Identification of non-alkaloid acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from Ferulago campestris (Besser) Grecescu (Apiaceae)

Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is still considered as a strategy for the treatment of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Many plant derived alkaloids (such as galantamine and rivastigmine) are known for their AChE inhibitory activity. Recently, other classes of natural compounds such as terpenoids, sesquiterpene glycosides and coumarins have been studied as new AChE inhibitors, with the aim to discover less toxic compounds compared to alkaloidal ones. The Ferulago campestris roots dichloromethane extract was used for a bioassay-guided fractionation for the search of AChE inhibitors. Three coumarin derivatives (umbelliprenin 1, coladonin 2 and coladin 3), three daucane ester derivatives (siol anisate 4, ferutinin 5 and 1-acetyl-5-angeloyl lapiferol 6), two phenol derivatives (2-epilaserine 7 and epielmanticine 8) and one polyacetylene (9-epoxyfalcarindiol 9) were isolated by the bioassay-guided approach. Their structures were characterized on the basis of spectral methods (1D and 2D NMR, and MS spectroscopy). All the isolated compounds were able to inhibit the AChE (IC₅₀ 1.2–0.1 mM) although at higher doses if compared to galantamine (6.7 μM) measured in the same conditions. The most active compounds were the daucane derivative siol anisate 4 and the epielmanticine 8, with IC₅₀ of 0.172 and 0.175 mM respectively.     

昆明地区白蜡虫自然种群天敌种类及其危害调查

调查了昆明地区白蜡虫天敌种类和优势种的危害状况。调查结果表明：白蜡虫天敌种类有17种,分属6科12属,其中白蜡虫阔柄跳小蜂,中华花翅跳小蜂,白蜡虫花翅跳小蜂和黑缘红瓢虫为优势种。在人工放养条件下,4种优势种天敌的寄生率和危害率依次为11．0％,35．0％,13．6％和1．6％。发现白蜡虫天敌新记录种2种,即七星瓢虫和异色瓢虫。昆明二区采用了锦纶袋放虫可控制蜡象的扩散,使蜡象寄生率偏低,寄生率了最高仅为2％。     

In vitro screening of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors from Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica)

Screening and isolation of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors from Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) based on the in vitro ACE inhibitory assay were attempted. The ethanol extract from outer bark showed the highest inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ is 16g/ml) among 24 extracts prepared from roots, leaves, heartwood, sapwood, inner bark, and outer bark by successive extraction with four solvents. The fractionation of the outer bark ethanol extract followed by the bioassay resulted in the isolation of two strong ACE inhibitors, catechin and dimeric procyanidin B3. The bioassay of three flavan-3-ols including (+)-catechin and six flavones revealed that most of these compounds have high ACE inhibitory activity. The results suggest that the phenolic hydroxyl group at the C7 position and heterocyclic oxygen atom of these compounds are important for expressing the inhibitory activity.     

黑胸脊虎天牛的优势天敌——酱色刺足茧蜂

酱色刺足茧蜂在陕西榆林地区1年发生3代，是木材害虫黑胸脊虎天牛的主要天敌，寄生率达21．3％－27．0％，对其幼虫的危害有明显的控制作用。     

自然保护区合作管理(共管)理论研究综述

自然保护区合作管理自20世纪80年代末期开始逐步兴起,在资源管理中被广泛使用。文章介绍了共管的含义、共管实施原则、分析框架和评价指标。从公共部门和私有部门的互动模式、集体行动类型的不同、政府和资源使用者的参与管理方式三个方面论述了共管的模式。分析了政府和社区在共管实施过程中的作用,指出共管仍面临着分权不够、合作中的文化障碍、组织类型简单和信息交流不充分、社区参与能力和认识能力不足等挑战。     

Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Ginger roots have been used to treat inflammation and have been reported to inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX). Ultrafiltration liquid chromatography mass spectrometry was used to screen a chloroform partition of a methanol extract of ginger roots for COX-2 ligands, and 10-gingerol, 12-gingerol, 8-shogaol, 10-shogaol, 6-gingerdione, 8-gingerdione, 10-gingerdione, 6-dehydro-10-gingerol, 6-paradol, and 8-paradol bound to the enzyme active site. Purified 10-gingerol, 8-shogaol and 10-shogaol inhibited COX-2 with IC₅₀ values of 32 μM, 17.5 μM and 7.5 μM, respectively. No inhibition of COX-1 was detected. Therefore, 10-gingerol, 8-shogaol and 10-shogaol inhibit COX-2 but not COX-1, which can explain, in part, the anti-inflammatory properties of ginger.     

