免疫促进剂──酵母细胞壁

The yeast cell wall is recovered as a by-product during the production of soluble extracts from brewer's yeast(Saccharomyces cerevisiae).It is made up predominantry of glucan,mannan oligsaccharides,glucoprotein and chitin polymers.The glucan is a homopolimer of glucose linked through β—(1→3)and β—(1→6) D glycosidic bonds.The therapeutic effect of glucan has been primarily due to stimulation of reticuloendothelial system(RES).Studies have demonnstrated the effect of glucan in improving host resistancee by enhancing immunty to certain malingant tumors as well as to certain bacterial and viral infections.MOS's acts in the gut of animal capturing hostile gut-wall-attacking bacterla like E.Coli.Cell wall can be applied in all sorts feeds,but it is especially recommended for weaning piglets and aquaculture feeds.     

水产养殖

960851 挪威大西洋鲑和庸鲽养殖技术的最新改进=Recent improvements of farmingtechniques of Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar)and Atlantic halibut(Hippoglossus hip-poglossus)in Norway[著,英]/Holm J C//Culture of High-Value Marine Fishes in A-sia and the United States.—1994.—231～2391993年,挪威养殖大西洋鲑的产量为16万吨.直接批发价7亿美元,将平均生产成本降低到每千克2美元是可能的。Ⅱ龄鲑反季     

三、水产资源

960433 放流时鱼体大小对夏威夷鲻渔业提高的重要性=Significace of fish size-at-re-lease on enhancement of striped mullet fish-eries in Hawaii[刊,英]/Leber K M//J.World Aquac.Soc..—1995,26(2).—143～     

渔业生物学

941547 紫红笛鲷(Lufjomus argentimacu-latus)的生物学和养殖=Biology and cultureof the red snapper,Lutjanus argentimacu-latus[告,英]/Doi M,Singhagraiwan T.—The research project of fishery resource de-volopment in the Kingdom of Thailand:TheEastern Marine Fisheries Devolopment Cen-ter.—1993.—51这是泰国东部海洋渔业发展中心(EMDEC)     

水产养殖

950104 饲养密度对大园池中养殖三年的拟庸鲽生长率的影响=Effect of stocking den-sity on growth rate of halibut(Hippoglossushippoglossus L.)reared in large circular tan-ks for three years[刊,英]/Bjornsson B//Aquae..—1994,123(3/4).—259～270     

四、捕捞技术和设备

961723 安装刚性分离栅的网板拖网中鳕/鲽分离的研究=A study of cod/flatfish sep-aration in otter trawls with the use of rigidgrates[刊,英]//ASFA1..—1995,25(11).—2981993年6月和12月在纽芬兰大班克斯     

渔业生物学

960013 养殖罗非鱼的遗传改良:尼罗罗非鱼品系差异的生化特征=Genetic improve-ment of farmed tilapias:biochemical charac-terization of strain differences in Nile tilapia[刊,英]/Macaranas J M,Agustin L Q,Car-men M//Aquac..—1995,3(1).—43～54     

水产资源

960819 与哥伦比亚河水库中养殖鲑科鱼类幼鱼放流有关系的俄勒冈褶唇鳡的渔获率的变化和饵料=Changes in catch rate anddiet of northern squawfish associated withthe release of hatchery-reared juvenielesalmonids in a Columbia River reservoir[刊,英]/Collis K,Beaty R E,Crain B R//Nor.Am.J.Fish.Manag..—1995,15(2).—346～357在哥伦比亚河水库波内维列水池中放养     

总论

960754 大西洋西部,墨西哥湾和加勒比海北美鲳鲹和其它鲳鲹(鲹科)鱼类的养殖:现状与前景=Aquaculture of the Florida pom-pano and other jacks(Family Carangidae)inthe western Atlantic,Gulf of Mexico andcaribbean Basin:status and potential[著,英]/Wade O//Culture of High-Yalue Ma-rine Fishes in Asia and the United States.—     

渔业生物学

990728 饵料蛋白质/能量对舌齿鲈稚鱼肝脏脂肪生成的调节=Regulation of hepaticlipogensis by dietary protein/energy in juve-nile European seabass(Dicentrarchuslabrax)[刊,英]/Dias J,Alvarez M J//Aquac..—1998,161(1/4).—169～186     

鱼类热忍耐温度研究进展

The paper is a review of the studies on the temperature of the thermal tolerance in fishes. It was described from four aspect: (1) The key parameters of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (2) The influence factors of temperature of thermal tolerance in fishes; (3) The research methods of thermal effect of fishes; (4) The evaluation of effects of thermal pollution on fishes, especially, with the coastal power station will be‘built in China recent years, the effects of thermal discharge water on the marine fisheries resource wered iscussed.     

