亚热带山地森林源头溪流米槠凋落叶分解的水溶性碳氮磷动态

以亚热带常绿阔叶林建群种米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)凋落叶为研究对象,对照地表环境,研究了溪流和间歇性溪流凋落叶分解过程中水溶性有机碳、氮、磷含量变化及其累积损失特征。结果表明:(1)3种生境中凋落叶水溶性有机碳的含量在分解过程中均表现出逐渐降低的趋势,但在溪流中降低程度最大,损失率达92.18%;水溶性氮含量在溪流和间歇性溪流释放时间提前,其变化程度相对较小;相比于地表和间歇性溪流,溪流中的凋落叶水溶性磷含量在分解过程中持续降低,损失率达86.75%。(2)相对于地表,溪流和间歇性溪流显著促进了凋落叶中的水溶性有机碳、氮、磷的释放速率,表明源头溪流持续流动的水体促进凋落叶水溶性组分的释放。(3)尽管3种生境中凋落叶水溶性有机碳、氮、磷元素的损失率共同受到温度、降水、环境中营养元素含量的影响,但源头溪流持续流动的水流和间歇性溪流频繁的干湿交替促进凋落叶水溶性组分的释放。研究结果为揭示亚热带山地森林凋落叶分解过程中水溶性碳氮磷在不同生境中的释放动态提供基础数据。     

草海湿地流域优势树种凋落物叶分解与水文特征研究

采用凋落物分解网袋法对草海湿地流域森林优势植物青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)、白栎(Quercus fabri)、桤木(Alnus cremastogyne)、滇杨(Populus yunnanensis)、云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)和杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)凋落物叶分解残留率、分解率、分解模型及凋落物叶分解过程中的水文特征进行研究。结果表明:(1)分解12个月后,凋落物叶累积分解率分别为青冈(24.0±1.4)%,白栎(24.1±2.0)%,桤木(26.6±2.6)%,滇杨(26.0±0.7)%,云南松(13.8±2.6)%,杉木(13.8±0.9)%,凋落物叶累积分解率差异极显著(F=10.28,P0.01)。(2)凋落物叶分解方程符合Olson指数衰减模型Lr=ae-kt。阔叶植物凋落物叶分解常数在0.019~0.024之间,而针叶植物凋落物叶分解常数在0.011~0.012之间。凋落物叶的分解率受叶形态影响较大,阔叶凋落物分解率明显高于针叶。阔叶植物凋落物叶分解半衰期和分解95%所需时间在2.27~3.06年和10.46~13.16年,针叶植物叶凋落物半衰期和分解95%所需时间在4.61~5.20年和20.60~20.64年。(3)凋落物叶持水率(Rl)与分解残留率(Lr)呈显著线性相关关系Rl=aLr+b(P0.05)。(4)土壤含水率(Rs)与凋落物叶持水率(Rl)呈显著反函数相关关系Rs=a/Rl+b(P0.05)。     

不同生境条件下西藏原始冷杉林凋落物分解特征与土壤养分的关系

[目的]研究不同生境条件下(林内、林外、林缘)藏东南急尖长苞冷杉林(Abies georgei var.smithii)凋落物分解特征与土壤养分特征之间的关系,为深入了解高寒高山森林生态系统物质循环过程提供依据。[方法]采用野外分解袋法和室内分析相结合,在林内、林外、林缘3种不同生境条件下对藏东南急尖长苞冷杉林凋落物进行了原位分解试验。[结果]分解速率总体上呈现出:林内林缘林外的特点,逐月分解率的变异系数表现为:林内(34.83%)林缘(57.35%)林外(72.09%);Olson指数衰减模型的模拟结果显示不同生境条件下(林内、林缘、林外)凋落物分解50%需要的时间为2.11,2.52,2.34 a,分解95%需要的时间为8.96,10.01,10.84 a;3种不同生境土壤养分在空间上差异显著,林内生境中与凋落物分解速率呈现极显著相关的土壤养分因子有土壤总有机碳(TOC)含量、N含量、土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)含量、土壤微生物量氮(SMBN)含量以及W_C∶W_N值;林外、林缘生境中与凋落物分解速率相关性最大的为土壤TOC含量,其次为W_C∶W_N值。[结论]生境条件的差异对凋落物分解速率有显著影响,在不同的生境条件下对凋落物分解影响起主导作用的土壤养分因素不同,凋落物—土壤生物地化循环紧密联系,相互作用关系复杂,生境作用效应突出。     

