Furrow diking and N management for dryland wheat production in permanent raised beds

The permanent bed planting system for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production has recently received additional attention. Studies using hard red spring wheat (cultivar Nahuatl F2000) were conducted at two locations in central Mexico. The studies included the installation of three furrow diking treatments, two granular N timing treatments and three foliar N rates applied at the end of anthesis. The objective was to evaluate the effect of these factors on wheat grain yield, yield components and grain N in a wheat–maize (Zea maize L.) rotation with residues of both crops left as stubble. Results indicated that diking in alternate furrows increased both grain yield and the final number of spikes per m². The split application of N fertilizer enhanced the number of spikes per m² and grain N uptake, but the effect on grain yield was inconsistent. Similarly, grain protein increased with the foliar application of 6 kg N ha^?1, depending upon the maximum temperature within the 10 days following anthesis. The normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) readings collected at four growth stages were generally higher for the split N application than for the basal N application at planting. Grain N uptake was associated to NDVI readings collected after anthesis.     

Effects of conservation agriculture on runoff,soil loss and crop yield under rainfed conditions in Tigray,Northern Ethiopia

The aim of conservation agriculture (CA) is to improve soil quality and crop yield whilst reducing runoff and topsoil erosion. An experiment was carried out in a rainfed field using a permanent raised bed planting system for 3 yr (2005–2007) in Adigudem, northern Ethiopia in order to evaluate the effect of CA on runoff, soil loss and crop yield. CA practices were introduced in fields with Vertisols in a randomized complete block design on permanent 5 × 19 m plots. Three treatments were evaluated: (1) conventional tillage (CT) with a minimum of three tillage operations and removal of crop residues, (2) terwah (TER) that was similar to CT except that contour furrows were included at 1.5 m intervals, and (3) derdero+ (DER+), which consists of permanent raised beds with a furrow and bed system, retention of 30% of standing crop residues and zero tillage on the top of the bed. All ploughing as well as the maintenance of the furrows of the permanent raised beds was done using a local ard plough called maresha. Results from monitoring over 3 yr showed that soil loss and runoff were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in CT followed by TER and DER+. Average soil losses of 5.2, 20.1 and 24.2 t/ha were recorded from DER+, TER and CT, respectively. Runoff was 46.3, 76.3 and 98.1 mm from DER+, TER and CT, respectively. Grain yield was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in DER+ under teff in 2006, probably due to the high sensitivity of teff to weeds. The yield of wheat in 2007 was significantly higher in DER+ followed by TER. The terwah system is recommended as a first measure for wider adoption to reduce runoff and soil loss and to increase crop yield. The long‐term goal is to achieve a derdero+ system, i.e. a permanent raised bed planting system along with the application of crop residues.     

有机种植条件下水肥管理对氮素淋洗和氮素平衡的影响研究

利用自流式农田地下淋溶收集装置,研究设施蔬菜有机种植中有机肥与水的不同管理模式下氮素淋洗的变化特征,并对土壤-作物体系的氮素表观平衡进行评估。结果表明,有机肥施肥量对淋洗液中NO3--N浓度有明显影响,并在施肥后60 d左右出现峰值,种植期间的淋溶液中NO3--N的平均浓度最高达到61.57 mg/L。施肥量明显影响氮素累积淋洗量,常规水肥管理(施有机肥N量718.2 kg/hm2,灌溉量1 200 mm)下氮素淋失量最大,为17.32 kg/hm2;而水肥减量管理(施有机肥N量359.1 kg/hm2,灌溉量700 mm)下,氮素淋失量明显降低,为10.78 kg/hm2。在0~90 cm的作物-土壤体系中,常规施肥管理下的氮素平衡值超过300 kg/hm2,而减半量施肥的平衡值在15.0 kg/hm2以下,有效地维持了系统氮素平衡。     

水氮量对小麦/玉米间作土壤硝态氮累积和水氮利用效率的影响

为了提高氮肥和水分利用效率,该文在甘肃河西灌区试验地点,采用田间小区试验,研究了不同氮水平（0、225、450 kg/hm²）和灌水量（750、1125、1500 m ³/hm²）对小麦/玉米间作土壤硝态氮累积和水氮利用效率的影响。结果表明,不同氮肥和灌水量对小麦带土壤硝态氮含量和累积量影响较小,对玉米带影响显著。随氮肥用量增加,玉米带土壤硝态氮含量和累积量增加,随灌水量和氮肥用量增加,0～60 cm土壤硝态氮相对累积量增加,60～140 cm土层降低。氮肥当季利用率、氮肥生产率、氮肥产投比都是以225 kg/hm²氮水平较高,但不同灌水量差别不大。WUE（水分利用效率）以W₇₅₀N₂₂₅最高,W₁₅₀₀N₀最低,随灌水量增加WUE降低。     

