HJ-1A高光谱影像的表层土壤游离氧化铁含量反演

实时监测土壤游离氧化铁含量对于获取区域土壤理化特征数据、监测区域土壤环境具有重要意义。该试验基于HJ-1A 高光谱遥感影像,结合研究区土壤采样的游离氧化铁含量化验数据,分析遥感影像的反射率与土壤游离氧化铁含量的相关性,建立土壤游离氧化铁含量的多元线性反演模型,反演研究区表层土壤游离氧化铁含量。研究结果表明,HJ-1A高光谱遥感影像的反射率与研究区土壤游离氧化铁含量呈负相关性,且在第104波段达到峰值,相关系数为-0.455;利用反射率指数变换建立的反演模型Y=34.11-0.079X23+0.151X72-0.072X79-0.017X90,模型的决定系数为0.837,均方根误差为1.59 g/kg;土壤中有机质对游离氧化铁含量反演精度影响的检验结果显示,研究区土壤的有机质对游离氧化铁含量的反演精度无显著影响。该试验为土壤游离氧化铁的光谱分析提供借鉴,为区域土壤生态环境监测提供数据支持。     

基于组合模型的庐山森林土壤有效铁光谱间接反演研究

铁是植物生长的重要微量营养元素之一,土壤有效铁含量对林地环境起着重要的影响,利用土壤光谱预测技术获取土壤有效铁含量信息具有重要意义。而要通过土壤光谱直接预测土壤有效铁含量是难以实现的,因此提出利用土壤有机质含量与有效铁含量之间的相关性,探讨间接估算土壤有效铁含量的可行性。以庐山森林土壤样本为研究对象,研究基于偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)和径向基函数(RBF)神经网络的组合模型预测土壤有机质含量的适用性,并且通过构建有机质含量与有效铁含量的二项式线性模型,对土壤有效铁含量进行间接反演,探讨不同权重下的最优组合模型。结果表明,组合模型的预测效果优于偏最小二乘回归和RBF神经网络单个模型,并且熵值组合为最优组合模型,其中,土壤有机质的反演模型验证的决定系数(R~2)为0.81,均方根误差(RMSE_p)为11.54 g kg~(-1),测定值标准差与标准预测误差的比值(RPD)为2.18;有效铁的间接反演模型R~2为0.70,RMSE_p为21.60 mg kg~(-1),RPD为1.77。通过土壤有机质构建土壤有效铁含量的光谱反演间接模型,在光谱反演模型中,组合模型能较大限度地利用各种预测样本信息,能有效减少单个预测模型中随机因素的影响,增强预测稳定性,提高模型的预测能力。因此,组合模型可对土壤有机质含量的光谱预测及土壤有效铁的间接预测发挥更好的作用。     

基于高光谱的土壤游离铁随机森林模型估算研究

土壤游离铁反映了土壤成土过程的特点,常用作土壤风化发育程度的指标。本研究以陕西省西安市周边的21个干润淋溶土剖面的97个土壤样品为例,在测定土壤游离铁含量和采集350～2500 nm波段的反射光谱数据的基础上,对光谱数据进行反射率、反射率一阶微分和二阶微分以及连续统去除4种处理形式,分析了土壤游离铁含量与土壤光谱的关系,采用多元逐步线性回归(MLSR)和随机森林回归(RFR)算法建立了游离铁含量的估算模型,并分析不同形式光谱数据的建模估算效果。结果表明:原始光谱数据的二阶微分变化显著提高了土壤游离铁与土壤反射光谱的相关性,MLSR和RFR两种模型在游离铁含量估算中,RFR的估算精度相对较高;运用土壤反射光谱二阶微分变换的RFR模型可以较好地估算土壤游离铁含量。     

黄土高原淋溶土黏粒、氧化铁与颜色的关系及发生学解释——以山西土系调查的31个黏化层为例

以黄土高原山西省14个淋溶土剖面的31个偏红的黏化层(Bt)为研究对象,分析了其全铁、游离氧化铁、无定形态氧化铁的含量与土壤颜色参数、黏粒含量之间的相关性,并建立了定量关系模型。结果表明:Bt的黏粒含量与氧化铁含量之间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);颜色的红度与全铁、游离氧化铁和无定形氧化铁含量之间均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),其中游离氧化铁是最直接的土壤红色"染色剂";其他色调、明度与彩度等颜色参数与土壤全铁、游离氧化铁含量之间亦呈现出显著的相关性,这也间接说明了黏粒含量与土壤颜色具有一定相关性。野外观测发现,某些黏化层结构体表面颜色较结构体内基质颜色更红,证实了在土壤结构体表面氧化铁随着黏粒在土壤空隙中的迁移淀积。黄土高原淋溶土偏红的黏化层多是来自由于土壤侵蚀而出露地表或接近地表的第三纪保德红土和第四纪红黏土,其黏粒含量、土壤颜色等指标均表明第三纪的古气候条件较第四纪更为湿热。     

