马尾松基因库无性系花期观察分析

在福建省沙县官庄林场石景山工区进行马尾松基因库无性系开花习性、花量、花期的观察。观察结果表明：不同无性系着生球花量的差异显著，始花期也有明显的差异，但也存在一定的同步性，大部分无性系雌花开放时间比雄花早４─９天。     

日本落叶松种子园无性系开花习性的研究

1984～1990年,在吉林省汪清林业局对日本落叶松种子圆内各无性系采用固定标准枝的方法进行了花期观察。发现雌花花期一般5～7天,雄花花期一般3～5天,大多数雌花早雄花1～2天开放。母树球花大部分着生在树冠的中、下部,雌花多着生在3～4年生的枝条上,雄花多生在2～3年生的枝条上。各无性系在同一年份的开花数量相差较大。这是由无性系本身特性决定的。掌握花期规律,为种子园的合理经营提供依据。     

马尾松种子园无性系开花特性与产地的关系

对信宜马尾松种子园的85个无性系进行花期观察，结果表明：所有无性系的雄花花期比雌花长；各无性系的开花期有先有后，建园时应考虑不同遗传特性的无性系组配问题。信宜种子园各无性系的开花期早晚与产地来源关系不大，6个产地都有早花期、中花期和晚花期的无性系，均以中花期的无性系居多。无性系花期差异 要存在于个体间，应从个体间选择合花期的无性系作为建园亲本。     

杉木双系种子园花期节律研究

对杉木双系种子园中３对无性系的花期节律观察结果表明：无性系雌雄花各发育阶段存在明显差异。按其始花期早晚，花期长短将无性系划分为几种花期类型，大部分成对无性系雌雄花期基本一致。文中还列举了采用人工辅助授粉和整花期的方法。     

马尾松二代种子园无性系开花物候观测

[目的]在用材林高世代种子园建园材料选择时,最初重点考虑的是其速生性,而对优树的开花物候关注较少。在高世代种子园营建时,无性系的配置常根据其种源在大范围内考虑其开花物候的遗传因素,但即使是小范围内相同种源的无性系,其开花物候也不可能绝对同步。因此,了解种子园无性系的开花物候,可为种子园的集约经营、产量预测、种子遗传品质调控等提供依据。[方法]于2012—2013年,在桂阳县苗圃马尾松二代种子园Ⅰ大区、Ⅴ大区分别随机选取不同类型的无性系10个和25个,对其开花物候进行观测。[结果]表明:不同无性系的雌、雄球花花期起止日期和持续时间均有差异,但无性系间雌、雄球花花期值差异均未达显著水平,35个无性系总体雌、雄球花花期具有一定的同步性;35个无性系雌、雄球花的初花期基本同步,雌、雄球花的盛花期和末花期同步。株间花期差异相对于无性间要大,但雄球花花期较早的植株,其雌球花花期也较早,同一株建园亲本的雌、雄球花花期有一定的同步性。除雌球花的末花期与雄球花的初花期呈微弱负相关外,雌、雄球花的初花期、盛花期、末花期间均呈极显著或显著正相关。各花期的相关性呈现初花期和盛花期的相关盛花期和末花期的相关初花期和末花期的相关,雌球花初花期与雄球花初花期的相关系数最大。坡位对母树的花期有极显著影响,生长在不同坡位的植株,其雌、雄球花花期值差异明显,其大小均为上坡中坡下坡。坡位对花期影响最大的是雌球花的初花期,其次是雄球花的初花期、雌球花的盛花期、雄球花的盛花期,而对雌、雄球花的末花期影响最小。偏北产地无性系的花期相对较早,不同的无性系类型,其雄球花的盛花期和雌球花的初花期的差异显著;雄球花的初花期、末花期以及雌球花的盛花期和末花期差异均不显著。不同的年份,雌、雄球花花期的早晚差异很大,2012年最早初花期较2013年最早初花期早25 d。[结论]桂阳马尾松二代种子园35个无性系总体雌、雄球花花期具有较好的同步性;从开花物候方面考虑,该种子园建园材料选择较合理,对种子园种子产量和遗传品质没有影响。     