基于氮收支平衡的河套灌区春小麦农田灌溉和施氮策略

针对中国黄河中上游河套灌区不合理灌溉和施肥造成的土壤氮素流失严重及氮收支不平衡等问题,该研究于2019－2021年开展田间试验,探讨不同灌溉和施肥策略对土壤氮损失、作物氮吸收及氮收支的影响。试验设置了3个灌溉水平（高水I1：450 mm,中水I2：315 mm,低水I3：180 mm）和2个施氮水平（高氮N1：340 kg/hm2,低氮N3：170 kg/hm2）,此外,2020和2021年在中等灌溉水平I2下补充了中等施氮水平（250 kg/hm2,N2）,对不同处理的土壤氮损失、作物氮吸收及氮收支等指标进行了对比分析。结果表明,肥料氮是农田氮输入的主要来源,其次是灌溉水、大气沉降和非豆科作物固定。作物吸氮占土壤氮输出的比例最大,其次是NO3--N淋失、NH3挥发和N2O排放。对于氮输入而言,其值随着灌水量和施氮量的减少而降低。对于土壤氮输出而言,减少灌水量和施氮量可显著降低土壤总氮损失量,但过低的灌水量和施氮量将导致小麦吸氮量的降低。传统的N1施氮处理可导致土壤氮素盈余,而施氮量降低50%的N3处理则导致土壤氮素大量亏缺。对照处理（I1N1）的土壤氮损失量最高,该处理氮损失占土壤氮输出的比例高达25%～35%,其中NO3--N淋失和NH3挥发占总氮损失的95%以上。与对照处理相比,I2N2处理可减少21%～29%的氮损失,且作物吸氮几乎未受到影响。同时,该处理土壤氮素处于轻度亏缺状态,其亏缺量为28～50 kg/hm2,占总施氮量的11%～20%。若在收获后将4～8 t/hm2的小麦秸秆还田,则可保持麦田土壤的氮收支平衡。因此,通过改善灌溉和施肥策略并配合适当的秸秆还田可以有效缓解河套灌区春小麦农田的氮损失且实现土壤氮平衡,该研究可为干旱半干旱地区春小麦农田可持续生产和氮污染物减排提供科学依据。     

Effects of different management practices on the soil–water balance and crop yield for improved dryland farming in the Chinese Loess Plateau

Field experiments were carried out to study the effects of different soil management practices on the water balance, precipitation use efficiency (PUE), and crop yield (i.e. winter wheat and peanut) on a loess soil near Luoyang (east edge of the Chinese Loess Plateau, Henan Province, China). Field plots were set up in 1999 including following soil management practices: subsoiling with mulch (SS), no-till with mulch (NT), reduced tillage (RT), two crops per year (i.e. winter wheat and peanut, TC), and a conventional tillage control (CT). The field plots were equipped to monitor all components of the soil–water balance except evapotranspiration, which was computed by solving the water balance equation. The results showed that although soil management had smaller influence on the magnitude of the water balance components than did precipitation variations, small influences of the applied soil management practices on water conservation during the fallow period can greatly affect winter wheat yield. SS increased consistently precipitation storage efficiency (PSE) and PUE over the 5 years compared to CT except during the wettest year. NT also had a noticeable effect on postharvest water storage during the fallow period; however, the influence on yield of NT depended on the amount of precipitation. TC lowered the winter wheat yield mainly due to the unfavorable soil moisture conditions after growing peanut in summer; however, the harvested peanut gained an extra profit for the local farmer. No matter which kind of soil management practices was adapted, PSE never exceeded 41.6%, which was primarily attributed to high evapotranspiration. From data of five consecutive agricultural years between 2000 and 2005, it could be concluded that SS resulted in the highest PSE, PUE and crop yield. TC also showed promising results considering the economic value of the second crop. NT performed slightly less as SS. CT gave intermediate results, whereas RT was the worst alternative.