磷素子粒生产效率不同品种的小麦磷素吸收利用差异

盆栽试验研究了130份小麦不同生育时期的干物重、磷素含量、子粒产量等指标,采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法将供试品种按磷素子粒生产效率从低到高依次分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ 6个类型,研究不同类型磷素吸收利用的差异。结果表明: 1）供试品种的磷素子粒生产效率差异较大（CV=1660%）,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ类品种的平均磷素子粒生产效率为P 13629、15167、16916、18589、20132、24466 g/g。子粒产量随磷素子粒生产效率提高呈增加趋势（r=03203**）。2）不同生育时期,小麦植株磷浓度与吸磷量类型间差异显著或极显著。成熟期磷素子粒生产效率与植株磷浓度极显著正相关（r=06969**）,子粒产量与抽穗期、成熟期植株吸磷量显著或极显著相关（r=02966*、r=09271**）。3）不同生育时期磷素干物质生产效率的类间差异均达显著水平; 成熟期磷素干物质生产效率与磷素子粒生产效率极显著正相关 （r=07391**）。4）拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期干物重均表现出随磷素子粒生产效率增加而增加的趋势,成熟期尤为突出。拔节期成熟期磷素吸收量是影响子粒产量形成的重要因素,磷素子粒生产效率高的品种在拔节期后有较强干物质和子粒产量形成能力。     

Growth,yield and water use efficiency of chickpea (Cicer arietinum): response to biochar and phosphorus fertilizer application

Field experiments were conducted during summer (2013/2014) and winter (2014) in two different soil types to evaluate the effect of biochar and P fertilizer application on growth, yield, and water use efficiency of chickpea. Soil types include Rhodic Ferralsols (clay) in Thohoyandou and Leptic Cambisols (loamy sand) in Nelspruit, South Africa. Treatments consisted of a factorial combination of four biochar levels (0, 5, 10 and 20 t ha^?1) and two phosphorus fertilizer levels (0 and 90 kg ha^?1) arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times. Biochar application at 5 t ha^?1 significantly increased biomass, grain yield and water use efficiency of biomass production (WUE_b) in the clay soil compared to 10 and 20 t ha^?1. However, the increase was attributed to the addition of P fertilizer. Biochar application had no effect on yield components in the loamy sand soil, but P fertilizer addition increased number of seeds/pod in the loamy sand soil and number of pods/plant in the clay soil. Biochar and P fertilizer application on growth and yield of chickpea varied in soil types and seasons, as the effect was more prominent in the clay soil than the loamy sand soil during the summer sowing.     

生物质炭对冬小麦产量、水分利用效率及根系形态的影响

为了探讨生物质炭对冬小麦产量、水分利用效率及根系形态的影响,该文利用田间小区试验研究了生物质炭不同施用水平对冬小麦产量、水分利用效率、根形态的影响及差异性。结果表明:生物质炭显著增加了冬小麦茎蘖数、有效穗数和产量(P0.05),与对照相比,其增加比例范围分别为1.6%~4.9%、0.7%~1.5%、1.0%~5.9%。冬小麦耗水量随着生物质炭施用量的增加而逐渐减小,水分利用效率由对照的17.06 kg/(hm2·mm)提高到17.69~19.57 kg/(hm2·mm)。生物质炭显著增加了冬小麦根系总根长和总表面积(P0.05),在0~20和≥20~40 cm范围内,总根长的增加比例范围分别为2.8%~14.6%、8.4%~21.2%;总表面积增加比例范围分别为5.6%~19.5%、1.9%~13.6%。冬小麦根系形态特征与冬小麦产量呈极显著正相关(P0.001)。各处理中以生物质炭施用量为40 t/hm2的处理对冬小麦产量、水分利用效率及根系生长的促进作用最为显著。该研究可为科学施用生物质炭提供参考。     

