用amiRNA-VIGS体系,对小麦的TaCab1基因的功能进行了初步分析。利用Northern blot和实时定量PCR技术分别检测了amiRNA的积累及TaCab1的沉默效率,并利用显微观察技术统计条锈菌侵染小麦后的组织学差异。结果表明,amiRNA可以得到有效的积累,其靶标基因TaCab1可以得到有效的沉默。从表型上看,小麦叶片上条锈菌夏孢子的产孢量也在一定程度上有所降低。组织学观察发现当TaCab1被沉默后,寄主细胞的坏死面积在侵染后期明显增大,条锈菌的菌丝分枝数也明显增多,但菌丝长度明显变短。     

兰花5种病毒可视化基因芯片检测方法建立

为建立运用可视基因芯片技术快速、准确检测兰花病毒的方法,选择黄瓜花叶病毒、齿舌兰环斑病毒、建兰花叶病毒编码外壳蛋白(coat protein,CP)基因、辣椒褪绿病毒编码核衣壳蛋白N基因、落葵皱纹花叶病毒编码CI蛋白基因为目标基因,设计引物和探针(5'标记一段poly T)。利用多重RT-PCR方法进行病毒核酸扩增,将扩增产物与固定于芯片的特异性探针杂交,经清洗、可视化显色后进行结果分析。在优化的检测条件下,本研究筛选出2组多重引物组合Cm(F2-R2a)、Ba(F1-R1);Or(F1-R1)、Cy(F2-R2)和Ca(F1-R1),5条特异性探针。所建立的可视基因芯片具有较好的特异性和重复性,可检测出病毒阳性质粒的量为不低于10~3拷贝·μL~(-1)。     

小麦白粉菌环介导等温扩增检测技术体系的建立与应用

为建立简便、快速和灵敏的小麦白粉菌Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici(Bgt)分子检测技术体系，基于环介导等温扩增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP)技术，以BGT96224V316＿LOCUS1725基因(GenBank:VCU40465.1)为靶标序列，设计并筛选特异性引物，建立小麦白粉菌的LAMP检测方法，并对其特异性、灵敏度和应用效果进行测定。结果表明，基于筛选出的1套特异性引物建立的LAMP方法能够从8种白粉菌属菌株和1种腐生菌中特异性地检测到小麦白粉菌；对小麦白粉菌DNA样品的检测灵敏度可达到300 fg/μL;对发病叶片的检测显示该LAMP方法能从人工接种的小麦叶片中准确检测出小麦白粉菌，检出时间为接种4 h及以上。综上，本研究建立了一种小麦白粉菌的LAMP检测方法，具有简便快捷、灵敏度高等特点，丰富了小麦白粉菌的检测体系。     

小麦黄花叶病毒外壳蛋白基因RNAi表达载体的构建及遗传转化

小麦黄花叶病毒(Wheat yellow mosaic virus,WYMV)是马铃薯Y病毒科(Potyviridae)大麦黄花叶病毒属(Bymovirus)的成员,是危害我国小麦生产的一种重要病毒病害.RNA干扰是由dsRNA介导的,通过核酸序列特异性的相互作用来抑制基因表达的一种基因沉默现象,这种调控机制在植物抗病毒基因工程育种中已得到广泛应用.以RNA干扰为原理、以病毒的外壳蛋白基因为靶标,构建了抗WYMV的植物表达载体.采用基因枪方法共转化‘扬麦12’的幼胚愈伤组织,得到了再生植株.对To代进行PCR检测,得到15株阳性植株.     