二、渔业生物学

961665 新加坡红点石斑鱼繁殖研究=Studies on the breeding of brown-marbledgrouper(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus For-sskal)in Singapore[刊,英]/Chao Y M//Aquac.Abst..—1995,12(6).—3757将红点石斑鱼在网箱中进行了17次产卵研究。平均体重9.9千克的雌亲鱼每次产     

水产资源

950050 阿拉斯加湾北部浮游鱼类的昼夜垂直分布=Diel vertical distribution of ichthy-oplankton in the northern gulf of Alaska[刊,英]/Brodeur R D,Rugen W C//Fish.Bull..—1994,92(2).—223～235作者调查了1986年和1987年阿拉斯加湾北部科迪亚克岛近海深度分层拖曳的几种大量浮游鱼类分类群的昼夜垂直分布。大多     

Modulation of Na/H antiport in erythrocytes of the teleost fish, Oreochromis mossambicus: effect of vasopressin

The mechanism of modulation of the Na/H antiport was studied in erythrocytes of the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. Activation of the antiport was determined through measurements of variations of intracellular pH, using a pH-sensitive, intracellular fluorescent probe 2′, 7′-bis (carboxyethyl)-5 (6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF). Phorbol ester (5 μM), a stimulator of protein kinase C, activated the antiport resulting in an increase of intracellular pH; a maximum of 0.125 ± 0.027 pH units over basal level (mean ± SD; n = 4–6) was reached in 20 min. The effect was blocked by protein kinase C inhibitors staurosporine and H-7, and also by the antiport inhibitor 5-(ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride; this demonstrates that the stimulation of the antiport in tilapia erythrocytes can take place through a protein kinase C-mediated mechanism. Vasopressin, an important osmoregulator hormone in teleosts, was able to activate the Na/H antiport, in a manner similar to phorbol ester, but its effect was only partially sensitive to staurosporine inhibition. Considering that the physiological role of the Na/H exchanger in fish is known to be different from its role in mammalian cells, these results indicate that other signal transduction mechanisms can be involved in the modulation of intracellular pH by vasopressin. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

五、水产养殖

940094 在水池和网箱中石斑鱼 Epinephelnssuillus(Valenciennes)连续产卵=Successivespawning of grouper,Epinephelus suillus(Valenci-ennes),in a tank and a floating net cage[刊,英]/Toledo J D,Nagai A,Jabellana D//Aquac..—1993,115(3/4).—361～3671989～1990年初,收集野生石斑鱼 E.     

渔业生物学

941917 在不同光照时间模式下虹鳟昼夜摄食节律、肝重、肝糖原量和血浆激素浓度=Diel rhythm of food—demand,liver weightand glycogen content and plasma hormonalconcentrations in Oncorhynchus mykiss heldin different photoperiod regimes[刊,英]/Boufard T,Lestherhead F//Nutr,Abst.Rev.(Series B).—1993.63(12).—5922     

渔业生态环境

950916 采用通径分析研究环境因素对挪威南部湖泊沉积物中重金属浓度的影响=In-fluence of environmental factors on heavymetal concentration in lake sediments insouthern Norway indicated by path analysis[刊,英]/Fjeld E.Rognerud S//Can.J.Fish.Aquat.Sci..—1994.51(4).—1708～172044     

Insulin-like growth factor I of Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica: cDNA cloning, tissue distribution, and expression after treatment with growth hormone and seawater acclimation