镁、钾营养及其交互作用对水稻产量、产量构成因素和养分吸收的影响

在温室条件下,采用土壤盆栽方法研究了Mg,K营养及其交互作用对水稻(Oryza sativa L.)产量、产量构成因素和养分吸收的影响。结果表明,不同Mg,K施用量均显著地影响水稻籽粒产量及其构成因素,而且Mg,K营养之间存在显著的互作效应。适量施用Mg,K肥就能显著地增加水稻产量,中Mg高K施用量的产量最高,比不施肥增产28.4%。当土壤在低K施用量时,有利于水稻植株对Mg,N和P的吸收;但在高K施用量下,则抑制Mg,N和P的吸收。在低K和中K施用量时,低量Mg能促进N,P.K的吸收,而高Mg施用量则抑制P和K的吸收。水稻秸秆Mg含量随Mg施用量的增加而增加,但随着K施用量的增加而降低。本研究表明,Mg,K营养之间存在较强的拮抗效应,Mg,K肥的平衡施用对提高水稻产量具有重要意义。     

Choice of nitrogen fertilizer affects grain yield and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency of wheat cultivars

Abstract

Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is low in cereals especially in wheat. Different wheat cultivars may vary in NUE due to inherited biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) potential. In this study, three wheat cultivars (Punjab-2011, ARRI-2011 and Millat-2011) were fertilized at the rate of 140?kg ha^?1 with three N sources [nitrophos (NP), urea and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN)]. The soil nitrate (NO₃^?)-N contents were significantly enhanced coupled with simultaneous decrease in ammonium (NH₄⁺)-N contents in the rhizosphere of cultivar Punjab-2011, fertilized with NP; however, cultivar Millat-2011 receiving urea behaved in contrast. Wheat cultivar Punjab-2011 fertilized with NP had the highest grain yield and agronomic NUE than other treatments due to significant increase in chlorophyl contents, allometric and yield parameters. The highest net benefit was recorded from the cultivar Punjab-2011 fertilized with CAN. In conclusion, use of NP in Punjab-2011 enhanced the grain yield and agronomic NUE.     

Yield and nutritional requirements of cassava in response to potassium fertilizer in the second cycle

Potassium (K) is one of the most absorbed nutrients by cassava because it acts on the synthesis and starch accumulation in the storage roots. Here, we show that K application at the beginning of the second vegetative cycle of cassava submitted to shoot pruning increased the yield of roots and starch, and the nutrient demand of plants. Application of 45–89 kg ha^?1 dipotassium oxide (K₂O) in the second cycle increased the yield of storage roots and starch from 36–49% and K applied at this time had a greater effect on the synthesis and allocation of starch in the storage roots. K supply increased the accumulation of N and S by 2.0- to 3.0-fold and the accumulation of other nutrients by 1.4- to 1.7-fold. The removal of phosphorus (P), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) by storage roots was not affected by K application, whereas the removal of other nutrients increased by 1.3- to 4.3-fold.     

长期施用有机肥对水稻产量和氮磷养分利用效率的影响

以长三角地区典型土壤类型青紫泥为背景土壤,研究连续7年有机肥不同施用量和化肥减量条件下水稻产量、氮磷吸收累积特性和氮磷利用效率,并对影响水稻氮磷吸收利用效率的原因进行分析。结果表明,与纯化肥处理相比,施用有机肥处理在不同程度上增加了水稻产量,其中以处理C4(30 t·hm~(-2)有机肥+1/2常量化肥)增加比例最大,为5.67%。当有机肥单施用量达60 t·hm~(-2)时,水稻产量比纯化肥处理增加5.56%,地上部氮磷累积均高于其它各处理,其中,氮累积尤为明显,增加比例为16.5%~25.4%。有机肥不同用量配合化肥减量施用时水稻地上部氮磷转运量、生理利用效率与纯化肥处理间无明显差异。然而,当单施有机肥用量达60 t·hm~(-2)时,氮转运量明显增加,生理利用效率明显降低,磷生理利用效率亦有所降低,但不如氮明显。水稻氮磷生理利用效率降低的主要原因是长期大量施用有机肥使土壤养分含量增加特别明显,可能超过利于水稻利用的浓度范围。另外,土壤矿质元素铵态氮在水稻生长过程中含量过高也与之紧密相关。     