测色仪与中国标准土壤色卡测定土壤颜色比较——以川中丘陵区为例

Munsell色卡是测定土壤颜色的传统工具,而测色仪是测定土壤颜色的新兴仪器。利用统计参数及相关颜色差异等级,比较2种原理、价格不同的测色仪测定川中丘陵区27个拟定土系共97个过2 mm筛风干土壤Munsell颜色与利用《中国标准土壤色卡》目测(即目测法)的差异。结果表明,川中丘陵区风干土壤色调集中于YR色调,未出现RP色调,明度较高,彩度较低。2种测色仪均较目测法测定土壤Munsell颜色色调偏黄,但明度、彩度较一致;以目测值为参照,CM600d实测值和Nix校正值的色调、明度、彩度均方根误差(RMSE)分别为1.74、0.98、0.97和2.04、0.57、0.88,与目测差异等级为"微弱"、"明显"和"强烈"数量分别为90.72%、8.25%、1.03%和84.54%、14.43%、1.03%,表明使用2种测色仪均能辅助研究者判别土壤颜色,提高土壤颜色判别精确度,Nix测定土壤Munsell颜色明度更接近目测,且更具价格优势。     

雷州半岛和海南岛北部玄武岩发育土壤的表面电化学性质及其演变

利用采自雷州半岛和海南岛北部不同年代喷发的玄武岩发育的6种土壤,研究了土壤的游离氧化铁、铁的游离度、CEC和土壤胶体动电电位与成土母岩年龄的关系,探讨土壤表面化学性质与成土的时间和空间因素的关系。结果表明:土壤游离铁和铁的游离度与母岩年龄间存在很好的线性相关性,铁的游离度与母岩年龄间的相关性更高,土壤全铁与母岩年龄间没有相关性。土壤CEC随母岩年龄增加而降低,土壤IEP呈相反变化趋势。进一步对2个地区土壤CEC和IEP与岩石年龄进行分析表明,空间因素对这2个地区土壤性质的影响更为明显,尤其对IEP。     

有机质对土壤光谱特性的影响研究

为了探明土壤有机质的光谱特征及其影响作用,从而为有机质土壤铁氧化物的定量反演提供理论依据。利用去有机质前后土壤的光谱数据,研究了有机质对土壤反射率、土壤线参数、土壤铁氧化物定量反演的影响。研究结果表明,去除有机质后,能明显提高土壤反射率,变化最明显的为可见光橙黄光波段,即570～630 nm。相关性分析也显示橙黄光波段反射率的相对变化量或差值与有机质去除量之间的相关系数要比其他波段高,相关系数最大值在600 nm。因此,建议采用570～630 nm的光谱数据进行有机质的反演;土壤线斜率在去有机质后明显降低,截距显著增大,二者变化量与有机质去除量呈极显著相关关系,可用土壤线参数预测有机质含量。有机质对铁氧化物的反演具有明显影响,特别是有机质大于20 g kg-1的土壤,在进行反演时应考虑有机质对反演精度的影响,需采取有效地技术手段消减其影响作用,才能达到较好的效果。     

基于人工神经网络的土壤有机质含量高光谱反演

研究了土壤有机质含量与土壤高光谱之间的关系,在对原始光谱进行了预处理分析后,运用多元线性逐步回归法(MLSR)和人工神经网络法(ANN)建立了土壤有机质含量的反演模型,并对模型进行了验证。结果表明:人工神经网络所建立的反演模型普遍优于回归模型,网络集成模型优于单个BP网络模型,网络集成是提高反演模型准确性与稳定性的有效途径。网络集成模型为最优模型,总均方根误差为1.31,可以用于土壤有机质含量的快速测算。     

土壤盐分含量的遥感反演研究

土壤盐碱化是干旱、半干旱农业区主要的土地退化问题,同时也是一个重要的环境问题。遥感技术能够快速、实时地提供盐碱地的性质、范围、盐碱程度等方面的信息。该文以河北省黄骅市为研究区,通过对实测的土壤光谱的分析,发现植被严重干扰了土壤对盐分含量光谱响应关系,同时,在451.42~593.79 nm波长范围内的土壤反射率对土壤盐分含量较为敏感,在土壤光谱分析的基础上,建立了土壤盐分含量反演的相关统计模型。但由于遥感影像特征与土壤盐分含量之间存在较复杂的非线性关系,因此统计模型反演精度不够理想。因而,又尝试运用BP人工神经网络方法来反演土壤盐分含量。研究表明,BP人工神经网络模型具有很强的非线性拟合能力,与统计模型相比,其土壤盐分含量的反演精度有显著提高。     

Sentinel-2多光谱卫星遥感反演植被覆盖下的土壤盐分变化

为克服植被覆盖条件下土壤盐分含量与光谱反射率之间相关性较差所带来反演精度较低的问题,该研究以内蒙古河套灌区沙壕渠灌域为研究区域,利用Sentinel-2卫星同步获取光谱数据,通过构建以归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI）为分支标准的盐分深度决策树确定反演土壤盐分含量的最佳深度,然后构建以NDVI和表层土壤含水率为分支标准的类别决策树,将土壤样本划分为不同类别,以此分别构建土壤盐分反演模型,并评估反演效果。研究结果表明,决策树能增强光谱反射率对土壤盐分含量的敏感性,光谱反射率与土壤盐分含量的相关系数达0.66以上。基于随机森林（Random Forest,RF）的盐分反演模型可取得理想的反演效果,决定系数为0.77,均方根误差为0.27%,相对分布误差为2.65,相对分析误差为8.99。土壤盐分含量反演模型能较好地反演表层（<20 cm）和深层（>40～60 cm）土壤盐分含量,在反演中层（20～40 cm）土壤盐分含量上存在一定局限。当地表有植被覆盖时,利用决策树可有效地提高土壤盐分含量的反演精度（与未考虑决策树相比,决定系数和相对分布误差分别提高0.34和0.67）。研究结果可为监测灌区内作物生育期间土壤盐分含量的动态变化提供方法参考。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.