三种林木凋落叶淋滤液性质及对赤红壤硼锌的影响

采用室内淋洗方法研究了尾叶桉、藜蒴和湿地松3种林木凋落叶分解过程中淋滤液性质及其对赤红壤B、Zn吸附-解吸的影响。每2个月淋洗一次凋落叶,共6次。结果表明,尾叶桉、藜蒴和湿地松凋落叶失重率分别为29.37%、13.37%和4.68%;3种凋落叶淋滤液均呈酸性,pH值介于5.08~6.37,其中藜蒴最高,尾叶桉最低;淋滤液电导率,B、Zn浓度均以藜蒴最大,湿地松最小,树种间差异显著(p<0.05);各指标在分解过程中呈先降后回升的趋势。用淋滤液浸提赤红壤时,前3次淋滤液中的B被土壤吸附,平均吸附量尾叶桉(0.821 mg/kg)>藜蒴(0.428 mg/kg)>湿地松(0.394 mg/kg);后3次淋滤液使土壤B解吸,平均解吸量尾叶桉(0.419 mg/kg)>湿地松(0.392 mg/kg)>藜蒴(0.238 mg/kg)。与B不同,土壤从3种凋落叶的各次淋滤液中均吸附Zn,平均吸附量藜蒴(0.522 mg/kg)>尾叶桉(0.391 mg/kg)>湿地松(0.100 mg/kg)。表明3个树种的凋落叶淋滤液性质相似,对B、Zn的影响规律基本一致,但影响程度有显著差异。3种凋落叶分解均能增加赤红壤Zn含量,但无助于提高土壤原有Zn的有效性;对B的影响则因分解期而异。     

茂兰喀斯特森林自然保护区凋落叶分解动态

[目的]研究喀斯特森林生态系统凋落叶分解特征,为喀斯特森林区石漠化防治及水土保持提供科学依据。[方法]采用1 mm网孔孔径分解袋,对茂兰喀斯特森林自然保护区不同树种凋落叶(落叶和常绿叶)在不同坡位的分解状况进行为期18个月的观测研究。研究茂兰喀斯特森林自然保护区凋落叶失重率和干重残留率动态变化、分解速率及养分释放特征。[结果]凋落叶分解过程呈现"快—慢—快"的周期变化,春夏季分解速度快于秋冬季,落叶树种凋落叶分解速度快于常绿树种凋落叶,不同坡位凋落叶的分解速度表现为:下坡中坡上坡。利用Olson模型对凋落叶分解50%和95%所需时间进行估测,发现落叶树种凋落叶分解50%和95%所需时间分别为0.95～1.66 a和4.13～7.19 a,常绿树种凋落叶分解50%和95%所需时间分别为1.14～1.69 a和4.92～7.30 a,二者无显著性差异。凋落叶分解速率低于中亚热带东部常绿阔叶林和常绿落叶阔叶混交林,但比同区域喀斯特次生林与人工林高。落叶树种凋落叶和常绿树种凋落叶的N元素释放模式为富集—释放模式,C含量随分解时间的波动差异显著,总体在不断减少,而C/N比呈逐步下降的趋势。[结论]由于不同树种凋落叶初始养分含量和叶片理化结构的差异,落叶比常绿叶具有更快的分解速率和养分释放速率,对促进喀斯特森林生态系统物质循环起着积极作用。     

不同人工林凋落叶混合分解速率及其C,N释放动态

对岷江上游连香树、糙皮桦、云南松和云杉4种主要人工林凋落叶进行了凋落叶混合分解试验,探讨了凋落叶混合分解过程中的残留率以及分解过程中C,N含量和C,N释放率的动态变化,为试验区最佳混交树种的选择提供理论指导.结果表明,不同凋落叶分解速率存在显著差异.糙皮桦与云杉,糙皮桦与云南松,连香树与云南松凋落叶混合后对分解过程具有明显的促进作用,连香树与云杉凋落叶的混合对分解的促进作用不明显.放置于阔叶林地的针阔混合凋落叶分解速率较之放置于针叶林地快,且针阔混交有益于凋落叶的分解.在分解过程中凋落叶C含量呈减小趋势,但其释放率反之;N含量在分解过程中,连香树、云杉、云南松凋落叶表现为增加(富集)减小(释放)趋势,糙皮桦表现为减小—增大—减小的变化趋势.针阔林地凋落叶混合后促进了针叶林地凋落叶C和N的释放.     

氮沉降下滇中高原森林凋落物分解特征对其持水性的影响

研究模拟氮沉降下凋落物分解特征对其持水性的影响，旨在为氮沉降背景下森林生态系统养分循环和水分循环相关研究提供理论依据。以滇中高原常绿阔叶林和高山栎林为研究对象，在野外开展模拟氮沉降下凋落叶、枝原位分解研究试验，设置0(对照CK),10(低氮LN),20(中氮MN),25(高氮HN) g/(m²·a)N共4种处理，利用尼龙网袋法和室内浸泡法，探究不同处理下凋落叶、枝质量残留率、持水量和持水率及吸水速率变化特征。结果表明：(1) 2种林分凋落叶、枝质量残留率随分解时间延长而减少；与CK质量残留率相比，LN处理2种林分凋落叶、枝无显著影响(p>0.05),MN和HN处理使常绿阔叶林凋落叶分解第16,19,23,24个月和HN处理高山栎林凋落叶分解第16个月分别增加5.05%～7.45%,7.88%～8.62%,4.72%。(2)与CK分解95%所需时间相比，LN处理使常绿阔叶林凋落叶、枝和高山栎林凋落枝分别增加0.549,0.366,0.402年，高山栎林凋落叶则减少1.011年，MN和HN处理使2种林分落叶、枝增加0.236～3.638年。(3)分解时间和氮沉降...     