小麦赤霉病菌α-微管蛋白原核表达及纯化研究

 为了制备小麦赤霉病菌的α-微管蛋白,以小麦赤霉病菌cDNA为模板,PCR扩增出α₁-、α₂-微管蛋白基因,将其克隆到pET30a⁺表达载体上,转化到表达宿主菌Rossatta（DE3）pLysS,筛选阳性克隆,进行蛋白诱导表达。SDS PAGE及Wes-tern-b1ot结果表明：融合蛋白主要以包涵体形式存在;融合蛋白分子量约为52.1和55.9 kD;融合蛋白能与抗6×His的单抗发生特异性反应。通过对包涵体洗涤及透析复性后采用HisTrap^TM  HP Columns对融合蛋白进行纯化,可以得到纯度较高的融合蛋白。该研究为体外筛选以微管蛋白为靶标的杀菌剂提供了物质基础。     

筛选与黄瓜花叶病毒CP互作的寄主因子

黄瓜花叶病毒外壳蛋白是病毒最重要的致病因子。在病毒的侵染过程中扮演多种角色,尤其是对病毒侵染症状起了决定作用。本研究首先构建了烟草叶片c DNA文库,并将CP构建到酵母双杂交诱饵质粒上,利用酵母双杂交的方法筛选出与CP互作的寄主因子。结果显示,获得了高质量的烟草c DNA文库,并利用该文库筛选到与CP互作的多个潜在因子。     

农作物土传病原物高通量定量监测与风险预警

澳大利亚南澳发展研究所(SARDI)针对大田小麦土传病害,研究开发出一套农作物主要土传病原物高通量定量监测与风险预警系统。这一系统包括通过室内外试验,建立病原菌数量与危害程度风险评估分级标准;土样采集;自每份土样(500 g)中提取总DNA;设计异性引物和探针;实时定量PCR(Q-PCR)分析总DNA中各靶标病原物DNA数量。按照风险评估标准,分别做出各种病原物对下茬作物可能的危害程度,在播种前提出相应的防治措施和建议。该系统已在南澳、威尔士等主要小麦生产区广泛应用,对小麦9种土传病原物进行定量监测和预警的有偿技术服务。     

致病疫霉诱导的马铃薯酵母双杂交文库构建及无毒蛋白PiAVR3b寄主靶标筛选

致病疫霉是引起番茄、马铃薯晚疫病的植物病原卵菌,其分泌的效应蛋白在抑制寄主免疫方面发挥重要功能。鉴定效应蛋白的寄主靶标对研究植物与病原菌互作具有重要意义。本研究构建了高效马铃薯酵母双杂交cDNA文库,并通过筛选致病疫霉无毒蛋白PiAVR3b的互作蛋白来评价构建文库质量。分别提取接种致病疫霉后24 h和48 h的马铃薯栽培种‘合作88’叶片RNA,等量混合后构建cDNA文库。次级文库容量为1.6×10~7 cfu/mL,重组率为100%,插入片段平均在1 000 bp以上。以PiAVR3b为诱饵,通过酵母双杂交筛选初步获得10个候选靶标蛋白。经点对点验证,进一步确定了4个与PiAVR3b互作的靶标蛋白,分别是马铃薯MYB-like蛋白、线粒体外膜孔蛋白、碳分解代谢抑制蛋白、肽基脯氨酰异构酶。本研究构建的酵母双杂交文库为致病疫霉效应蛋白靶标筛选及植物与病原菌互作研究奠定了基础。     

辣椒炭疽病生防菌株的筛选、鉴定及其抑菌机理

为有效防控由胶孢炭疽菌Colletorichum gloeosporioides引起的辣椒炭疽病,自辣椒上分离得到内生细菌,通过平板拮抗和辣椒离体生防试验筛选对胶孢炭疽菌有抑制作用的拮抗菌株,通过形态学特征、生理生化特征以及分子生物学技术对其进行鉴定,并于室内测定其对胶孢炭疽菌菌丝生长的影响、对辣椒炭疽病的防效及接种后辣椒内抗病活性物质含量以及防御酶活性。结果显示,从辣椒上共分离纯化获得46株细菌,其中菌株SQ-6对胶孢炭疽菌有明显的抑制作用,抑制率为61.11%,显著高于其他45株。结合菌株SQ-6的形态学特征、生理生化特征以及分子生物学特征,将该菌株鉴定为解淀粉芽胞杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens。SQ-6菌株的50%无细胞滤液可引起胶孢炭疽菌菌丝畸形、断裂等,对其抑制率为57.87%。SQ-6菌株的10%、50%发酵液和10%、50%无细胞滤液均能显著降低由胶孢炭疽菌引起的辣椒炭疽病的发病率和病情指数,其中50%无细胞滤液的防效最好。SQ-6菌株能够提高辣椒内Vc、酚类和黄酮类物质含量,诱导辣椒内过氧化物酶（peroxidase,POD）、丙氨酸解氨酶（p...     

