Rectal duplication cyst in a cat

Enteric duplication is a rare developmental malformation in people, dogs and cats. The purpose of the present report is to describe the first case of a rectal duplication cyst in a 7-year-old domestic shorthair cat presenting for acute constipation and tenesmus. On rectal palpation a spherical mass compressing the lumen of the rectum could be felt in the dorsal wall of the rectum. A computed tomography (CT) scan confirmed the presence of a well demarcated cystic lesion in the pelvic canal, dorsal to the rectum. The cyst was surgically removed via a perineal approach. No communication with the rectal lumen could be demonstrated. Histopathological examination was consistent with a rectal duplication cyst. Clinical signs resolved completely after excision of this conjoined non-communicating cystic rectal duplicate.     

Laparoscopic assisted surgical removal of a congenital rectal hamartoma in a foal

In this report we describe a 3‐week‐old Paint horse filly that presented with rectal bleeding associated with a protruding mass. Rectal bleeding in neonates can be caused by infectious agents, trauma, congenital defects, rectal tears or tumours. Histopathology was performed on an avulsed piece of tissue. A second mass was identified endoscopically and was removed using a stapling instrument per rectum under endoscopic guidance and laparoscopic assistance. The mass was diagnosed as a rectal hamartoma. Recovery was uneventful.     

Dorsal Approach to the Caudal Pelvic Canal and Rectum Effect on Normal Dogs

A dorsal surgical approach to the perineal area and rectum was made on 10 healthy, adult dogs. The rectococcygeal muscle was incised and the levator ani and external sphincter muscles were separated to the level of the caudal rectal nerve. All dogs were clinically normal throughout a 3 week postoperative observation period.     

Carcinoma of an accessory genital gland in a 23‐year‐old Camargue gelding

This report describes the case management, histopathological and post mortem findings in a 23‐year‐old gelding with a peri‐rectal mass. The mass was debulked surgically and submitted samples revealed it to be a poorly differentiated carcinoma. In the post operative period the horse developed signs of abdominal pain and dysuria and was subjected to euthanasia. Post mortem examination revealed a large infiltrative mass located between the rectum and urethra, consistent with a carcinoma of an accessory genital gland, most likely the seminal vesicle.     

Renal carcinoma in a horse

A poorly performing nine-year-old thoroughbred mare was presented because of chronic weight loss. On rectal examination an abdominal mass was palpated and, on percussion of the right flank from the 11th to 13th intercostal space, a large area of dullness was delineated. Biopsies taken from the liver region and through the rectum revealed a malignant metastasising tumour of the urinary system. After euthanasia, the post mortem findings confirmed the presence of a papillary renal carcinoma with multiple metastases into the omentum and peritoneum.     

Rectal leiomyosarcoma in a horse

A mass originating from the dorsal rectal wall of a 4-year-old mare was diagnosed as a leiomyosarcoma. General anesthesia and meticulous surgical dissection were required to effect removal. In spite of incomplete excision, as indicated by histologic sections, the mass has not recurred in the 18 months since removal.     

Cholelith causing duodenal obstruction in a horse.

A 10-year-old Appaloosa stallion was referred for evaluation of colic. At admission, the heart rate, capillary refill time, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were high. Fifteen liters of reflux was obtained by nasogastric intubation. Palpation of an abdominal mass per rectum elicited signs of pain. At exploratory laparotomy, a mass was palpated in the ascending portion of the duodenum. The small intestine ruptured at the site of obstruction during manipulation. The horse was euthanatized. A large cholelith was the cause of the duodenal obstruction. At necropsy, multiple choleliths of various sizes were found in the pancreatic and common bile ducts and in the stomach.     

Neutrophilic leucocytosis in a dog with a rectal tumour

A nine-year-old cocker spaniel was presented with a three-year history of intermittent haematochezia and a palpable rectal mass. Routine haematological examination revealed a marked mature neutrophilia (86.04 x 10(9) neutrophils/litre). A friable mass in the middle portion of the rectum was detected on colonoscopy. Histopathological examination of mucosal pinch biopsies collected from the mass confirmed a diagnosis of adenomatous tubulopapillary polyp. Some evidence of malignant transformation was observed. Palliative treatment with piroxicam suppositories at a dose of 1.4 mg/kg administered rectally every third day was instituted. On re-evaluation, 47 days after starting medical therapy, the owner reported a significant reduction in haematochezia and tenesmus; however, frequency of defecation had remained unaltered. Routine haematology revealed a reduction in the mature neutrophil count (33.67 x 10(9) neutrophils/litre). This report describes a case of a rectal tumour associated with a neutrophilic leucocytosis, which responded to palliative therapy with piroxicam suppositories.     

