果树修剪“三字经”

果树修剪“三字经”杨珍，李克忠开头语梨苹果，能丰产，寿命长，利长远。要丰产，重在管，修剪术，是关键。学修剪，并不难，苦钻研，多实践。为致富，学技术，细管理，须深入。树形论树形，顺自然，因树剪，形圆满。干宜矮，冠宜低，主层次，要清晰。占优势，属中央，三...     

目前市场上最畅销的地被植物

北方地区因为尾，萱草，玉等推出时间早，市场认识度最高，所以较畅销，在北京，观叶类的地被近2年十分流行，如观赏草类的狼尾草，须芒草，画眉草，玉带草，花叶燕麦草，血草，银边芒，细叶芒，针茅，兰羊茅等，花灌木类的花叶锦带，     

植物农药——狼毒

利用狼毒植物制成的一种有机杀虫剂，对害虫有触杀、熏蒸、胃毒作用，药效快，持效期长，无残留，对人畜和天敌安全可靠，杀虫率可达95％以上。使用效果远比氧化乐果强10倍，而且具有高效低毒，不污染环境，不破坏生态平衡，无抗药性等优点，可减轻农民的经济负担。狼毒是一种多年生草本植物，全株具有白色乳汁，根粗大，圆柱状，垂直生，肉质，外皮黄褐色，断面淡黄色。茎直立，高40厘米，顶端花序分歧，基部叶谈褐色，中部基生叶互生，无柄，长圆形，先端钝，全缘，上部叶子3－5片轮生，长圆形或长卵形，茎部圆，先端钝，苞卵形、菱状卵形…     

湿地松营养元素含量变化与生长关系的研究

以湖南省湘潭县湿地松不同配方施肥试验为研究对象，于不同生长季节分别在施肥区和对照区采集针叶进行Ｎ，Ｐ，Ｋ，Ｃａ，Ｍｇ，养分动态分析，并将各生长季节元素含量与树高，胸径进行相关性统计分析。结果表明：营养元素Ｎ，Ｐ，Ｋ，Ｃａ，Ｍｇ含量在不同生长季节变化是不同的，Ｎ，Ｐ，Ｋ，Ｃａ，Ｍｇ含量在生长初期最高，Ｎ，Ｐ９月最低，Ｋ，Ｃａ，Ｍｇ速生期最低，Ｃａ生长末期最高，Ｎ，Ｐ，Ｋ，Ｍｇ含量在生长季节逐渐减少，     

五十六个民族歌

爱我中华，民族兴旺，汉满蒙回，京水怒藏. 土白苗命.伺瓦瑶羌，毛南撒拉，弃黎泰壮。 欲固拉枯，保保阿昌，普米洛巴，门巴东乡。 独沁朝鲜，景颇德昂，哈尼锡伯，保安布朗· } 土家布衣，高山纳西，亿佬侄佬，赫哲诺基。 乌兹别克，柯尔克孜，维吾尔族，及俄罗斯。 还有三克，哈萨、塔吉，和郑温克，又有两尔。 有塔塔尔，和达钟尔，独有一者，是郑伦养。 民族和睦，树大根深，中华民族，万象更新。五十六个民族歌@杨一生 @韩广奇~~     

用于治疗近视的眼膏

预防和治疗近视而研制的眼膏，是对多味名贵中草药进行严格筛选，并对药物剂量，配制方法，熬制火候及时间，经过多次配伍和组方，并实际验证，得出的新产品。该产品能通经活络，开窍明目，调节屈光度，改善微循环，促使眼部排泄管道的疏通，提高视神经、三叉神经的兴奋度。研制的眼膏通过穴位涂抹。药物渗透的疗法，以达到内病外治的目的。 这种用于治疗近视的眼膏，是由下列重量百分比的原料制成的，川芎１５，三七２０，石决明１５，红花１０，石斛２０，关木通２０，黄柏１５，菊花２０，薄荷２０，蒲黄１２，甘草１２，当归３０份，枳壳１５，车前子１５，获苓２０，党参１５，冰片１５，安息香１５，医用凡士林３００。 眼膏的生产工艺包括下列步骤： 第一步：将川芎１５，三七２０，石决明１５，红花１０，石斛２０，关木通２０，黄柏１５，菊花２０，薄荷２０，蒲黄１２，甘草１２，当归３０份，枳壳１５，车前子１５，茯苓２０，党参１５，分别去除杂质，然后烘干粉碎备用； 第二步：将粉碎后的石决明１５，石斛２０，关木通２０，黄柏１５放在１５００ｍｌ蒸馏水中，用文火煎煮４０分种，再将川芎１５，三七２０，薄荷２０，红花１０，菊花２０加入煎煮液中用文人再煎煮３０分钟，最后将蒲...     

石屏县林林资源现状与发展思路

由于石屏县大力开展飞播造林，人工造林，封山育林，森林面积由10年前的157311.3hm^2增加到现在的208753.7hm^2，森林资源增长呈现良好态势，分析了石屏县林业发展中存在的问题，财政困难，群众妯困，局部地方林权不清，缺泛科学规划，科技推广力度不够，林分结构单一，森林综合效益差，可采资源少，林业产值低，今后产值低，今后林业发展的思路为，走可持续发展道路，健全法制，以法治林，以洁兴要,攀筹集资金，注重人才培养，提高林业职工素质，保护好现有森林资源，大力发展经济林，有意识改主林分中树各结构。     

我国栎属十一种树木叶的化学分析及其利用的可能性

作者测定了短柄Bao栎，锐齿槲栎，扁果麻栎，北方麻栎，蒙古栎，白栎，栓皮栎，北京槲栎，麻栎，槲栎，辽东栎等11种树叶中的蛋白质，氨基酸，矿质元素和微量元素的含量，并在种间进行了比较，阐述了这些成分的含量与生长季节，生长地区，树种本身的关系，为探讨种间的化学分类提供部分数据，分析表明这些栎叶的蛋白质含量在9．8－17．9％之间，均含有18种氨基酸，但各种之间的含量差别很大，其中含量较高的氨基酸有天门冬氨酸，谷氨酸，丙氨酸，亮氨酸，苯丙氨酸，赖氨酸，精氨酸，含量较低的氨基酸有胱氨酸，氨蛋酸，组氨酸，色氨酸，在各种间氨基酸的组成和含量有共同的变化趋势，但个别氨基酸在种间有较大差别。各种栎叶的矿质元素含量民有各自的范围，镁，磷在树种间含量较为近似，钙，甸、铁差异较大，钠和锰比其它科属的树叶含量均高，铜，锌含量最低仅有几个ppm，槲树，槲栎，辽东栎等树叶均可食，而且是个好饲料。     

立足资源培育 开展多种经营 积极分流人才 增强发展活力

在新形势下，如何实现林业由粗放型向集约型转变，提高林业经济效益，几年来，我站解放思想，大胆创新，不断更新观念，适应新形势，团结奋进，开拓进取，实干作奉献，改革求发展，实施重点突破战略，及时调整产业结构，加快林业产业化进程，走出了一条具有特色的自我转变...     

关于促进广州市花卉生产现代化问题的探讨

广州中花历史修久，经“日伪”和“文革”两度摧残，损失惨重。改革开放后复苏，初步形成集约规模生产。但比世界花卉先进国家落后２０年，年出口量仅占香港消费总额的１０％，对世界消费市场，竞争乏力，关键是缺乏强有力政府领导，各自为战，科研滞后，经费不足，信息不灵，品种退化，种（籽）无保证，资源丰富，利用不多，进出渠道，还未澄清，扶持政策，亟待制订，基地规划，尚未形成。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.