波尔山羊MyoG基因的鉴定和序列分析

为了探明山羊MyoG基因的序列结构及其对肌肉的分化调控机制,用PCR产物直接测序的方法获得了波尔山羊MyoG基因2 363 bp长的DNA序列,并对该序列进行了分析.结果表明,波尔山羊MyoG基凶包括3个外显子、2个内含子及部分5'UTR(74 bp)和3'UTR(260 bp)区,编码序列长675 bp,共编码224个氨基酸.结构分析表明,该序列所编码的肽链没有信号肽,第1～138个氨基睃为波尔山羊MyoG基因的bHLH结构域.通过比对分析波尔山羊与已知的GenBank中的人类及其它物种MyoG基因发现,该基因编码区核苷酸以及推测的氨基酸同源性和物种间的亲缘关系相一致,无根系统进化树的聚类结果与这些物种本身的生理特性以及传统分类学中已知的生物分类结果相一致.波尔山羊MyoG基因的鉴定及序列分析为山羊肌肉发育调控的机理以及肉质改良等的研究提供了很好的生物学基础信息.     

Idiogram and standardized G-band karyotype of the goat (Capra hircus)

Contents: The aim of this paper is to present the idiogram and the standardized G-band karyotype of the goat (Capra hircus). The results are discussed and compared to those published before.     

Investigation of the primary cause of hypoadrenocorticism in South African angora goats (Capra aegagrus): a comparison with Boer goats (Capra hircus) and Merino sheep (Ovis aries)

Our objective was to identify the primary site of the reduced adrenal function in South African Angora goats (Capra aegagrus) that causes a decrease in cortisol production and leads to severe losses of Angora goats during cold spells. Angora goats, Boer goats (Capra hircus), and Merino sheep (Ovis aries) were assigned to three intravenous treatments: 1) insulin, 2) corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and 3) ACTH. Blood cortisol concentrations were determined over a 90-min period to determine any differences in the response of the experimental animals to these treatments. For both the insulin and ACTH treatments, cortisol concentrations were less in Angora goats than in the other experimental animals. The adrenal gland was subsequently investigated as a possible cause for the observed hypoadrenocorticism. Primary adrenal cell cultures were prepared from these species, subjected to different treatments, and the cortisol production determined. Upon pregnenolone (PREG) addition, all the experimental animals' cortisol production increased significantly, with the production in Boer goats higher (P<.01) when compared with that in the other species. The stimulation of cortisol biosynthesis by ACTH was only obtained for Boer goats and Merino sheep. The stimulation of cortisol production by forskolin and cholera toxin were compared with ACTH, and, for Angora goats, only cholera toxin caused a significant increase in cortisol production. For Boer goats, no difference (P>.05) between the PREG, ACTH, forskolin, or cholera toxin treatments were observed. The Merino adrenal cells were increasingly stimulated in the following order: PREG, ACTH, forskolin, and cholera toxin (forskolin and cholera toxin stimulated cortisol production to the same extent). This investigation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, therefore, identified the adrenal gland as the primary site of the Angora's hypoadrenocorticism.     

Rumen ciliate faunae of water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and goat (Capra hircus) in Nepal

Rumen ciliate composition of river-type water buffalo and goat in Nepal was surveyed. As the result of survey, 13 genera representing 52 species and 20 formae of the ciliates were identified. Of them 13 genera with 44 species and 9 formae were found from the water buffalo and 8 genera with 21 species and 12 formae from the goat. The present paper shows the first report of Hsiungella triciliata, Entodinium brevispinum, E. convexum, E. javanicum, E. rectangulatum f. rectangulatum, E. rectangulatum f. lobosospinosum, Diplodinium nanum, D. psittaceum, D. sinhalicum and Ostracodinium quadrivesiculatum from water buffalo and Epidinium ecaudatum f. parvicaudatum from goat.     