In an attempt to understand growth regulation in the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, we cloned insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) cDNAs and examined their mRNA expression in several tissues. Two eel IGF-I (eIGF-I) cDNAs encoding preprohormones, eIGF-I-Ea1and eIGF-I-Ea2, were cloned from the liver by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The preproIGF-Is were identical in signal peptide and mature IGF-I, but different in the E domain—eIGF-I-Ea2 mRNA was 36 bp longer than eIGF-I-Ea1 mRNA. Eel IGF-I was 83–94% identical with that of teleosts, 71% identical with that of dogfish, 87% identical with that of bullfrog and chicken, and 83% identical with that of humans. In both males and females the highest eIGF-I-Ea1 mRNA levels were observed in the liver, with detectable levels also found in the gills, heart, stomach, spleen, kidney, intestine, swim-bladder, muscle, and gonads. eIGF-I-Ea1 mRNA levels in the liver were higher in females than in males whereas in the intestine they were lower than in males. eIGF-I-Ea2 mRNA was detected in all the tissues examined and at similar levels in males and females. In this experiment higher eIGF-I-Ea1 mRNA levels were observed in the liver of larger glass eels than in those of smaller fish. eIGF-I-Ea2 mRNA levels were also higher in larger eels, although they were lower than IGF-I-Ea1 mRNA levels. Both eIGF-I mRNA levels in liver were positively correlated with the body size of the␣glass eels. Intraperitoneal injection of recombinant eel GH (reGH), 0.25 μg g⁻¹ body weight, into glass eels resulted in a significant increase in both eIGF-I mRNAs in the liver 1 day after injection compared with control fish, but no elevation was observed 2 days after injection. Incubation of liver slices with reGH at concentrations of 10, 100, and 1,000 ng mL⁻¹ for 24 h resulted in a significant concentration-dependent increase in the levels of both eIGF-I mRNAs. Higher levels of eIGF-I-Ea1 and Ea2 mRNA were observed in the gills ofseawater-reared eels than in those of freshwater-reared fish, but no differenceswere observed in the whole kidney. These results suggest that IGF-I is involved in the regulation of somatic growth and also in adaptation of the Japanese eel to seawater.     

甲壳动物渗透调节生理学研究进展

Osmoregulation involves many aspects of physiological function in crustacean. Crustacean species exhibit almost all possible patterns of osmotic regulation and they are widely distributed in most of known biotopes. With the changes of liquid environment, the structure and function of the osmoregulation organs( such as gills, antennary glands) ,haemolymph osmotic pressure and ionic transport will turn to maintain the well-balanced metabolism, which are under the neuroendocrine regulation. The current research status of physiological mechanism of crustacean osmoregulation was reviewed in the following aspects. 1 ) Structure and function of gills and antennal glands(maxillary glands). The gills are very important organs and play a prominenet role in osmoregulatien; 2)Regulafien of ion transport in branchial epithelium. Ion transport enzymes (Na^ -K^ -ATPase, V-ATPase,HCO3^--ATPase and carbonicanhydrase)stimulated by bioamines and cAMP may participate in the ion transport of branchial epithelium in crustacean; 3 )Haemolymph composition and osmoregulation. Haemolymph concentration of ion and free amino acid accompanied by metabolites of blood can contribute to the most of haemolymph osmotic pressure; 4)Neuroendocrine control. Many neuropeptides may regulate the osraotic pressure of haemolymph and proteinsases activity of epithelial gill cells. Bioamines, cAMP and CaM have been proved to stimulate the uptake of Na^ and transport of Cl^-.     

Involvement of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in Thyroxine Release in Three different forms of Teleost Fish: Barfin Founder, Masu Salmon and Goldfish

Effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) on thyroxine (T₄) release in vivo and in vitro were studied in barfin flounder Verasper moseri, masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou and goldfish Carassius auratus. Seabream GnRH (sbGnRH) at a dose of 200 ng/50 g body weight (BW) significantly increased plasma T₄ levels 1 h after the in vivo injection in the barfin flounder, but thereafter the levels normalized. Salmon GnRH (sGnRH) significantly increased plasma T₄ levels l h after the injection with a significant return to initial levels in male masu salmon and male goldfish. In contrast, sGnRH and cGnRH-II in barfin flounder, and cGnRH-II in male masu salmon and male goldfish were not effective in stimulating T₄ release. To clarify direct involvement of GnRH in T₄ release, dissected lower jaw including scattered thyroid follicles was incubated with sbGnRH (1 μg/well) in barfin flounder, and with two doses (0.1 and 1 μg/well) of sGnRH in masu salmon and goldfish in vitro. T₄ concentrations of control were stable during 24 h. Incubation of lower jaw with high dose (1 μg/well) of GnRH significantly (P<0.05) increased T₄ concentrations of incubation medium at 1 h in all experimental fishes. These results indicate that direct stimulation of T₄ secretion by GnRH occurs widely in teleost fish.