不同灌溉措施对黄淮海地区冬小麦水氮利用及产量和品质的影响

通过设置不同灌溉处理来研究灌溉次数和时期对黄淮海地区冬小麦产量、籽粒品质和水氮利用的影响。结果表明:浇足底墒基础上拔节期灌一水不仅可获得较高的产量并提高水氮利用效率,减低硝态氮淋失风险,而且可获得较好的物理品质(硬度指数、容重)和蛋白质品质(粗蛋白、湿面筋和沉淀值)及最优的粉质仪质量指数、拉伸仪参数和降落数值。在此基础上增加冻水、开花水、灌浆水等处理的产量增加不显著,各项品质指标没有明显改善,水分利用效率降低,而且显著增加硝态氮淋失风险;因而黄淮海地区最优的节水灌溉模式是浇足底墒基础上拔节至挑旗期灌溉一水。     

氮、硫配施对冬小麦氮素利用效率及产量的影响

【目的】氮(N)、硫(S)是生物所必需的营养物质,对小麦籽粒产量和品质起着重要作用。硫素供应不足,特别是在当前大量氮素供应情况下引起的作物生理性缺硫将导致作物产量和含硫氨基酸蛋白质含量下降。本文旨在探索氮、硫配施对冬小麦氮素利用效率和籽粒产量的促进效果并提出合理的区域氮、硫施肥技术。【方法】20122013年,在河南温县以国审冬小麦品种豫麦49-198为供试材料,进行大田试验。设置不同施氮量0、120、180、240和360 kg/hm2(分别以N0、N120、N180、N240和N360表示)和施硫0和60 kg/hm2(S0和S60)试验,调查氮、硫对冬小麦干物质积累、氮素积累分配、籽粒产量和氮素利用效率的影响。【结果】对冬小麦生育后期干物质积累分析表明,干物质积累随施氮量增多而提高,相同施氮量条件下施硫较不施硫小麦干物质积累量显著提高,其中成熟期干物质积累量N180S60、N240S60和N360S60分别较N180S0、N240S0和N360S0提高2225、3607和3120 kg/hm2,而且氮素低的处理添加硫后干物质积累量高于氮素高不加硫处理,如N180S60N240S0、N240S60N360S0,处理间差异均达显著水平。随施氮量增多,冬小麦植株氮素积累总量增加,在N 240和360 kg/hm2水平,硫素供应显著增加小麦植株氮素积累。不同施氮量条件下施硫较不施硫均显著提高了小麦籽粒产量,分别提高了10.5%、18.3%、5.2%、5.6%和4.9%。随施氮量增多,氮肥偏生产力下降,氮回收效率、生理效率和农学效率则均以N 180达最高值。不同施氮水平下,施硫均显著提高了冬小麦氮素回收效率,但对氮生理效率影响不显著,其中在施N量为120、180和240kg/hm2时,施硫较不施硫氮肥偏生产力和农学效率均显著提高。【结论】在当前小麦生产中,采用控氮或减氮增硫技术措施,可实现小麦氮利用效率和籽粒产量的同步提高。在本试验地区小麦生产中,达到冬小麦稳产高效或增产高效的适宜施氮量为180 240 kg/hm2配合60 kg/hm2硫肥施用。     

Shoot and root biomass,phosphorus and nitrogen uptake of spring wheat grown in low phosphorus and moisture content conditions in a pot experiment

Abstract

A pot experiment was done in a greenhouse to investigate the effect of low phosphorus (P) and moisture content on growth and yield components of four spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties. Days to emergence of seedlings were shortened, plant height, tiller number, and SPAD (Soil-Plant Analyses Development) index of the leaves were significantly (p?R²) values ranging from 0.72 to 0.90. The study underlines the strong relationship between moisture, P availability and uptake and provides more information on P nutrition during the vegetative stage of wheat in moisture and P deficient soils.     