Sequence analysis of Toll-like receptor genes 1-10 of goat (Capra hircus)

This study involved cloning and sequencing of the coding regions of all 10 Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes of goat. Goat TLR 1-10 gene sequences revealed a high degree of nucleotide identity with sheep and cattle sequences (>90%) and 75-85% with pig, mouse and human sequences. At the amino acid level, 85-99% similarity was observed with sheep and cattle and 60-85% with pig, mouse and human. TLR9c DNA of goat showed the highest amino acid identity to that of sheep (99%) while TLR8 cDNA showed the lowest identity of 88.7% to that of sheep. Variations were seen in the number of leucine rich repeats (LRRs) of goat TLRs as compared to other ruminant species with maximum differences in the TLR3 gene. Phylogenetic analysis through molecular evolution and genetic analysis (MEGA) software and multi dimensional scaling revealed a high degree of conservation of goat TLRs with those from other species. However when the TIR domain of all the TLRs were compared, goat TLR7 TIR alone showed a high divergence of 19.3 as compared to sheep sequences. This is the first report of the full-length cDNA sequences of all the 10 TLR genes of goats which would be a useful tool for the study of evolutionary lineages and for phylogenetic analysis.     

Origin of enzootic intranasal tumor in the goat (Capra hircus): a glycohistochemical approach

Enzootic intranasal tumor (EIT) appears glandular in type and has recently been classified as an adenocarcinoma of low malignancy. The aim of this study was to characterize the secretion of surface glycoconjugates (GCs) in EIT and in normal respiratory and olfactory mucosae of the goat by means of conventional and lectin histochemistry, in order to shed light on the histogenesis of EIT. Morphologic and ultrastructural investigations showed two growth types of EIT: i.e., tubular and papillary patterns. Conventional histochemistry revealed the presence of neutral and carboxylated GCs in the olfactory glands and in the tubular part of EIT, as well neutral and sulphated GCs in the respiratory glands and in the papillary part of EIT, suggesting that the papillary pattern tumor arises from the respiratory glands, whereas the tubular portion of EIT arises from the olfactory glands. Lectin histochemistry gave further information on the expressed GCs.     

大足黑山羊胎盘子叶性状和结构及其与繁殖性能的相关性

收集79窝(单羔,n=21,G1;双羔,n=47,G2;三羔,n=11,G3)大足黑山羊正常分娩后胎盘及繁殖性能数据,比较不同产羔类型胎盘子叶承载效率(窝初生重与子叶总面积之比)、子叶密度(子叶个数与胎盘质量之比)、子叶面积和子叶组织学结构、绒毛超显微结构,并且分析子叶性状和结构及其与繁殖性能的相关性。结果表明,大足黑山羊随产羔数增加,胎盘子叶承载效率和子叶总面积极显著增加(P0.01),G1、G2和G3组子叶承载效率分别是(5.70±2.50),(9.23±3.90),(8.15±3.33)g·cm-2,子叶总面积分别为(501.57±124.25),(546.34±197.78),(735.85±194.28)cm2;子叶密度极显著性降低(P0.01),G1、G2和G3组分别是(0.38±0.18),(0.26±0.10),(0.21±0.08)n·g-1,子叶总数无显著性差异(P0.05);由组织学结构观察发现,随着产羔数增加,胎盘子叶内血管数量增多,密度增大,绒毛形状变宽变大,密集程度增加,表面褶皱更丰富。相关性分析表明,产羔数和窝初生重与胎盘质量、子叶总面积、子叶承载效率呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。研究发现山羊胎盘子叶面积与子叶承载效率相互联系;胎盘子叶组织结构及绒毛结构与山羊产羔数有显著性相关。     

Postnatal development of the pineal gland in the goat (Capra hircus)--light and electron microscopy studies

This study was conducted to investigate structural transformations of the goat pineal gland during postnatal development. The pineals of newborn, 4-week-, 4-month-, 1-year- and 3-year-old male goats were prepared for qualitative and quantitative investigations at both light and transmission electron microscopy levels. In the first 4 months after birth, the pinealocytes developed very intensively, which was connected with enlargement of their volume as well as distinct qualitative and quantitative transformations of their cytoplasmic organelles. Parallel to these changes, the pineal parenchyma underwent deep reorganization and the mosaic pattern, characteristic for newborns, disappeared. At the same time the meshwork of blood vessels supporting the goat pineal gland developed conspicuously. From fourth months to one year of postnatal life continuation of the growth of some pinealocyte organelles and very intensive development of all components of the pineal connective tissue were observed. In the three-year-old goats some decrease in the relative volume of most cytoplasmic structures of pinealocytes as well as increase in collagen fibers in stroma were noticed. The investigations established intensive growth of the goat pineal to the age of 4 months, which included mainly some increase in the pinealocyte and their structures. The pineal gland of 4-month- and 1-year-old goats showed morphological features which are considered as symptoms of high secretory activity. The structure of the pineal gland in 3-year-old animals and the changes observed both in their pinealocytes and connective tissue in comparison with 1-year-old individuals point to some decrease in the goat pineal activity in this age.     

