Age structure ofTilia broad-leaved Korean pine forest on northern slope of Changbai Mountain

Based on a vast of field investigation on stamps inTilia broad-leaved Korean pine forest on northern slope of Changbai Mountain, age structure of some major species were studied in this paper. The results showed that Korean pine population was composed of grouped patches with different ages. There were not strict intervals among the dominated generations, and the curve of age structure often had two or more peaks. The distribution of broad-leaved species in natural Korean pine forest was grouped or scattered, and age distribution was also uneven-aged. There existed close relation between quality of broad-leaved species and Korean pine. So, it shaped multi-storied and uneven-aged mixed forest. The model of age structure and growth demonstrated their passive correlation, but growth became slow when woods had reached old age. The study was funded by the Opened Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystems, the Chinese Academy of Sciences. (Reponsible Editor: Chai Rulhai)     

长白山北坡植物群落复杂性的海拔梯度变化

应用梯度格局法在长白山北坡海拔700m-2600m的坡面上每100 m海拔设置一样地,共计20块样地,通过对同一群落各样方间的相异性测定,对各海拔植物群落的复杂性进行了分析。结果表明,以主林层乔木种的二元数据计算的结果,除亚高山岳桦林外,其它各海拔群落的样方间均表现出较高的相异性,特别是低海拔的阔叶红松林平均相异系数达0.74,明显高于其它植被类型;暗针叶林各群落间差异不大,相对而言1400 m群落样方间的相异性略高于其它群落,表现出过渡性群落树种组成的复杂性;岳桦林树种组成简单,样[(\267\275\274\344\322\262\261\355\317\326\263\366\275\317\270\337\265\304\\317\340\313\306\320\324\241\243)-0.1(\322\324\271\340\304\276\326\326\265\304\266\376\324\252\312\375\276\335\\274\306\313\343\265\304\310\272)]落内的相异性,虽低海拔的阔叶红松林总体上高于其它群落,但差异趋势并不像乔木种那么明显。以各草本植物与所有植物种的二元数据计算的各海拔群落内样方间的相异性,表现出非常相近的趋势,群落内样方间草本植物及所有植物种均以阔叶红松林及高山冻原差异最大,暗针叶林基本稳定于比较相近的水平。图3表1参8。     

Different radial growth responses to climate warming by two dominant tree species at their upper altitudinal limit on Changbai Mountain

We analyzed the influence of climate change over the past 50 years on the radial growth of two tree species: Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) and Yezo spruce (Picea jezoensis), located on Changbai Mountain, Northeast China, using a dendrochronology approach to understand factors that limit the altitude for tree species. Elevated temperatures increased the radial growth of Korean pine and decreased that of Yezo spruce. The positive response of tree growth to hydrothermal conditions was the key reason that the upper limit of elevation of Korean pine followed the temperature fluctuation pattern. Increased temperatures and precipitation and longer growing seasons accelerated Korean pine growth. As the temperature increased, correlations between Korean pine ring-width chronology and precipitation changed from negative to positive. In Yezo spruce, increasing monthly temperatures and inadequate precipitation during the middle and late parts of the growing season led to narrow growth rings, whereas decreasing monthly temperatures and sufficient precipitation during the late growing season promoted growth. Rising temperatures and adequate precipitation increases Korean pine growth, possibly elevating the upper range limit in altitude for this species. In contrast, Yezo spruce growth is negatively affected by warming temperatures and limited precipitation. Under future temperature increases and precipitation fluctuations, the upper limit altitude of Korean pine can reasonably be expected to shift upward and Yezo spruce downward.     

Age structure of Tilia broad-leaved Korean pine forest on northern slope of Changbai Mountain

IntroductionAgestructureoftrees,whichreflcctsrcge11eratio11processandvelocity,meansquantityoftreesdividingbyage.Broad-leavedKoreanpineforestwastl1etypicalzol1alvegetationofChangbaiMountaininNortheastO1ina,anditwastheprimarygymnospermconununitysurvivedaftertheQuatemaryGlacierPeriod.Alotofcommunityinf`)r-mationaccumulatCdinthestr-uctllreofforeststandsa11dgrowingprocessofindividualtrees.So,athoroughstUdyonagestructureanditsdistributiol1ofbroad-leavedKore-anpine.forestwouldprovidetl1eoretical…     

长白山北坡植物群落间物种共有度的海拔梯度变化(英文)