酵母pac1基因介导对葡萄B病毒的抗性

为明确广谱性抗病毒基因—酵母pac1基因对葡萄B病毒(Grapevine virus B,GVB)的抗性效果,通过农杆菌介导的遗传转化,将pac1基因导入西方烟37B,对转基因植株进行PCR鉴定及Southern blot分析,通过病毒摩擦接种观察症状以及实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测植株体内病毒含量,并对转基因植株抗病性进行初步鉴定。结果表明,目的基因pac1成功导入并整合至西方烟37B基因组,共获得10个转基因株系。不同株系的T1代烟草中阳性植株比例为16.7%~72.7%,表明目的基因可成功遗传到子代。接种病毒后转基因植株普遍延迟发病,但后期症状与非转基因对照相似,其中仅1个转基因株系B6具有不表现典型症状等抗性反应。接种植株病毒含量检测中,所有转基因植株均检测到病毒存在,但表现为抗病的B6株系中病毒含量显著低于非转基因对照,表明该转基因植株虽不能完全抵抗GVB侵染,但对GVB具有耐病性。     

Quantification of potato common scab pathogens in soil by quantitative competitive PCR with fluorescent quenching‐based probes

Common scab of potato tubers caused by pathogenic Streptomyces spp. is a cause of serious economic loss worldwide. For the rapid and accurate quantification of pathogenic Streptomyces spp. residing in soil, a new competitive real‐time PCR method using fluorescent quenching‐based probes (quantitative competitive quenching probe PCR: QCQP‐PCR) was developed. The virulence gene of pathogenic Streptomyces spp., nec1, was selected as the target for QCQP‐PCR. A specific primer set to amplify the nec1 gene, and a fluorescently labelled probe that specifically hybridizes with the nec1 amplicon were designed. For QCQP‐PCR, an internal standard DNA (IS DNA) that is identical to the nec1 amplicon but has a 4‐base mismatch in the probe‐hybridizing region, and a fluorescently labelled probe IS, which specifically hybridizes with IS DNA at the mutagenized region, were PCR‐synthesized. The target nec1 gene was co‐amplified with the known copy number of IS DNA by PCR using the same primer set in the presence of the specific probes. The PCR products were monitored in real‐time by measuring the fluorescence intensity (quenching) of each probe. The initial amount of the nec1 gene was quantified based on the ratio of the PCR products of the same PCR cycle. The results revealed that QCQP‐PCR could be used to precisely quantify the nec1 gene, even in the presence of PCR inhibitors in the soil samples examined. The lower limit of quantification was 20 copies per tube, which corresponded to 1500 copies per g dry soil. The quantification achieved by this method was completed within 5 h, i.e. the duration of the entire analysis. These results demonstrate the usefulness of the present method for monitoring pathogenic Streptomyces species in soil.     

Uncommon associations in target resistance among French populations of Myzus persicae from oilseed rape crops

Within the framework of a molecular exploration of target resistance in populations of Myzus persicae on oilseed rapes in France, (1) the S431F mutation (coding gene ace2), although previously reckoned to be rare, revealed to be frequent, (2) M918L (phenotypically characterised) and L932F (both on para) were found for the first time in M. persicae, and (3) a linkage was revealed between M918L and S431F. While until recently populations developing on French oilseed rapes were dominated by genotypes possessing pyrethroid target resistance and esterase overproduction, to date a different type of dominating genotype, equipped with carbamate and pyrethroid target resistance, seems to be invading such fields.     