Study of the efficiency of chemically assisted enucleation method for handmade cloning in goat (Capra hircus)

The present investigation was carried out to find an efficient chemically assisted procedure for enucleation of goat oocytes related to handmade cloning (HMC) technique. After 22-h in vitro maturation, oocytes were incubated with 0.5 μg/ml demecolcine for 2 h. Cumulus cells were removed by pipetting and vortexing in 0.5 mg/ml hyaluronidase, and zona pellucida were digested with pronase. Oocytes with extrusion cones were subjected to oriented bisection. One-third of the cytoplasm with the extrusion cone was removed with a micro blade. The remaining cytoplasts were used as recipients in HMC. Goat foetal fibroblasts were used as nuclear donors. The overall efficiency measured as the number of cytoplasts obtained per total number of oocytes used was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in chemically assisted handmade enucleation (CAHE) than oriented handmade enucleation without demecolcine (OHE) (80.02 ± 1.292% vs. 72.9 ± 1.00%, respectively, mean ± SEM). The reconstructed and activated embryos were cultured in embryo development medium (EDM) for 7 days. Fusion, cleavage and blastocyst development rate were 71.63 ± 1.95%, 92.94 ± 0.91% and 23.78 ± 3.33% (mean ± SEM), respectively which did not differ significantly from those achieved with random handmade enucleation and OHE. In conclusion, chemically assisted enucleation is a highly efficient and reliable enucleation method for goat HMC which eliminates the need of expensive equipment (inverted fluorescence microscope) and potentially harmful chromatin staining and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation for cytoplast selection.     

Immunohistochemical localization of substance P,calcitonin gene-related peptide,galanin and calcium-binding proteins in trigeminal ganglia of goat (Capra hircus)

The objectives of this study was to provide a quantitative analysis of calcium-binding proteins, calbindin (CB), parvalbumin (PA), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and galanin (GAL), in trigeminal ganglia of goats, to establish whether they exhibit coexistence relationships between each other, and to examine possible colocalization with SP, CGRP and GAL, which have been well characterized according to their distributions in an abundance of large and/or small neurones. CB (12.78%), PA (31.91%), SP (24.63%), CGRP (44.44%) and GAL (3.29%) immunoreactive (IR) cells were observed. About 38.37, 8.7 and 0.73% of CGRP-IR neurones in the trigeminal ganglion were also immunoreacted with SP, GAL and CB, respectively. Almost all SP-IR cells are labelled with CGRP (approximately 92.52%), whereas only 16.02 and 0.44% of SP-IR neurones colocalized with GAL and CB. Approximately 4.65 and 1.10% of the CB-IR cells were found to contain CGRP and SP immunoreactivity, respectively. Conversely, no CB-IR cell exhibited GAL immunoreactivity. In addition, all the GAL-IR cells showed CGRP and SP immunoreactivity. The number of CB-, PA-, SP-, CGRP- and GAL-IR neurones in goat trigeminal ganglion are abundant than that of other animals. These results elucidate that the goat differs from other mammalian species in the distribution and localization of neurochemical substances in trigeminal ganglia, and suggest that this difference may be relevant to the morphological characteristics of cerebral vasculatures such as epidural rete mirabile of goat.     

波尔山羊杂交改良萨能山羊和本地山羊试验报告

用波尔山羊冷冻精液与萨能山羊、浦江本地山羊杂交，杂一代羊体尺、体重有较大幅度提高。波萨山羊比萨能山羊6月龄体高、体长、胸围分别提高8．05％、7．95％、8．24％，初生重、6月龄重分别提高12．08％、20．53％，差异显著。波本山羊比本地山羊6月龄体高、体长、胸围分别提高22．85％、22、75％、18．42％，初生重、6月龄重分别提高41．53％、79．43％．差异极显著。每只波萨山羊比萨能山羊增加收入41．30元。每只波本山羊比本地山羊增加收入95．40元。