Repeated manual evacuation for treatment of rectal tears in four horses

Horses with tears that involve all layers of the rectum except the mesocolon (grade IIIb) have a poor prognosis for survival because of the difficulty in treating these wounds and the propensity for them to progress to full perforations (grade IV). Most treatments for grade-IIIb rectal tears involve surgery of some kind, but not all grade-IIIb rectal tears require surgical intervention. We report on 4 horses with grade-IIIb rectal tears that were evaluated via palpation per rectum and endoscopy. Two of 4 horses were admitted with signs consistent with shock and endotoxemia, and evaluation of all peritoneal fluid samples was indicative of nonseptic peritonitis. Horses were treated via administration of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs and repeated manual evacuation of the terminal portion of the small colon and rectum. Treatment centered on preventing further enlargement of the rectal tear by eliminating the storage function of the terminal portion of the small colon and rectum. None of our horses had worsening of the original injury, and horses were discharged within 2 weeks of admission with full resolution of the rectal tear. Outcomes in the horses of our report indicate that repeated manual evacuation can be successful for treatment of horses with grade-IIIb rectal tears.     

Surgical excision of primary canine rectal tumors by an anal approach in twenty-three dogs

OBJECTIVE: To describe an anal approach for excision of primary rectal tumors in dogs and to report outcome. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: Dogs (n=23) with primary rectal tumors. METHODS: Review of medical records (1990-2000) of dogs with primary rectal neoplasia excised surgically using an anal approach with rectal prolapse. With dogs anesthetized, the rectum was prolapsed, stabilized with stay sutures during tumor excision with 1 cm margins to the level of the muscularis, then the rectal mucosa was sutured. RESULTS: Each dog had only 1 tumor type (adenocarcinoma [8], solitary polyp [5], carcinoma [4], plasmacytoma [2], adenoma [1], leiomyoma [1], mucinous carcinoma [1], and papilloma [1]). Mean tumor volume was 3.1 cm(3) (range 0.1-37.7 cm(3)). Postoperative complications (rectal bleeding [5], tenesmus [4]) were mild and resolved within 7 days after surgery; another dog had partial mucosal dehiscence identified at 6 days. The primary tumor was incompletely excised in 1 dog (4.3%), and local recurrence occurred 16 and 24 months after surgery in 2 dogs. Outcome beyond the immediate postoperative period was known for 18 dogs, including 2 dogs still alive. Mean postoperative disease-free interval for these 18 dogs was 36.8 months (range 5-84 months). CONCLUSION: Surgical excision of tumors of the caudal rectum can be accomplished through the anus after rectal prolapse. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: An anal approach facilitated by rectal prolapse should be considered as a viable option for the surgical treatment of selected cases of tumors of the caudal aspect of the rectum in dogs.     

Management and Outcome of a Non-iatrogenic,Nearly Circumferential,Full-thickness Retroperitoneal Rectal Tear in a Horse

An 8-year-old Quarter Horse stallion presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital for evaluation of acute colic and a suspected rectal tear. Clinical examination revealed a nearly circumferential retroperitoneal full-thickness rectal tear. Exploratory laparotomy was performed, and medical management of the tear continued for 6 weeks. Multiple attempts at direct suturing of the tear were unsuccessful. Despite intensive medical management, the horse was not able to defecate, and the tear did not heal adequately, so the horse was humanely euthanized. Necropsy revealed complete obliteration of the muscular layers of the rectum with only a small area of rectal mucosa intact dorsally. There is limited information available on the management of circumferential rectal tears. Based upon this experience and other historical reports, a poor prognosis may be expected for circumferential full-thickness retroperitoneal rectal tears involving the ventral aspect of the rectum.     