应用梯度格局法在长白山北坡海拔700-2600 m之间每100 m设置一样地，共计20块样地，应用Jaccard指数，对植物群落间物种共有度的海拔梯度变化进行了分析。不同海拔群落间的共有度，无论以哪一层次的植物种来表达，基本都以与其最相邻海拔的群落之间为最高。相邻海拔群落的不同层次物种间的共有度变化存在相似性和相异性；但如相邻海拔的两个群落属于不同植被类型，其共有度则较低。群落间物种共有度的峰值与谷点反映了植被的海拔梯度格局，且灌木种的物种更替在这些地段具有非常明显的规律。在同一海拔差群落间的共有度数值都非常接近，并均随着海拔差的增加呈明显的下降趋势，表明群落各层次物种的构成有很大的相关性。     

红松干果林改建培育技术

红松是长白山区的主要乡土树种,曾经与阔叶树相拌形成顶极群落,在通化地区广泛分布。由于红松材质列各树种之首,长期以来倍受人们推崇和青睐,加之生长周期较长,所以该区域天然红松已非常稀少,被列入珍贵树种名单,因此,如何加快红松人工林的培育是一个重要课题。     

不同恢复时期红松阔叶林群落结构与多样性特征

以长白山不同恢复时期红松阔叶林群落为研究对象,采用空间序列代替时间序列的方法,探讨了不同恢复时期(恢复20年、30年、70年和原始林)红松阔叶林群落的结构与多样性特征.结果表明:恢复70年的群落中乔木科、属、种特征与原始林相同,而恢复20年和30年的群落则与原始林存在显著差异,物种多度分布曲线也显示了相同的特征.恢复70年的群落与原始林中的物种丰富度及多度随径级和高度级的分布形式相同,但恢复20年和30年的群落则与原始林不同,并且缺少大径级和较高的树木.恢复30年的群落中乔木和灌木的物种丰富度最高,而恢复70年的群落则与原始林无显著差异,草本物种丰富度在原始林中最高.乔木Shannon-Wiener多样性指数也表现出与物种丰富度相同的大小关系,而灌木在4个不同恢复时期群落中无显著差异,草本则是恢复30年和原始林较高.恢复70年的群落与原始林相似性最高,而恢复20年的群落与原始林相似性最低.从群落的结构与多样性特征来看,恢复70年的群落结构与多样性特征已经接近原始林群落水平.     

土壤温度和水分对长白山3种温带森林土壤呼吸的影响

为了研究土壤温度和土壤含水量对阔叶红松林(山地暗棕壤)、云冷杉暗针叶林(山地棕针叶林土壤)和岳桦林(生草森林土)的土壤呼吸的影响,于2001年9月在长白山进行了土壤实验。利用增加土壤样柱的含水量,将土壤含水量分为9%,、21%、30%、37%和43%5个等级,土壤样品分别在0、5、15、25和35的温度下保持24小时。阔叶红松林土壤在0~35范围内,土壤呼吸速率与温度呈正相关。在一定的含水量范围内(21%~37%),土壤呼吸随含水量的增加而升高,当含水量超出该范围,土壤呼吸速率则随含水量的变化而降低。土壤温度和水分对土壤呼吸作用存在明显的交互作用。不同森林类型土壤呼吸作用强弱存在显著差异,大小顺序为阔叶红松林>岳桦林>云冷杉暗针叶林.红松阔叶林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是土壤温度35,含水量37%;云冷杉暗针叶林下的山地棕色针叶土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是25,21%;岳桦林土壤呼吸作用的最佳条件是35,含水量37%。但是,由于长白山阔叶红松林,云冷杉林和岳桦林处在不同的海拔带上,同期不同森林类型土壤温度各不相同,相差4~5,所以野外所测的同期的山地棕色针叶林土呼吸速率应低于暗棕色森林土呼吸速率,山地生草森林土呼吸速率应高于山地棕色针叶林土的呼吸速率。图2表1参25。     

Climatic effects on radial growth of major tree species on Changbai Mountain

? Introduction

Information on spatial variability in tree radial growth is essential for improving predictions of forest ecosystem responses to climate change. To date, researchers have designed models to simulate the potential distribution area of major forest types under different climate change scenarios in Northeast China, but little is known about the spatial variability of tree growth in response to climate.

? Materials and methods

We used a dendroecological technique to examine the climate–growth relationship of six dominant tree species on seven sites varying in altitude on Changbai Mountain in Northeast China, to explore whether the spatial variability of tree growth is an indicator of regional climatic forces, and whether simulation results generated by models can accurately reflect this in tree radial growth.

? Results

Fifteen site-specific species can be distinguished species at or near their upper limit distribution from those at the lower distributions. Species differences were more important than altitude differences in influencing species’ site-specific radial growth. Precipitation, temperature, and soil moisture together constitute the major factors limiting tree radial growth.

? Conclusion

We found the distribution area of dominant tree species on Changbai Mountain will shift upward; growth of Korean pine will not decline at its lower limit of distribution and will not eventually even disappear from forest communities in those areas.     