Timely supplemental irrigation changed nitrogen use of wheat by regulating root vertical distribution

Crop nitrogen (N) uptake depends on the root absorption area and the soil N availability which are closely related to the soil water status. With the increasing water shortages in the North China Plain, supplemental irrigation (SI) to winter wheat is a promising technique. To clarify the relationships between water and nitrogen use, four SI regimes in Tritcum aestivum L. cv. Jimai 22 were set up: no‐irrigation after emergence (T1), SI at jointing and anthesis (T2), SI at sowing, jointing and anthesis (T3), and SI at pre‐wintering, jointing and anthesis (T4). The results indicate that T2 had higher root length density (RLD) and root surface area density (RAD) in the 0–20, 60–80, and 80–100 cm soil layers, as well as higher post‐anthesis N uptake from soil by 23–26% in 2012–2013 and 162–177% in 2013–2014, compared to T3 and T4. The grain yield under T2 was lower than T3 but was not significantly different from T4, whereas its water use efficiency (WUE) was higher relative to both T3 and T4. There were no significant differences among T2, T3, and T4 in N use efficiency (NUE). The N uptake after jointing and WUE were positively correlated with the RLD and RAD in the 0–20 cm soil layer. The NUE was positively correlated with the RLD and RAD in the 20–40 cm soil layer. These results indicate that timely SI at jointing and anthesis was dependent on a suitable water supply at sowing, which increased the soil water content in the upper soil layer after jointing and improved the absorption area of the roots in both the deep and surface soil layers; this further improved the post‐anthesis N uptake from the soil and the WUE. This approach can be a valuable way to maintain high grain yields and NUE in winter wheat while using less irrigation and achieving higher WUE in the North China Plain.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus requirements of different wheat plant types under dryland and irrigated conditions 1

The wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plant type in major producing areas of the U.S. is changing rapidly from tall cultivars to high‐yielding semidwarf cultivars. Objectives of experiments were to determine if nitrogen and phosphorus nutritional requirements differ between traditional tall cultivars and modern semidwarf cultivars under dryland and irrigated conditions. ‘Larned’, a tall cultivar; ‘Newton’, a semidwarf cultivar; and ‘Plainsman V, a high‐protein semidwarf cultivar, were grown with all combinations of three nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 84, and 168 kg N/ha) and two phosphorus fertilizer levels (0 and 90 kg P₂O₅/ha) at Colby, Kansas for two years. Three levels of irrigation—dryland, limited irrigation, and full irrigation—were applied. Grain yields were highest with 84 kg N/ha under dryland and with 168 kg N/ha under irrigation. Phosphorus increased grain yield under dryland conditions one year, but had no effect under irrigated conditions. Cultivar X nutrition interactions from differential yield responses to fertility levels occurred under the dryland and limited irrigation regimes one year. Grain protein content was increased by nitrogen fertilization under all regimes both years and was decreased only by phosphorus fertilization under dryland conditions one year. Cultivar X nitrogen interactions for grain protein occurred under all irrigation regimes. We concluded that nutrient requirements do not differ between tall and semi dwarf wheat culti‐vars under any irrigation regime. Raising the recommended level of nutrients, particularly nitrogen, should be considered for all cultivars, both tall and semidwarf.     

氮钾互作对长江流域棉花产量和氮肥利用效率的影响及适宜施肥水平研究

为了探讨氮(N)、钾(K)互作对长江流域棉花产量和氮肥利用效率的影响以及适宜的施肥水平,于2017年在武汉市黄陂区武汉市农业科学院蔬菜研究所实验基地和2018年在湖北荆州大同湖农场进行大田试验,分别于7月上旬、8月上旬、10月上旬在每处理小区挑选3株代表性植株,分类采集茎、叶、蕾铃等各个器官并测定其氮素含量和产量,研究...     