Sagittal pubic osteotomy in the investigation and treatment of intrapelvic neoplasia in the dog

Sagittal pubic osteotomy was used as the surgical approach in 24 cases of intrapelvic neoplasia in the dog. Thirteen cases involved the urethra, seven cases the colorectum, one case the prostate and three cases the iliac periosteum. Surgical excision was performed in 10 cases of urethral neoplasia, four cases of rectal neoplasia, two cases of periosteal fibrosarcoma and one case of chondrosarcoma. The remaining cases were assessed as inoperable due to the extent of disease and euthanasia was carried out. Access to intrapelvic structures via a caudal midline laparotomy, perineal or dorsal routes or via an episiotomy is severely limited. The structures within the pelvic canal most likely to require surgical attention are the urethra, rectum and prostate. Procedures which require wide excision, accurate anastomotic techniques or relocation of intrapelvic organs necessitate an approach that allows generous exposure. A simple method of pubic osteotomy has been employed which has allowed resection of intrapelvic neoplasms.     

Recurrent rectal prolapse caused by colonic duplication in a dog

A 9-month-old female Shar Pei cross-bred dog was presented with a history of recurrent rectal prolapse over 7 months. Repeated reduction and anal purse string sutures and subsequent incisional colopexy failed to prevent recurrent rectal prolapse. Digital rectal examination following reduction of the prolapse identified a faeces-filled sac within the ventral wall of the rectum and an orifice in the ventral colonic wall, cranial to the pubic brim. A ventral, communicating tubular colonic duplication was diagnosed by means of a barium enema. Surgical excision of the duplicated colonic tube was performed via a caudal ventral midline laparotomy. At 20 weeks post-operation, there has been no recurrence of rectal prolapse.     

Intermittent Escherichia coli O157:H7 colonisation at the terminal rectum mucosa of conventionally-reared lambs

In cattle, the lymphoid rich regions of the rectal-anal mucosa at the terminal rectum are the preferred site for Escherichia coli O157:H7 colonisation. All cattle infected by rectal swab administration demonstrate long-term E. coli O157:H7 colonisation, whereas orally challenged cattle do not demonstrate long-term E. coli O157:H7 colonisation in all animals. Oral, but not rectal challenge of sheep with E. coli O157:H7 has been reported, but an exact site for colonisation in sheep is unknown. To determine if E. coli O157:H7 can effectively colonise the ovine terminal rectum, in vitro organ culture (IVOC) was initiated. Albeit sparsely, large, densely packed E. coli O157:H7 micro-colonies were observed on the mucosa of ovine and control bovine terminal rectum explants. After necropsy of orally inoculated lambs, bacterial enumeration of the proximal and distal gastrointestinal tract did suggest a preference for E. coli O157:H7 colonisation at the ovine terminal rectum, albeit for both lymphoid rich and non-lymphoid sites. As reported for cattle, rectal inoculation studies were then conducted to determine if all lambs would demonstrate persistent colonisation at the terminal rectum. After necropsy of E. coli O157:H7 rectally inoculated lambs, most animals were not colonised at gastrointestinal sites proximal to the rectum, however, large densely packed micro-colonies of E. coli O157:H7 were observed on the ovine terminal rectum mucosa. Nevertheless, at the end point of the study (day 14), only one lamb had E. coli O157:H7 micro-colonies associated with the terminal rectum mucosa. A comparison of E. coli O157:H7 shedding yielded a similar pattern of persistence between rectally and orally inoculated lambs. The inability of E. coli O157:H7 to effectively colonise the terminal rectum mucosa of all rectally inoculated sheep in the long term, suggests that E. coli O157:H7 may colonise this site, but less effectively than reported previously for cattle.     

Gastroduodenal adenocarcinomas and rectal adenoma in a cougar (Felis concolor) infected with Helicobacter-like organisms and spirochetes

A 14-year-old female cougar died from gastroduodenal adenocarcinomas and rectal adenoma. At necropsy, polypoid tumor masses of various sizes were scattered on the mucosal surfaces of the stomach, duodenum, and rectum. Histologically, the gastric tumor was diagnosed as an intestinal type adenocarcinoma and the tumor cells metastasized to the mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, and lung. Helicobacter-like organisms were detected in the lumina lined by foveolar epithelium. In the duodenum, the carcinoma cells were localized in the limina propria and many of them were intensely positive for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). In contrast, the rectal adenoma had a lower number of PCNA-positive cells. In the rectum, chronic inflammation with numerous spirochetes was also noted. These results indicated that the occurrence of the gastrointestinal tumors might be associated with the bacterial infection described above.     