A succession and silviculture model for the broad-leaved Korean pine forests of Changbai Mountain Area

IntroductionGaPSinforestSwereoftenfomledduetobigtreesfalldown.Regenerationandgrowtl1inthegapsincreasebe-causeofIheAnprovementoflightcondition-Thegapwillbefilledwithnewregeneratedtrees.Wattnamedtl1isforesIdynamicsastheforestgrowtllcycle.SinceD.Bot-kindevelopedthefirstGapmo`Iel(JANOWAnlodel)basedontheforestgrowthcycletheory,dleresearchongapmodelbecameoneofthemostactivedirectio11slilecologybecauseofJANoWAnlodeI'ssuccess.H.Sl1ug-artandhisstUdentSmadegreatc()ntributio11stogapmodeI'sdeve…     

优良红松坚果型优树的选择方法(英文)

于1988-1998 年对长白山、小兴安岭和完达山地区天然红松林以及黑龙江省鹤岗地区人工红松林结实量进行了实地调查和测定。根据调查和测定数据，对红松结实特征，包括结实量、球果长度、球果数量、出种率，种子千粒重、种子产量、种子大小、种子空实率、球果虫害率、结实指数等，进行分析方差分析、多重比较和逐步回归，得出各项结实因子对结实量的贡献率，将球果长度、千粒重和出种率确定为优树选择的重要指标，然后采用加权系数法确定红松坚果型优树，并制订出天然红松林坚果型优树标准和红松人工林坚果优树标准。本项研究为建立红松坚果园选择优树提供了方法和标准。     

长白山区水曲柳根呼吸的季节动态及影响因子

为了探讨林木呼吸的季节动态及影响因素,采用LI-COR-6400-06测定并研究长白山红松针阔混交林中天然水曲柳根系呼吸的季节变化规律,分析根系呼吸与土壤温度、土壤湿度和土壤全氮含量等因子的关系。结果表明:天然水曲柳不同径级根系呼吸速率在生长季节均有明显的季节动态,其中7月最高,10月最低,呈单峰曲线,呼吸速率在1.02～9.27μmol·g-1s-1之间;水曲柳根系呼吸速率与10cm深处土壤温度季节变化一致,二者呈显著指数相关(P<0.05);根系呼吸与土壤湿度呈二次曲线相关,即当土壤湿度在一定范围内时根系呼吸速率与其成正比,而当土壤湿度超过一定值时根系呼吸速率则与土壤湿度成反比;根系呼吸速率与土壤N含量呈线性相关,并且随树木年龄的增加呼吸速率下降;不同径级根系呼吸温度系数Q10值在2.21～2.71之间变化,且Q10值随根系径级增大而降低,表明细根对土壤温度的敏感性高于粗根。     

森林流域坡地壤中流模型与模拟研究

本文以水量平衡原理、动力学假设以及饱和导水率与有效孔隙度的对数递减模型为基础,提出了一个形式简单的森林流域坡地壤中流模型（以下称为改进模型）。并以二道白河森林流域内阔叶红松林土壤为背景制作模拟坡面,在模拟坡面上用两场不同强度的降雨对该模型进行了验证;同时,本文也分别用Ｓｌｏａｎ所提出的贮水泄流模型（以下称Ｓｌｏａｎ模型）与Ｒｏｂｉｎｓｏｎ所修改后的贮水泄流模型（以下称Ｒｏｂｉｎｓｏｎ模型）对这两场降雨进行了预测,并将这３个模型预测的结果与实测结果进行了比较。结果表明,改进模型精度比其它两个模型高。     

闽北不同海拔对火炬松生长的影响研究

在闽北林区选择立地条件基本一致的不同海拔(160 m、367 m7、85 m、868 m、976 m)林地,进行美国火炬松的引种试验,通过15 a的定位观测结果表明:海拔对闽北引种火炬松的生长有显著影响,不同海拔高度的火炬松的胸径、树高和蓄积量生长均存在较大差异。不同海拔火炬松的生长表现为:A868>A976>A785>A367>A160。但闽北引种火炬松的存在较为严重的松梢螟危害,其中以低海拔地区的松梢螟危害更为严重。不同海拔火炬松生长的差异与松梢螟危害有关。     

Soil CO2 evolution from Korean pine virgin forest at Changbai Mountain

The soil CO₂ evolution rate was measured in a virgin Korean pine forest. The results in June showed that the lowest value of evolution rate was 220 mg/(m²·h) and appeared at 6:00 a.m. The highest value was 460 mg/(m²·h) at 18:00. The rates of CO₂ evolution were related with soil temperature. On the basis of the constructed regression equation and the monthly average values of temperature, the magnitude of CO₂ evolution from Korean pine forest soil was 10.4 t/hm² during a growing season. This project was funded by the Opened Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

长白山森林的采伐更新方式

This paper discussed the characteristics of degenerated forest ecosystems in Changbai Mountain area,which include over-harvest natural forest,typical secondary forest,derived forest,and artificial forest.Forest cutting and regeneration methods that were historically used in the region were summarized.They lnclude diameter-class selective cutting,clearcutting,upbringing selective cutting,and selective sutting.We proposed cutting methods for the broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest,spruce-fir forest,and larch forest.The measures for restoring the original mixed forest ecosystems were recommended.     