木荷种子园无性系开花物候及同步性分析

[目的]研究种子园无性系的花期物候特征和花期同步性及影响因子对种子园科学管理具有指导意义。[方法]2015年和2016年连续2 a对木荷无性系种子园中19个无性系进行花期物候调查,分析其开花物候与花期同步指数。[结果]木荷种子园各无性系开花持续时间为10~28 d,2016年较2015年晚2 d进入始花期。相关分析结果表明,开花数多的无性系比开花数少的无性系花期更长、座果数更多,花期持续时间长的无性系比持续时间短的无性系座果数更多。无性系组合间花期同步指数有较大差异,2015年和2016年变化范围分别为0.552~0.857和0.406~0.808,平均分别为0.758和0.713,其中花期同步指数大于0.80的无性系分别在50%和40%以上。年度内花期同步指数变异系数分别为12.016%~46.476%和15.375%~51.202%,无性系之间平均花期同步指数存在极显著变异(P0.01)。年度间花期平均同步指数为0.737,平均花期同步指数间不存在显著变异(P0.05)。年度间花期同步指数相关系数为0.229,表明年度间花期同步指数具有一定的相关性,但不显著。[结论]木荷种子园无性系年度间花期同步指数较为稳定,可根据开花物候和花期同步指数对无性系进行筛选和优化,同时辅以人工授粉等措施弥补花期同步性差异,以达到提高种子园种子产量和质量的目的。     

马尾松种子园无性系开花习性研究

对广西南宁地区林科所马尾松种子园内无性系开花结实习性及结实稳定性进行研究，结果表明：不同年份同一无性花期差异较大，散粉期较授粉期短；80．7％的雌花分于树冠中上部，87．3％的雄花分布于中下部；65．6％的植株偏雄，13．8％的植株偏雌，该种子园内偏雄植株比过大；28．9％的无性系结实量稳定，34．4％的无性系结实量少或无产量，36．7％的无性系结实量大小年；产地较北的古枝、古召、柳花岭属稳产高产型种源，产地较南的琴清、派阳山、桐棉及容县种源为低产稳定型种源。     

樟子松,长白落叶松种子园开花结实规律研究

在本地区，樟子松种子园雄花出现在5月上、中旬，长白落叶松在4月中、下旬，雌花滞后于雄花3-5天，观察到在地理纬度相差多达6°情况下，樟子松各产地花期同步；樟子松种子园在10年生以前，需进行人工辅助授粉；雌、雄花在母树不同方位和不同层次上表现出光照强的东南和中、上层的部位开花结实多；优树产地问及其无性系间，在结实株率、雌雄花数量、比例、座果率及球果产量等方面均有极显著差异，这是影响种子园产量的内在因素；选择结实优良无性系，种子园提高种子产量34．3％-163％。     

马尾松二代无性系种子园的花期同步性

【目的】研究马尾松二代种子园无性系的开花物候特征、花期同步性、结实状况及气候影响因子,评价无性系花期同步性规律,指导种子园经营生产及提高种子遗传品质与产量。【方法】连续2年对浙江省淳安县姥山林场马尾松二代无性系矮化种子园的22个无性系进行花期、花量和结实性状调查,分析其开花物候与花期同步指数。【结果】各无性系雌雄球花整体花期持续时间为8～17天, 2014年始花期相对于2013年滞后约6天,且持续时间缩短约6天。整体水平上,年度内雌球花及雄球花的各花期时长差异较小;无性系的始花期和盛花期的物候特征年度间存在差异, 2014年无性系内雌雄球花开花的同步性更强。无性系的开花物候受气候因素影响较大,这使得无性系间开花同步程度降低,花期同步指数变异增加, 2013年和2014年花期同步指数变化范围分别为0.041～0.556和0.284～0.802,无性系的平均变异系数分别为32.3%和16.8%。各无性系分别作为父、母本时,年度内无性系花期整体同步性水平差异较小,表现出无性系作为父本时的散粉期整体的同步性要高于作为母本时的可授粉期的同步性。年度间无性系作为父、母本及自交的花期同步指数均有极显著差异, 2014年各无性系的花期同步指数在整体水平均高于2013年,但自交指数在年度间无显著差异。相关分析表明,雌球花越多的无性系的球果数越多;而雌球花花期持续时间越长的无性系座果率越高;不同年度的雌球花盛花期和花期的持续时间均与千粒质量指标呈显著或极显著正相关。【结论】浙江姥山林场马尾松二代无性系种子园雌、雄球花的花期具有较好的同步性,无性系间没有出现花期不遇现象。无性系交配组合的雌球花可授粉期和雄球花的散粉期影响了种子园无性系的种实品质及座果率。连续2年的观测表明无性系间花期整体同步性水平存在差异,且这种差异与二代种子园无性系的亲本遗传背景有关。各无性系分别作为父、母本时,表现出无性系作为父本时的散粉期整体的同步性要高于作为母本时的可授粉期的同步性,无性系作为父本和母本时花期同步指数呈负相关,且种子园内存在1/3无性系具有高于异交平均水平的自交可能性,是马尾松二代种子园管理和无性系再选择应综合考虑的因素。     

马尾松种子园无性系开花习性的观察

前言 种子园的种子质量受各无性系随机交配程度的影响;而种子产量则受各无性系着花量的制约。在理想的种子园中,所有无性系应当具有完全相同的着花量和花期的绝对同步。但实际上这种情况是不可能存在的。本研究的目的在于了解和分析马尾松无性系间的开花习性及影响开花习性的各种因素,掌握其花期的差异性和同步性,揭示各无性系遗传着花能力的大小及其相关性。为我省种子园区划、无性系配置和开展杂交育种提供依据。     

Temporal and spatial variation of flowering among Pinus nigra Arn. clones under changing climatic conditions

Until recently, the most important factors affecting the economics and genetics of the seed crop from seed orchards were considered to be the timing and duration of flowering, variation in fertility and the total number of clones used to establish the seed orchards. Change in climatic conditions however is an emerging factor that could prove crucial regarding the timing of flowering and synchronization among clones and thus, the quality and quantity of seed production. The temporal and spatial variation in flowering phenology and the duration of flowering were studied in consecutive years in a Pinus nigra Arn. seed orchard. Sixty plus trees representing the distribution of the species in Northern Greece were used to establish the seed orchard, and nineteen ramets per clone were planted in a honeycomb experimental design in order to avoid kinship. Temporal variation among clones, as well as spatial variation among ramets within clones growing at different sites of the orchard were recorded, for initiation and duration of male and female flowering. The majority of clones were synchronized in dates of flowering during the year with weather conditions close to the long-term climatic conditions, except for a limited number of clones that were precocious or late flowering. The pronounced variability in climatic conditions over the 2 years strongly affected the flowering and synchronization among clones, resulting in almost complete asynchrony during the xerothermic year, which was characterized by a prolonged mean monthly temperature increase of 2.3 °C and a water deficit of 53% in a 7-month-period (November to May). These results suggest that one of the effects of a warmer and drier climate may be the lack of flowering synchronization, as pollen shedding might be completed before female conelets reach the phase of receptivity. The restriction of male parentage to a limited number of clones severely violates the panmixia assumption and could result in fertilization failure. The projected climate change for the Mediterranean region could potentially prove detrimental for fertility and flowering synchronization of forest trees, having consequences on the quantity and genetic diversity of the seed crop in seed orchards, and the natural regeneration of forest trees in forest ecosystems due to the reduced percentage of sound seed.     

促进油松种子园结实技术研究

去劣硫伐是提高种子园产量的主要措施之一，而无性质再选择能科学地确定疏伐对象。通过子代测定和对无性系结实量观测，采用综合指数法综合评定出优、中、劣无性系，从而确定疏伐对象、疏代强度、疏伐时间等。对已进入盛果期的种子园可对结实母树进行整形修剪，增加结实量。施肥能促进种子园母树生长和开发结实，提高种子产量。     

Flowering and Airborne Pollen Occurrence in a Pinus sylvestris Seed Orchard Consisting of Northern Clones

To explain the high background pollination rate detected in earlier studies, this study investigated the flowering phenology of a Scots pine seed orchard with respect to airborne pollen occurrence during 1992 and 1993. The receptive period of the female strobili and the shedding period of the male strobili were observed visually. Airborne pollen was monitored with Rotorod traps located inside and outside the seed orchard. There was no time gap in the onset of flowering between the earliest female and male strobili in 1992. Female flowering began 3 days earlier than male flowering in 1993, and the earliest strobili were probably pollinated by pollen transported long distance from more southerly areas. The almost simultaneous peak in pollen occurrence inside the seed orchard and in surrounding pine stands indicates that the seed orchard clones are not temporally isolated from sources of contamination. However, pollen concentrations inside the seed orchard were higher than those in the surrounding stands. Therefore, flowering phenology cannot sufficiently explain the observed pollen contamination rates in this seed orchard.     

湿地松种子园无性系间开花结实差异分析

湿地松种子园内无性系间的生长，开花和结实等性状存在着显著差异，无性素水平和单株水平上的性状相关分析结果基本一致，雌花量与结实量，球果长与宽有较密切的相关关系，而无性素的雌花量与雌花量存在负相关关系。     

马尾松无性系种子园球花量变化研究

对福建漳平五一国有林场马尾松种子园雌、雄球花量观察和分析。结果表明 ,种子园雌、雄球花产量变异主要来源于年份、无性系、无性系与年份互作等效应。它们二者在无性系间、无性系与年份互作间遗传相关关系不显著 ,而在无性系内分株间、年份间相关达到极显著和显著水平。并结合实践 ,提出建园材料再选择 ,以及对现有种子园采用选择性疏伐等提高种子园球花产量 ,克服雄球花显少有效技术措施     

Juvenile radiata pine clonal seed orchard management in Galicia (NW Spain)

A juvenile radiata pine clonal seed orchard (Pinus radiata D. Don) in Sergude (northwestern Spain), comprising 57 clones, was evaluated for fertility, offspring diversity and genetic drift during 4 years. Flower and fruit production was used to asses clone fertility in the orchard. Fertility variation measured as “sibling coefficient” was found to be an average of 1.5, having high genetic diversity (0.99) and low coancestry (0.013). The clones varied in fertility from year to year. Effective population size in the orchard was between 35 and 40, indicating that between 60.30 and 69 %, the clones contributed effectively to seed yield. One way to improve seed yield in the orchard is by increasing the effective population size. Thinning and pruning highly reproductive clones of gibberellin application might be useful in increasing effective population size. The orchard’s parental balance showed consistent improvement over time. Cone and seed characteristics were also investigated. The results showed that significant genetic variation exists among clones for cone width and length; total, sound and empty seed number; as well as 100 seed weight. The seed orchard is still in a juvenile phase; moreover, the broad-sense heritability and variation data obtained in this study could be very valuable in the management practices of the existing radiata pine clonal seed orchard and can be also used for better planning of advanced generation of clonal seed orchards in Spain.     

初论杉木种子园的园址选择

通过6个省内28个种子园的数据分析,发现位于杉木不同产区(北部产区、中心产区、南部产区)的种子园,其开花结实年龄、结实量、种子播种品质等均存在较有规律的差异。中心产区无性系一般开花结实迟于北部产区的无性系;产量和种子品质的年变幅大;历年平均产量、球果出籽率和种子发芽率显著低于北部产区。就上述趋势对影响杉木种子生长发育的主要环境因子进行了理论上的讨论分析,并提出杉木种子园园址选择的初步意见。     

马尾松第一代改良无性系种子园建园材料选择

以福建省漳平五一国有林场马尾松第一代无性系种子园为研究群体,在对园内无性系及其子代家系测定数据分析基础上进行无性系再选择,重建改良代种子园。结果表明,子代生长量与当代无性系产籽量和雌雄球花量,在家系与无性系水平上差异极其显著,且不同程度受遗传控制,具有一定选育潜力。采用综合评定和独立淘汰相结合的方法,能实现性状兼优的无性系再选择。以一代(CK1)为对照,从160个无性系中再选择30个无性系建立的改良代种子园育种效果显著,其遗传增益估值,8年生子代材积提高10.9%,产籽量和雌、雄球花量分别提高49.1%、18.9%、7.6%;以母树林混合种(CK)为对照,2个选择阶段,8年生子代材积累计遗传增益估值18.1%。