A standing pararectal approach to treat small colon obstruction by a pedunculated lipoma

In an 18-year-old Paso Fino mare presented with mild colic of 36 h duration, a luminal obstruction was found on rectal palpation in the most oral part of the rectum, and this appeared to be caused by a tight band on the left side. A standing procedure was used that involved pararectal dissection with long-handled instruments to the level of the constricting band, guided by a hand in the rectum. A hooked bistoury designed for treating entrapped epiglottis was used to transect the band, which immediately released the obstruction and allowed manual evacuation of the aboral end of the small colon. The band was most likely the pedicle of a pedunculated lipoma that had encircled the oral end of the rectum. The mare made a complete recovery.     

Transplanting the superficial gluteal muscle in the treatment of perineal hernia and flexure of the rectum in the dog

The authors distinguish between perineal hernia and flexure of the rectum. They describe in detail an operative procedure to treat these conditions using a transplanted superficial gluteal muscle to reinforce the ischio rectal fossa.     

夏、冬两季猪源葡萄球菌耐药情况比较

本研究旨在比较夏、冬两季某规模化养猪场猪源葡萄球菌的耐药情况。分别在夏、冬两季对猪场同一猪采集其直肠肛拭子样和鼻腔鼻拭子样,采用微量肉汤稀释法对分离出的葡萄球菌进行临床9种常用抗菌药物的药敏试验。结果显示,夏季鼻腔分离的葡萄球菌对阿米卡星、氟苯尼考、氧氟沙星、苯唑西林和克林霉素5种抗菌药物的耐药率均高于冬季分离的鼻腔菌。夏季直肠分离的葡萄球菌对阿莫西林/克拉维酸、苯唑西林、庆大霉素、氧氟沙星、四环素、克林霉素和利福平7种抗菌药物的耐药率低于冬季分离的直肠菌。且夏、冬两季鼻腔分离的葡萄球菌多药耐药种数在0~9耐均有分布,夏、冬两季直肠分离的葡萄球菌多药耐药种数在1~9均耐有分布。冬季鼻腔分离的葡萄球菌6耐的多药百分率显著高于夏季分离菌的多药百分率（P＜0.05）,冬季直肠分离的葡萄球菌8耐的多药百分率显著高于夏季分离菌的多药百分率（P＜0.05）。结果表明,夏、冬两季猪不同部位分离的葡萄球菌对大多数被检抗菌药物的耐药率情况不同,其耐药率与养殖场季节性用药呈现相关性。     

Comparing the Resistance of Staphylociccus Isolated from Pigs to Antimicrobial Drugs in Summer and Winter

In this study, the resistance of swine Staphylococcus isolated in summer and winter was compared. The rectal anal swab samples and nasal swab samples were collected from the same pig in summer and winter. The susceptibility test of 9 kinds of antimicrobial drugs was carried out by using the broth dilution method. The results revealed that the resistance rates of Staphylococcus isolated from the rectum in summer were higher than that of Staphylococcus isolated from the rectum in winter to amikacin, florfenicol, levofloxacin, benzene and clindamycin. Resistance rates of Staphylococcus isolates from nasal cavity in summer were lower than that of Staphylococcus isolates from nasal cavity in winter to amikacin, benzene, gentamicin, levofloxacin, tetracycline, clindamycin and rifampicin. And Staphylococcus in two seasons in 0 to 9 resistant rectal separation resistance were distributed. Multi drug resistant Staphylococcus in two seasons in 1 to 9 resistant rectal separation resistance were distributed. And in the 6 resistance, the resistance rate of Staphylococcus isolated from the nasal in summer was significantly higher than that of the isolated from anal in winter (P< 0.05). And in 8 resistance, the resistance rate of Staphylococcus isolated from the rectum cavity in summer was significantly higher than that of Staphylococcus isolated from the rectum cavity in winter (P< 0.05). Results showed that the resistance rates of Staphylococcus isolated from different sites of the pigs to the tested antimicrobial drugs were different. The drug resistance rate was correlated with seasonal use of the farm.