刺萼龙葵PDS基因VIGS载体的构建

病毒诱导的基因沉默(VIGS)是通过插入目的基因片段的重组病毒来抑制植物内源基因表达的遗传技术,主要用于基因的功能分析。茄科植物刺萼龙葵(Solanum rostratum)是一种外来恶性杂草,研究证实,在农杆菌GV3101介导下,刺萼龙葵的八氢番茄红素脱氢酶(PDS)基因能被部分沉默,导致叶片和花朵出现白化表型。半定量RT-PCR检测显示,被侵染叶片和花朵的mRNA显著降解。VIGS沉默体系的建立可适用于研究刺萼龙葵的部分功能基因,有助于深入了解其生长发育调控的分子机制。     

基于原生质体转化的甘蔗梢腐病菌YN41基因敲除体系的构建

基因敲除技术日益成为基因功能研究的重要手段,为了深入研究甘蔗梢腐病菌致病基因的功能,构建了梢腐病菌YN41菌株的基因敲除体系。本研究构建了基于线性DNA的同源重组基因敲除技术,融合PCR构建敲除盒即带有潮霉素基因标记的线性DNA融合片段,配置0.05 g·mL^-1溶壁酶+0.01 g·mL^-1崩溃酶的复合酶液28℃酶解3 h获得了高产量的原生质体,利用聚乙二醇(PEG)介导的原生质体的转化,PCR鉴定技术和酶切鉴定技术对转化子进行鉴定,荧光定量PCR分析和Southern Blot方法进一步对基因缺失突变体进行验证,生物学表型(菌落形态、生长速率、产孢量、生物量和致病力)验证了PK基因敲除体系的成功构建。28℃酶解3 h获得了2×10⁷个·mL^-1原生质体;对编码丙酮酸激酶的PK基因进行了基因敲除验证,获得了纯合敲除突变体;荧光定量PCR检测转录水平无表达;Southern Blot结果显示使用PK基因探针杂交,基因缺失突变体无条带,野生型杂交到目的条带;生物学表型验证了PK基因敲除突变体对比野生型...     

Identification and molecular mapping of the rice bacterial blight resistance gene allelic to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Xa7</Emphasis> from an elite restorer line Zhenhui 084

Rice bacterial blight (BB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae (Xoo), is a serious disease in rice production worldwide. Rice cv. Zhenhui 084, a newly developed strong indica restorer line, exhibits high resistance to most of the Philippine races of BB and has been widely used in rice hybrids in China; however, the resistance gene has not yet been cloned. Here, we show that the resistance of Zhenhui 084 to Xoo strains is similar to that of IRBB7 containing Xa7, a durable and broad resistance dominant gene for BB. To map the resistance gene in Zhenhui 084, a F₂ population with 331 highly susceptible individuals derived from a cross between Chenghui 448 and Zhenhui 084 was built. We finely mapped the target R gene to a region between two proximal markers RM20576 and MY4 in rice chromosome 6. A marker-based physical map of chromosome six was used to construct the contig covering the genomic region between two markers RM20576 and MY4. The target gene was assumed to be in an interval of approximate 200 kb, in which 16 candidate genes were predicted. Our findings will greatly facilitate the isolation and characterisation of the target R gene allelic to Xa7. Additionally, two PCR-based markers, tightly linked to the target R gene locus, will be a useful tool for the marker-assisted selection of the target R gene allelic to Xa7 in breeding programmes.     

Insecticide detoxification indicator strains as tools for enhancing chemical discovery screens

BACKGROUND: Insecticide discovery screens carried out on whole organisms screen for potency resulting from chemical activity at the target site. However, many potentially insecticidal compounds are naturally detoxified in vivo and do not make it to the target site. It is hypothesised that insect strains with their xenobiotic detoxification machinery compromised could be used to identify such compounds that normally fail to show up in screens; these compounds could then be more rationally designed to increase their bioavailability. This strategy was tested with transgenic Drosophila lines with altered expression of Cyp6g1 and Dhr96. RESULTS: It was observed that Cyp6g1 knockdown transgenic lines have increased susceptibility to the test compound imidacloprid, while Dhr96 knockdown transgenic lines are resistant. Evidence was found for a systemic response to xenobiotic exposure, uncovered by piperonyl butoxide treatment and by gene expression profiling. Sex-specific gene expression regulated by DHR96 was also observed. CONCLUSION: The results confirm that this approach to chemical discovery could identify compounds that escape traditional screens. The complexity of the system means that a panel of single and multiple gene knockdown transgenic lines may be required. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry