纳米氧化锌/葡萄皮红改性大豆分离蛋白膜的制备与性能研究

为改善大豆分离蛋白膜的性能,将纳米氧化锌(ZnO Nanoparticles,ZnO NPs)和葡萄皮红(Grape-Skin Red,GSR)加入大豆分离蛋白(Soy Protein Isolate,SPI)中制备SPI/ZnO NPs/GSR复合膜,对复合膜的性能进行表征.结果表明当葡萄皮红、ZnO NPs和大豆分...     

Development and characterization of biodegradable films made from wheat gluten protein fractions

Gliadins and glutenins were extracted from commercial wheat gluten on the basis of their extractability in ethanol and used to produce film-forming solutions. Films cast using these gliadin- and glutenin-rich solutions were characterized. Glycerol was used as a plasticizer, and its effect on the films was also studied. Films obtained from the glutenin fraction presented higher tensile strength values and lower elongation at break and water vapor permeability values than gliadin films. Gliadin films disintegrated when immersed in water. The GAB isotherm model was used to describe the equilibrium moisture sorption of the films. The glycerol concentration largely modified mechanical and water vapor barrier properties of both film types.     

Preparation and characterization of chitosan-based nanocomposite films with antimicrobial activity

Four different types of chitosan-based nanocomposite films were prepared using a solvent-casting method by incorporation with four types of nanoparticles, that is, an unmodified montmorillonite (Na-MMT), an organically modified montmorillonite (Cloisite 30B), a Nano-silver, and a Ag-zeolite (Ag-Ion). X-ray diffraction patterns of the nanocomposite films indicated that a certain degree of intercalation was formed in the nanocomposite films, with the highest intercalation in the Na-MMT-incorporated films followed by films with Cloisite 30B and Ag-Ion. Scanning electron micrographs showed that in all of the nanocomposite films, except the Nano-silver-incorporated one, nanoparticles were dispersed homogeneously throughout the chitosan polymer matrix. Consequently, mechanical and barrier properties of chitosan films were affected through intercalation of nanoparticles, that is, tensile strength increased by 7-16%, whereas water vapor permeability decreased by 25-30% depending on the nanoparticle material tested. In addition, chitosan-based nanocomposite films, especially silver-containing ones, showed a promising range of antimicrobial activity.     

Production and characterization of films from cotton stalk xylan

Composite film production based on cotton stalk xylan was studied, and the mechanical and physical properties of the films formed were investigated. Xylan and lignin were separated from cellulose by alkali extraction and, then, lignin was removed using ethanol washing. Self-supporting continuous films could not be produced using pure cotton stalk xylan. However, film formation was achieved using 8-14% (w/w) xylan without complete removal of lignin during xylan isolation. Keeping about 1% lignin in xylan (w/w) was determined to be sufficient for film formation. Films were produced by casting the film-forming solutions, followed by solvent evaporation in a temperature (20 degrees C) and relative humidity (40%) controlled environment. The elastic modulus and hypothetical coating strength of the films obtained by using 8% xylan were significantly different from the ones containing 10-14% xylan. The water vapor transfer rates (WVTR) decreased with increasing xylan concentration, which made the films thicker. The glycerol addition as an additional plasticizer resulting in more stretchable films having higher WVTR and lower water solubility values. As a result, film production was successfully achieved from xylan, which was extracted from an agricultural waste (cotton stalk), and the film-forming effect of lignin on pure xylan has been demonstrated.     

Purification and biochemical characterization of insoluble acid invertase (INAC-INV) from pea seedlings

Invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into D-glucose and D-fructose. Insoluble acid invertase (INAC-INV) was purified from pea (Pisum sativum L.) by sequential procedures entailing ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, absorption chromatography, reactive green-19 affinity chromatography, and gel filtration. The purified INAC-INV had a pH optimum of 4.0 and a temperature optimum of 45 °C. The effects of various concentrations of Tris-HCl, HgCl(2), and CuSO(4) on the activities of the purified invertase were examined. INAC-INV was not affected by Tris-HCl and HgCl(2). INAC-INV activity was inhibited by 6.2 mM CuSO(4) up to 50%. The enzymes display typical hyperbolic saturation kinetics for sucrose hydrolysis. The K(m) and V(max) values of INAC-INV were determined to be 4.41 mM and 8.41 U (mg protein)(-1) min(-1), respectively. INAC-INV is a true member of the β-fructofuranosidases, which can react with sucrose and raffinose as substrates. SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting were used to determine the molecular mass of INAC-INV to be 69 kDa. The isoelectric point of INAC-INV was estimated to be about pH 8.0. Taken together, INAC-INV is a pea seedling invertase with a stable and optimum activity at lower acid pH and at higher temperature than other invertases.     

天然花青素提取物与壳聚糖明胶复合膜的制备和表征

为了开发天然的抗氧化活性包装材料,以紫甘蓝、黑米、玫瑰、蓝莓为原料制备天然花青素提取物与壳聚糖明胶的复合膜,比较分析了不同天然花青素提取物对复合膜的物理、机械、抗氧化活性及形貌结构的影响。结果表明：天然花青素提取物的加入,增加了膜的厚度,显著（P<0.05）影响膜的含水率、水溶性及外观形貌。壳聚糖明胶复合膜的水蒸汽透过率（water vapor permeability,WVP）为10.69×10-11 g/(m·s·Pa)。玫瑰花青素提取物的加入使得WVP值降低,而其他花青素提取物的加入使得WVP值增大。玫瑰复合膜的拉伸强度最大,达到27.03 MPa,断裂伸长率最小,黑米花青素提取物可增加复合膜的延展性,断裂伸长率最大为57.67%。傅里叶红外光谱表明天然花青素提取物的羟基基团与壳聚糖的氨基基团产生相互作用。扫描电镜结果表明花青素提取物影响微观结构,而且生物相容性较好。加入天然花青素提取物后,复合膜抗氧化活性均显著（P<0.05）提高,且玫瑰复合膜有着较高的抗氧化活性,1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼（DPPH）自由基清除能力达到95.47%。结果表明：玫瑰花青素提取物更有利于开发阻湿性能好,水溶性低,抗拉伸和抗氧化活性高的包装材料,具有良好的应用前景。     

Molecular structure, physicochemical characterization, and in vitro degradation of barley protein films

Barley protein films were prepared by thermopressing using glycerol as a plasticizer. The combined effects of heating temperature and amount of plasticizer interacted to determine protein conformation and, subsequently, the properties of the film matrix. The film barrier and mechanical properties were systematically investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), SDS-PAGE, and protein solubility tests. These experiments demonstrated that heat treatment induced barley protein unfolding and then protein aggregation and the formation of covalent disulfide bonds to enhance film strength. Increasing the amount of plasticizer reduced protein denaturation and limited protein interactions, resulting in significantly improved film flexibility at the cost of reduced film moisture barrier property and tensile strength. In vitro degradation experiments demonstrated that barley films were resistant in gastric conditions, yet can still be completely degraded by intestinal enzymes, and they possess low cytotoxicity to Caco-2 cells. The prepared barley films have potential for development as delivery systems for gastric-sensitive bioactive compounds to the intestine for release.     

不同来源豌豆分离蛋白高水分挤压特性

高水分挤压技术（水分含量40%～80%）制备的植物基肉制品具有更接近动物肉质构品质的特征,其中,以豌豆蛋白为原料的应用备受关注。然而,不同来源的豌豆分离蛋白（pea protein isolate, PPI）品质功能特性差异明显,高水分挤压特性尚不明确,这不利于豌豆蛋白在植物基肉制品中的开发应用。为探究PPI原料品质及冷却成型温度对高水分挤出物品质的影响,该研究选取了5种商业PPI,探究其组分含量、粒径、溶解性、凝胶性等差异,并探究了在不同冷却成型温度条件下（65、90 ℃）的高水分挤压特性。结果表明,PPI的原料品质、冷却成型温度与挤出物的质地品质密切相关,溶解度高（21.24%～25.51%）且凝胶性强（0.84 N～1.14 N）的PPI更有利于纤维结构的形成（组织化度>1.5）,同时发现,较低的冷却成型温度下,溶解度与组织化度呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,提高冷却成型温度后,PPI挤出物结构更加致密,能够显著提高PPI挤出物的弹性（P<0.05）,溶解度与组织化度呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,凝胶强度与组织化度呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）。该研究为豌豆蛋白在高水分挤压植物基肉制品产品创制中的应用提供支撑。     

Preparation and characterization of papain-modified sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) protein isolates

Defatted sesame meal ( approximately 40-50% protein content) is very important as a protein source for human consumption due to the presence of sulfur-containing amino acids, mainly methionine. Sesame protein isolate (SPI) is produced from dehulled, defatted sesame meal and used as a starting material to produce protein hydrolysate by papain. Protein solubility at different pH values, emulsifying properties in terms of emulsion activity index (EAI) and emulsion stability index (ESI), foaming properties in terms of foam capacity (FC) and foam stability (FS), and molecular weight distribution of the SPI hydrolysates were investigated. Within 10 min of hydrolysis, the maximum cleavage of peptide bonds occurred as observed from the degree of hydrolysis. Protein hydrolysates have better functional properties than the original SPI. Significant increase in protein solubility, EAI, and ESI were observed. The greatest increase in solubility was observed between pH 5.0 and 7.0. The molecular weight of the hydrolysates was also reduced significantly during hydrolysis. These improved functional properties of different protein hydrolysates would make them useful products, especially in the food, pharmaceutical, and related industries.     

Oxygen permeability and mechanical properties of films from hydrolyzed whey protein

The effects of whey protein hydrolysis on film oxygen permeability (OP) and mechanical properties at several glycerol-plasticizer levels were studied. Both 5.5% and 10% degree of hydrolysis (DH) whey protein isolate (WPI) had significant effect (p 0.05) occurred for film OP between unhydrolyzed WPI, 5.5% DH WPI, and 10% DH WPI films at the same glycerol content. Hydrolyzed WPI films of mechanical properties similar to those of WPI films had better oxygen barrier. Therefore, use of hydrolyzed WPI allowed achievement of desired film flexibility with less glycerol and with smaller increase in OP.     

Preparation and characterization of long natural cellulose fibers from wheat straw

Long natural cellulose fibers with properties suitable for textile and composite applications have been obtained from wheat straw. This study aims to understand the potential of using wheat straw as a source for long natural cellulose fibers for textile, composite and other fibrous applications. The presence of wax on the outer layer of the straw and a unique zip-like structure that locks individual fibers makes it difficult to obtain fibers from wheat straw using the common methods of fiber extraction. A novel pretreatment with detergent and mechanical force followed by an alkaline treatment was used to obtain high quality fiber bundles. The structure and properties of the fibers are reported in comparison to common cellulose fibers, cotton, linen, and kenaf. Wheat straw fibers have coarser (wider width) single cells and lower crystallinity than cotton, linen, and kenaf. The breaking tenacity (force at break) of wheat straw fibers is similar to kenaf but lower than that of cotton and linen, % breaking elongation is similar to linen and kenaf but lower than cotton, and Young's modulus of the fibers is similar to cotton but lower than that of linen and kenaf.     

Preparation and dynamic viscoelasticity characterization of alkali-solubilized collagen from shark skin

Alkali-solubilized collagens, prepared by alkali-acid extraction and alkali direct extraction (abbreviated AASC and ALSC, respectively), were characterized by dynamic viscoelastic measurement of collagen solution (10 mg/mL). The optimum preparative conditions in terms of yield and polypeptide size are as follows: for the alkali-acid extraction, a pretreatment with 0.5 or 1 M NaOH containing 15% Na(2)SO(4) within 5 days at 20 degrees C followed by the subsequent acid extraction, and for the alkaline direct extraction, a treatment with 0.5 M NaOH containing 10% NaCl at 4 degrees C for 20-30 days. A major portion of the polypeptide sizes of AASC and ALSC is composed of alpha chains (alpha1 and alpha2). Dynamic viscoelasticity of collagen solution was measured as a function of temperature. AASC showed a greater contribution of elastic behavior rather than viscous behavior. On the contrary, ALSC exhibits a stronger viscous behavior than elastic behavior.     

机械活化甘蔗渣制备羧甲基纤维素及性能表征

为进一步提高甘蔗渣的利用率,获得高取代度的羧甲基纤维素,该文采用自制搅拌磨对甘蔗渣进行机械活化预处理,以不同活化时间的甘蔗渣为原料,氯乙酸为醚化剂,氢氧化钠为催化剂制备羧甲基纤维素。以羧甲基纤维素的取代度为评价指标,分别探讨机械活化时间、固液比、氢氧化钠与氯乙酸摩尔比、反应时间、反应温度、水与底物比等因素对甘蔗渣羧甲基化反应的影响。并采用红外光谱（Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR）、X-射线衍射（X-ray diffraction,XRD）、氢核磁共振谱（1HNMR spectroscopy,1HNMR）对甘蔗渣和羧甲基化产物表征。结果表明,机械活化对甘蔗渣羧甲基化反应具有明显的强化作用,经机械活化预处理后的甘蔗渣比原甘蔗渣更容易进行羧甲基化反应,取代度随着活化时间的延长先增大后减少。机械活化破坏了甘蔗渣中木素对纤维素的包裹作用,结晶结构受到破坏,降低纤维素的结晶度,醚化化试剂更容易渗透到甘蔗渣内部使纤维素发生羧甲基化反应,降低了对固液比、氢氧化钠/氯乙酸比、H2O/底物比、反应时间、反应温度的依赖性,提高了反应活性。在固液比为1∶18 g/mL,氢氧化钠/氯乙酸（摩尔比）为2∶1,H2O/底物比为1∶1 mL/g,75℃醚化2.0 h条件下,制得甘蔗渣羧甲基纤维素的取代度高达1.521,黏度为13 mPa·s。研究结果将为制备高取代度羧甲基纤维素提供依据和基础数据。     

Isolation and characterization of an extracellular antimicrobial protein from Aspergillus oryzae

A 17 kDa antimicrobial protein was isolated from growth medium containing the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae by extracting the supernatants from the culture media, ion exchange chromatography on CM-sepharose, and C18 reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. This antimicrobial protein, which we considered to be an extracellular antimicrobial protein from A. oryzae (exAP-AO17), possessed antimicrobial activity but lacked hemolytic activity. The exAP-AO17 protein strongly inhibited pathogenic microbial strains, including pathogenic fungi, Fusarium moniliform var. subglutinans and Colletotrichum coccodes, and showed antibacterial activity against bacteria, including E. coli O157 and Staphylococcus aureus. To confirm that the protein acts as a regulation factor for extracellular secretion, we examined growth under varying conditions of N sources, C sources, ions, ambient pH, and stress. Various culture conditions were found to induce characteristic changes in the expression of protein synthesis as analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Highly basic polypeptides were regulated by suppressing the ambient pH under acidic conditions and strongly induced under alkaline conditions, thus confirming that pH regulation is physiologically relevant. The expression of exAP-AO17 was upregulated by heat shock upon growth in the presence of NaCl. Automated Edman degradation showed that the N-terminal sequence of exAP-AO17 was NH 2-GLPGPAGAVGFAGKDQNM-. ExAP-AO17 showed partial sequence homology with a collagen belonging to the animal source. These results suggest that exAP-AO17 is an excellent candidate as a lead compound for the development of novel oral or other types of anti-infective agents.     

Composite films from pectin and fish skin gelatin or soybean flour protein

Composite films were prepared from pectin and fish skin gelatin (FSG) or pectin and soybean flour protein (SFP). The inclusion of protein promoted molecular interactions, resulting in a well-organized homogeneous structure, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy and fracture-acoustic emission analysis. The resultant composite films showed an increase in stiffness and strength and a decrease in water solubility and water vapor transmission rate, in comparison with films cast from pectin alone. The composite films inherited the elastic nature of proteins, thus being more flexible than the pure pectin films. Treating the composite films with glutaraldehyde/methanol induced chemical cross-linking with the proteins and reduced the interstitial spaces among the macromolecules and, consequently, improved their mechanical properties and water resistance. Treating the protein-free pectin films with glutaraldehyde/methanol also improved the Young's modulus and tensile strength, but showed little effect on the water resistance, because the treatment caused only dehydration of the pectin films and the dehydration is reversible. The composite films were biodegradable and possessed moderate mechanical properties and a low water vapor transmission rate. Therefore, the films are considered to have potential applications as packaging or coating materials for food or drug industries.     

Preparation, isolation, and characterization of cutin monomers and oligomers from tomato peels

Cutin in tomato peels was depolymerized in methanolic base to yield cutin monomers or a mixture of cutin oligomers. These products were isolated by typical solvent extraction methods or by precipitation, and the isolates were characterized by chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses. It was determined that the compositions of the isolates from both isolation procedures were similar, although solvent extraction gave higher yields. However, the precipitation method, which is easy to carry out and avoids the use of undesirable organic solvents, may be preferable in commercial processes for recovering these compounds.     

Identification and characterization of topoisomerase II inhibitory peptides from soy protein hydrolysates

Topoisomerases are targets of several anticancer agents because their inhibition impedes the processes of cell proliferation and differentiation in carcinogenesis. With very limited information available on the inhibitory activities of peptides derived from dietary proteins, the objectives of this study were to employ co-immunoprecipitation to identify inhibitory peptides in soy protein hydrolysates in a single step and to investigate their molecular interactions with topoisomerase II. For this, soy protein isolates were subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion with pepsin and pancreatin, and the human topoisomerase II inhibitory peptides were co-immunoprecipitated and identified on a CapLC- Micromass Q-TOF Ultima API system. The inhibitory activity of these peptides from soy isolates toward topoisomerase II was confirmed using three synthetic peptides, FEITPEKNPQ, IETWNPNNKP,and VFDGEL, which have IC 50 values of 2.4, 4.0, and 7.9 mM, respectively. The molecular interactions of these peptides evaluated by molecular docking revealed interaction energies with the topoisomerase II C-terminal domain (CTD) (-186 to -398 kcal/mol) that were smaller than for the ATPase domain (-169 to -357 kcal/mol) and that correlated well with our experimental IC 50 values ( R (2) = 0.99). In conclusion, three peptides released from in vitro gastrointestinal enzyme digestion of soy proteins inhibited human topoisomerase II activity through binding to the active site of the CTD domain.