牛场肥水灌溉对冬小麦产量与氮利用效率及土壤硝态氮的影响

【目的】本研究利用田间小区试验,研究牛场肥水灌溉对冬小麦产量、 氮利用效率及土壤硝态氮的影响,以期为提高灌溉肥水中氮利用效率,降低养殖肥水灌溉的氮损失提供理论依据。【方法】通过田间小区定位试验,以华北平原典型冬小麦种植系统为研究对象,定量研究牛场肥水灌溉对冬小麦产量、 氮素积累、 氮效率及土壤硝态氮的影响。试验共设5个处理,分别为: 不施肥、 小麦各生育期进行清水灌溉(CK); 在冬小麦生育期内进行2次牛场肥水灌溉(越冬期和灌浆期,肥水灌溉带入氮量为160 kg/hm2),其他生育期清水灌溉(T1); 在冬小麦生育期内进行3次牛场肥水灌溉(越冬期、 拔节期、 灌浆期,肥水灌溉带入氮量为240 kg/hm2),其他生育期清水灌溉(T2); 在冬小麦生育期进行4次牛场肥水灌溉(越冬期、 拔节期、 抽穗期和灌浆期,肥水灌溉带入氮量为320 kg/hm2),不进行清水灌溉(T3); 农民习惯施肥,冬小麦播种时施复合肥(15-21-6)375 kg/hm2、 拔节期追肥尿素600 kg/hm2(氮投入量为332 kg/hm2),全生育期灌溉清水(CF)。每个处理重复3次,冬小麦全生育期灌水4次,灌水定额为830 m3/hm2,灌水量用超声波流量计计量。【结果】牛场肥水灌溉对冬小麦产量和氮的影响主要有以下几个方面: 1)连续三年冬小麦产量均随牛场肥水灌溉次数的增加表现为先增加后降低的趋势,肥水灌溉带入氮为240 kg/hm2(灌溉3次)时,冬小麦产量最高。2)牛场肥水灌溉显著增加冬小麦植株地上部氮积累量。2011年和2012年肥水灌溉的三个处理之间及与习惯施肥处理之间差异不显著,2013年T2和T3处理植株氮吸收量显著高于T1处理和习惯施肥处理。3)冬小麦肥水氮利用率和农学效率随肥水灌溉带入氮量的增加而降低。三年均以T1最高,分别为48.57%和37.15 kg/kg。4)每季冬小麦收获后,随着灌溉带入氮量的增加,0100 cm土层NO-3-N积累量增加。肥水灌溉带入氮为320 kg/hm2时,0100 cm剖面NO-3-N积累量显著高于肥水灌溉带入氮为160~240 kg/hm2处理。【结论】牛场肥水灌溉显著增加冬小麦产量,随肥水灌溉带入氮的增加冬小麦产量呈先增加后降低的趋势。冬小麦肥水氮表观利用率和农学效率均随肥水灌溉带入氮量的增加而降低,肥水灌溉带入氮为320 kg/hm2,80100 cm土层有大量NO-3-N累积,且有向下淋溶的趋势。本试验条件下,综合产量、 冬小麦植株氮积累量及氮效率等方面考虑,牛场肥水灌溉冬小麦适宜氮带入量为160~240 kg/hm2。     

Chemically and biologically activated biochars slow down urea hydrolysis and improve nitrogen use efficiency

Biochar is considered a potential technology to enhance chemical fertilizer use efficiency through intensification of the interactions between nutrients and the functional groups on biochar surfaces. However, little is known about how the application of activated biochars mixed with urea influences nitrogen(N) mineralization and crop performance in paddy fields. Here, a sawdust-derived fresh biochar (FBC)(ca. 400?C) was activated chemically with 15%hydrogen peroxide and biologically with a nutri...     

Growth,root adaptations,phosphorus and potassium nutrition of rice when grown under the co-limitations of phosphorus,potassium and moisture

Growth of rice when soil phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and moisture are co-limiting is poorly known. An experiment was conducted using two rice varieties [long (LD) and short (SD) duration], two moisture conditions (continuous flooding and top-soil drained after flowering), and five fertilizer treatments (with and without the applications of P and/or K). Phosphorus uptake rate, translocation of P and K from roots, and retranslocation of P and K from senescing leaves were reduced in drained soil compared with flooded condition. LD had greater- root length, root dry weight, specific root length (m g^?1), and increased availability of P in soil than SD. Even though LD was better adapted to co-limitations of P, K, and moisture in soil than SD, those adaptive responses were not sufficient to increase the arrested growth, P and K nutrition when P, K and moisture supply was co-limited than their optimal supply.     