天然林资源保护政策问题分析及建议

天然林资源保护政策存在的问题可概括为三大类,即天保政策实施前历史沉淀下来的问题、天保政策方案设计中存在的问题和天保政策执行中存在的问题。在深入分析的基础上,提出了促进天保政策良性运行的思路和进一步完善天保政策的具体建议。     

毛白杨4-香豆酸：辅酶A连接酶(4CL3)的酶学特征研究

为了进一步研究杨树4CL基因,以毛白杨为材料克隆到一个新的毛白杨4CL3基因.生物信息学分析结果显示:该基因和其他4CL基因一样含有4CL基因家族2个保守框Box Ⅰ和Box Ⅱ.将4CL3基因连接至原核表达载体pQE30,表达纯化后测定其蛋白的比活力,结果显示:4CL3基因对不同底物表现出了不同的催化效率.对该基因的最适温度和最适pH值测定后发现:4CL蛋白的最适温度为40℃,最适pH值为8.5,且在pH =9.0时有60％的活力.采用HPLC-MS的方法,分析了4CL3蛋白对混合底物的催化情况,结果显示:在混合底物下,4CL3蛋白对4-香豆酸、阿魏酸和肉桂酸都表现较高的活力,而对芥子酸和咖啡酸没有活力.     

天然林保护工程环境与社会经济评价

（接上期）四、社会评价（一）就业天保工程实施后，木材产量调减，特别是商品材零指标调减，使林业系统原来直接从事木材生产和从事木材综合利用等企业的职工以及未被纳入天保管理的人员下岗、分流，在职职工人数减少。川南林业局、盐边林业局、盐边县林业局、峨边县林业局、的在岗职工人数分别从１９９７年的４５２２人、５９５人、４０５人、９５６人减少到２００１年的２６７０人、３８２人、３３７人、８５７人，减少了４０．９６％、３５．８０％、１６．７９％、９．３１％。这在一定程度上使社会就业压力增大，就业矛盾突出。与此同…     

Natural adjustment of population density of Larch casebearer (Coleophora dahurica)

Population increase of Larch casebcarer (C. dahurica) were controlled by comprehensive factors. Spring wind caused 27% of larvae on crown to fall down. Early and late frosts, larch caterpillar, sawfly and needle cast of larch could reduce the food quality and quantity of larch casebcarer and had indirect effects on population density. Birds, ants and spites were the main predators ofC. dahurica. The parasite complex comprisedPtermalidae, Eulophidae, Ichneumonidae andBraconidae. “Self-adjustment”, of population caused by “self-population density”, only runs effectively at a high larval density.     

Isoliquiritigenin showed strong inhibitory effects towards multiple UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoform-catalyzed 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) glucuronidation

Isoliquiritigenin, a herbal ingredient with chalcone structure, has been speculated to be able to inhibit one of the most drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT). Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the inhibition of isoliquiritigenin towards important UGT isoforms in the liver and intestine, including UGT1A1, 1A3, 1A6, 1A7, 1A8, 1A9 and 1A10. The recombinant UGT-catalyzed 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) glucuronidation was used as probe reactions. The results showed that 100 μM of isoliquiritigenin inhibited the activity of UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A6, UGT1A7, UGT1A8, UGT1A9, and UGT1A10 by 95.2%, 76.1%, 78.9%, 87.2%, 67.2%, 94.8%, and 91.7%, respectively. The data fitting using Dixon plot and Lineweaver–Burk plot showed that the inhibition of UGT1A1, UGT1A9 and UGT1A10 by isoliquiritigenin was all best fit to the competitive inhibition, and the second plot using the slopes from the Lineweaver–Burk plot versus isoliquiritigenin concentrations was used to calculate the inhibition kinetic parameter (K_i) to be 0.7 μM, 0.3 μM, and 18.3 μM for UGT1A1, UGT1A9, and UGT1A10, respectively. All these results indicated the risk of clinical application of isoliquiritigenin on the drug–drug interaction and other possible diseases induced by the inhibition of isoliquiritigenin towards these UGT isoforms.     

甘肃兴隆山自然保护区的蝴蝶资源(三)(鳞翅目:蛱蝶总科)

记录了采自甘肃兴隆山国家级自然保护区的蛱蝶总科蝶种计3科33属40种，它们分别隶属于喙蝶科1属1种，眼蝶科13属14种，蛱蝶科19属25种，其中有1科7属8种系在兴隆山保护区首次发现，1属1种为甘肃新记录。     

A novel water-soluble alpha-(1-->4)-glucan from the root of Cudrania tricuspidata

CTPS-01, a water-soluble polysaccharide, was obtained from the root of Cudrania tricuspidata and estimated to have an average molecular weight of 5.9 x 10(3) and to be composed of glucose residues, solely. It contains an average repeating unit of decasaccharide, having a backbone consisting of 1,4-linked alpha-D-glucopyranosyl residues, to which a side chain consisting of terminal and 1,4-linked alpha-D-glucopyranosyl residues is attached at position O-6 of the branching residues.     