长白山二道白河溪流大木质物残体的初步研究

主要对长白山北坡溪流大木质物残体现存量进行了调查和研究,包括两段河道内所有大木质物残体的基径、顶径、长度、腐烂级,并在其中一段对树种尽可能进行了鉴别,以分析河岸带植被与溪流大木质物残体的关系。在调查的红松阔叶林植被带内4500 m长河道内,共发现溪流倒木425株,分属于17个树种;其中III、IV级腐烂占相当大的比重,与林地倒木II、III级腐烂占优有所不同,其原因可能与分解环境的不同有关。两段河道溪流大木质物残体的现存量为1.733 m3/100m、 10.83m3/hm2和1.709 m3/100m、 21.36 m3/hm2。处于III、IV级腐烂的溪流大木质物残体所占比重较大,与在森林中情况有所差异,可能与分解环境的不同有关。溪流大木质物残体和林地活立木的个体数量的径级分布基本上为反J型,而它们材积的径级分布均为典型的J型。溪流大木质物残体的树种组成和不同树种的材积与河岸带植被密切相关,但存在差异,分析这种差异可以深入了解河岸带植被动态。图1表4参18。     

SMALL-DIAMETER KOREAN PINES AND THEIR ROLES INNATURAL KOREAN PINE FOREST

lNTRODUCTloNKorcanpincforcst'asaclimaxofcastlnounta1nsinNortheast-isalt"a}simportantobjcctforforcstcrstostlld}.AIthougllman}'cxpcrtsllax'cn1assi\'cI}'stlldicdthcdy'nal11icsproccssofKorcanpincforest.thcstudlesinsolllcaspcctsstilIIackdcpth'ct'cnl1at'cgaps.Sillccslnall-dianlcterKorcanpincsplayaIinL-lllgIbrlllerandlattcrroIcinKorcanpincforcstd}'llaIl1icsproccss.tl1cstudicsaboutsn1all-dlan1ctcrKorcal1pil1cs-origlnatiol1'gro\Y1l1cllaractcrandthcirrclatiol1stostandstnICt1Ircundoubtcd1}oflbr…     

不同强度间伐对长白山天然林林下植物多样性的影响

对吉林森工集团松江河林业局辖区内的阔叶红松林、杂木林和杨桦林采取30%～40%（T1）、20%（T2）株数强度的均匀间伐处理,以不间伐处理为对照（CK）,对间伐2 a后林下植物木本、草本植物进行调查,采用Simpson、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数进行植物多样性分析,探讨不同强度间伐对3个林型林下植物多样性的影响。研究结果表明：T1间伐后3个林型的物种丰富度均有增加（杂木林木本植物例外）,T2间伐后杨桦林木本植物丰富度降低,草本植物丰富度增加。两种间伐处理均增加阔叶红松林木本植物多样性,T1处理尤为明显。T1处理增加杂木林和杨桦林木本植物多样性,而T2间伐处理有较弱的降低作用。两种间伐处理均降低阔叶红松林和杂木林草本植物多样性,与强度无明显关系。随着间伐强度的增加杨桦林草本植物多样性增大。在长白山天然林中,较大间伐强度T1（30%～40%）能够有效提高植物多样性。     

Gas exchange of Rhodiola sachalinensis transplanted from different habitats in Changbai Mountain

Introduction1RhodiolasachalinensiSA.Bor,aperennial,medicalherb,mainlydistributesinJapan,Korea,ChinaandRussia.InChina,itmainlydistributesinChangbaiMOuntain,JinnProvince,andZhangguangcaiMountain,HeilongjiangProvince.ThistypicalalpineplantgenerallydistributedinhighMountain,ataltitude1700-25o0m(Wuetsl1987,Qin19941Luetal1995).Rhodiolsplant(RhodiOlaroseschieflyinRussia)hasbeenextensivelystudiedbyscholarsfromRussia,Ukraine,JapanandChinasincethe1950's(Ming1988iKir'yanovetsl1991,OhbaandMid…