滴灌施肥对农田土壤氮素利用和流失的影响

通过2年在果园和蔬菜田的生产试验及田问氮素流失监测,对比研究常规施肥管理和精确滴灌施肥技术在作物产量、肥料消耗量和农田氮素流失负荷等方面的差异,分析不同施肥方式对农田土壤氮素利用和流失的影响.结果表明:滴灌施肥技术把定量的溶解态肥料直接输送到作物根部,提高了肥料利用效率,农作物产量与常规产量基本持平甚至略有提高,而氮肥消耗量和氮素流失负荷则显著降低.与常规施肥管理方式相比,2006年梨、大豆和玉米的单位产量氮肥消耗量分别降低10.8、11.8和8.9 g/kg,削减率分别为22.8%、26.6%和30.8%;单位产量总氮流失量也分别削减45.2%、14.5%和26.3%.2007年梨、西瓜和玉米的单位产量氮肥消耗量分别降低11.1、8.1和5.0 g/kg,削减率分别达到29.7%、65.8%和21.5%;单位产量总氮流失量分别削减56.4%、49.7%和51.8%.     

缺磷对不同作物根系形态及体内养分含量浓度的影响

采用营养液培养方法,以水稻、 小麦、 玉米和大豆为试验材料,研究了短期缺磷（2周）诱导根表沉积铁氧化物是否为水稻特有的性质,以及缺磷对不同作物根系形态及其吸收钾、 钙、 铁、 锰、 铜、 锌营养元素的影响。结果表明,供磷和缺磷处理并没有影响小麦、 玉米和大豆3种作物根系的颜色,而缺磷处理水稻根表沉积了铁氧化物而呈红（黄）棕色,且铁氧化物不均匀地富集在根细胞壁的孔隙中; 缺磷促进了水稻,小麦,玉米和大豆根系的生长,分别比供磷处理伸长了11%、 11%、 20%和11%（P0.05）。此外,缺磷胁迫下水稻根表铁氧化物增强了钙、 铁、 锰、 铜和锌在根表的富集而成为其进入根系的缓冲层。缺磷处理水稻根中铁浓度明显高于供磷处理（P0.05）,而地上部铁的浓度仅为磷营养正常水稻植株的18%,这说明缺磷诱导的铁氧化物促进了根系对铁的吸收但抑制了铁由根系向地上部的转运。短期缺磷对其他养分在水稻根中和地上部的浓度没有明显影响。对于其他 3 种作物,短期缺磷没有明显影响钾、 钙、 铁、 锰、 铜和锌在其根表富集及在植物体内的浓度。因此,在供试的4 种作物中,由于磷胁迫诱导根表形成铁氧化物是水稻特有的性质,铁氧化物的沉积可促进铁的吸收但抑制了铁向地上部的转运,而短期缺磷并没有影响其他3种作物对钾、 钙、 铁、 锰、 铜和锌养分的吸收和转运。     

Increased plant density with reduced nitrogen input can improve nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat while maintaining grain yield

ABSTRACT

Plant density and nitrogen (N) input level have notable effects on root development, distribution in the soil profile, and in turn, N-uptake of winter wheat. Our study objectives were to identify whether a high yield can be maintained with a reduced N input by increasing plant density. Field studies were conducted during four successive seasons (2014–2015, 2015–2016, 2016–2017, and 2017–2018) using a widely planted cultivar, Tainong18. Two regimes of N fertilization (180 kg ha^?1 and 240 kg ha^?1) and three planting densities (135, 270, and 405 plants per m²) were used. Higher plant density led to increased root length density (RLD) and enhanced N uptake from the whole soil profile. The RLD in the soil profile at 0–1.2 m, 0–0.4 m, and 0.4–0.8 m decreased while in the 0.8–1.2 m layer it increased in response to reduced N input. The combined effects of higher plant density and lower N input resulted in reduced N uptake, a lower nitrogen nutrition index (NNI), unchanged grain yield, and improved N use efficiency. In conclusion, it is possible and sustainable to maintain a high wheat yield with reduced N input by increasing plant density.     

生姜对氮磷钾缺乏的反应

试验研究了N、P、K缺乏对生姜生长的影响以及缺素症的形态表现。结果表明,N、P、K对生姜生长的影响极大。其中以K处理影响最为严重,至旺盛生长期以后,地上部鲜重持续降低,根茎鲜重却有先增加后降低再增加的特殊现象。其次为N、P处理。在生长后期,N、P、K各处理的根茎鲜重只有CK的40 77%、46 65%和25 25%。