西藏巨柏种群天然更新与群落特征研究

巨柏(Cupressus gigantea)为雅鲁藏布江地区分布的特有种,属国家一级保护植物。本文通过在米林-朗县雅鲁藏布江河谷13个面积为1 000 m2的巨柏林样地调查资料,按照近河谷和远河谷山坡的地理分布差异,统计分析了巨柏的种群天然更新特征;通过对群落的组成与结构的分析,初步阐述了巨柏群落的物种组成和结构特征。结果表明,雅鲁藏布江巨柏的更新情况比较差,种群年龄结构不稳定,整体上呈现了明显的种群衰退现象。通过种群的年龄结构分析,反映出了巨柏种群的失衡事件主要发生在最近几十年内,即0.6 m高度10 cm树径范围。巨柏林内物种组成结构单一,乔木层为单一巨柏种,灌木层和草本层的优势种数较少。鉴于巨柏种群环境沙化影响加剧、天然更新能力下降等因素,种群的延续面临较大威胁,需进一步加强该种群的保护和研究。     

火炬树果实提取天然食用色素技术研究

报道了火炬树色素提取方法及工艺 ,并对其热稳定性、光稳定性 ;紫外光和金属离子对色素的影响 ;火炬松色毒性等进行了一系列对比试验 ,证明其作食品添加剂应用安全     

甘肃兴隆山自然保护区的蝴蝶资源(二)(鳞翅目：凤蝶总科、灰蝶总科)

记录了近年来在甘肃兴隆山保护区采集到的一些鳞翅目蝶类昆虫，经整理鉴定，共计2总科4科30属53种，其中有9属21种系在兴隆山保护区首次发现，4属8种为甘肃新记录。     

取食经历对云南紫胶虫自然种群的影响

研究自然条件下取食经历对云南紫胶虫的影响。结果表明:母代取食经历相同,子代在不同寄主植物上寄生时,在不同寄主植物之间种群密度存在一定差异;有效性比只是聚果榕与牛肋巴上存在显著差异,在其他寄主植物之间,有效性比差异不显著;偏叶榕上与聚果榕和南岭黄檀上种群死亡率存在显著差异,而在聚果榕与南岭黄檀之间其种群死亡率没有显著差异;聚果榕和南岭黄檀上生殖力(单雌怀卵量)存在极显著差异,偏叶榕和南岭黄檀上云南紫胶虫生殖力存在极显著差异,而在聚果榕与偏叶榕之间生殖力没有差异;世代净增殖率在不同寄主植物之间存在一定差异。而母代取食经历不同,子代在同一种寄主植物上寄生时,种群密度不存在差异,有效性比、种群死亡率、生殖力均存在显著差异。在南岭黄檀和偏叶榕上取食1个世代后的种群,在偏叶榕上寄生时,其世代净增殖率无差异;在聚果榕和南岭黄檀上取食1个世代后,在聚果榕上寄生时,其世代净增殖率有极显著差异。     

樟子松球果象甲天敌曲姬蜂生物学及生态学特性的研究

文章通过实验室和室外观察调查,准确的描述了曲姬蜂成虫、卵、幼虫及蛹的形态特征,对曲姬蜂的生物学特性作出了细致的观察和描述,同时经过我国著名的昆虫学家何俊华教授的鉴定,确定了三种主要的天敌曲姬蜂密点曲姬蜂Scambus(Scambus)punctatus Wang et Yue,1995、细蚀结姬蜂Exestuberis gracilis Wang et Yue,1995、具瘤爱姬蜂Exerister roborator(Fabricius,1793)。在深入观察研究曲姬蜂生物学特性的基础上,对曲姬蜂的生态学特性进行了细致的研究,明确了天敌曲姬蜂与寄主樟子松球果象甲的发生发展规律,为指导应用曲姬蜂生物防治樟子松球果象甲奠定了基础。     

苹小吉丁自然种群肠道微生物多样性

【目的】明确不同虫态、不同环境苹小吉丁自然种群肠道真菌和细菌种类组成及其可能对宿主生长发育和生理变化的影响。【方法】分别将新疆野果林(W)和栽培果园(C)获取的成虫(A)与幼虫(L)进行完整肠道解剖,利用Illumina MiSeq技术对ITS2基因(真菌)和16S rRNA V3-V4变异区(细菌)进行测定,统计肠道微生物的操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)数量,分析物种丰度、组成及Alpha多样性,并运用PICRUSt2对其功能进行预测。【结果】获得苹小吉丁肠道真菌ITS2优质序列177 028条,细菌16S rRNA优质序列253 712条,聚类分析分别获得285和1 470个OTUs。最终注释到真菌5门22纲50目92科122属,细菌40门103纲231目364科594属。从属级水平来看,不同虫态、不同环境苹小吉丁肠道微生物各具特有的真菌和细菌类群,其中,其中CA特有真菌11属,特有细菌2属;CL特有真菌28属,特有细菌223属;WA特有真菌37属,特有细菌47属;WL特有真菌12属,特有细菌68属,而核心菌群中真菌7属,细菌21属。...