亚热带森林凋落物分解特征及水文效应

为了研究亚热带森林凋落物的分解特征及其水文效应,连续12个月采用凋落物分解网袋法研究了栲树(Castanopsis fargesii)、青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)、枫香(Liquidambar formosana)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)凋落物分解残留率、分解率、分解模型及水文特征。结果表明:(1)亚热带森林凋落物未分解层均占总厚度的一半以上,凋落物总厚度大小排序为栲树青冈枫香马尾松,凋落物总蓄积量大小排序为栲树青冈枫香马尾松,栲树最大(22.3 t/hm~2),马尾松最小(7.2 t/hm~2)。(2)亚热带森林凋落物半分解层和未分解层最大持水量、最大持水率、自然含水率、有效拦蓄率和有效拦蓄量均表现出一致的变化趋势,基本表现为栲树青冈枫香马尾松,并且未分解层高于半分解层,有效拦蓄量深度表现为栲树青冈枫香马尾松,栲树和青冈拦蓄能力较强。(3)观测期内凋落物分解残留率均呈"急剧降低—平缓—缓慢降低"的变化趋势。凋落物急剧降低期约出现在凋落物分解的前1～2个月内,之后有2～3个月的平缓期,随后出现缓慢降低的趋势。对不同分解历时的凋落物分解残留率均表现为栲树青冈枫香马尾松。(4)凋落物分解半衰期分别表现为栲树(2.65)青冈(2.97)枫香(3.54)马尾松(5.98),阔叶植物凋落物分解半衰期和分解50%和95%所需时间明显小于针叶植物。(5)凋落物持水率与分解残留率呈现正相关关系(p0.05),凋落物持水率与分解残留率符合线性模型;土壤含水率与凋落物持水率呈现正相关关系(p0.05),土壤含水率与凋落物持水率符合反函数模型。综合分析表明,阔叶凋落物分解率明显高于针叶林。     

甘肃省兴隆山森林主要树种凋落叶分解速率与初始质量的关系

[目的]开展凋落叶分解速率研究,探讨凋落叶分解速率与初始质量的关系,为甘肃省兴隆山森林生态系统物质循环研究提供依据。[方法]采用凋落物分解袋法,以兴隆山青杄、山杨和白桦3种主要树种的凋落叶为研究对象,进行凋落叶分解速率及凋落叶初始质量的研究,明确凋落叶分解速率与初始质量的关系。[结果]青杄中龄林针叶分解速率为0.16,95%分解期为19.08a;青杄近熟林针叶分解速率为0.13,95%分解期为23.70a;山杨和白桦凋落叶分解速率均为0.11,95%分解期分别为28.57a和27.27a;山杨和白桦凋落叶分解速率明显要小于青杄针叶,这很可能是凋落叶分解主场效应和分解袋孔径较小所致。凋落叶分解速率与氮含量呈显著线性正相关,与木质素含量、碳/氮值、木质素/氮值和钾含量呈显著线性负相关,特别是与木质素含量、氮含量和木质素/氮值,相关系数均达0.700 0以上;钾含量、木质素含量、木质素/氮、碳/磷和纤维素含量是影响兴隆山森林凋落叶分解速率的重要指标。[结论]木质素/氮值是影响凋落叶分解速率的关键质量指标,凋落叶初始木质素/氮值越高,分解速率越低。     

广西喀斯特次生林地表碳库和养分库特征及季节动态

以自然保护区原生林为对照,调查了广西喀斯特区处于同一次生演替序列中的灌丛、藤刺灌丛、乔灌丛3个群落的地表凋落物存量,同时对凋落物层和土壤表层(0-5 cm)的有机碳,全氮、磷、钾等养分元素的含量、贮量状态及其雨季前后的变化进行了研究.结果表明:地表凋落物存量及有机碳、全氮贮量随演替阶段上升均呈增高趋势;除全磷外,土壤的有机碳和养分元素含量与凋落物层贮量相关性显著(p<0.05);雨季期间,凋落物迅速分解,地表凋落物的分解量要大于当季凋落量,并且次生林的凋落物分解与养分释放量显著高于原生林;雨季后,各群落有机碳和养分的凋落物层贮量以及土壤含量均有所降低.其中凋落物层贮量下降显著的是藤刺灌丛与乔灌丛.土壤养分含量则在灌丛与原生林阶段下降更为明显.在从灌丛向顶级群落演替的进程中,森林的自养能力可能存在一个先增高再降低的过程.     

Plant litter decomposition influenced by soil animals and disturbance in a subtropical rainforest of Taiwan

Soil fauna has been postulated as one of the paramount determinants of decomposition in the humid tropics. However, its effect on litter decomposition has only been demonstrated in few forest sites in Central America. In addition, landslide is a common disturbance associated with heavy rainfall brought by tropical cyclones in the tropics and can potentially alter abundance and structure of soil animals and thus affect litter decomposition. In this study, we examined the effect of soil animals on litter decomposition in an Asian subtropical monsoon forest and compared the animal effects in landslide-disturbed (2 years old) and undisturbed sites. Animal exclusion by naphthalene treatment significantly reduced the density and diversity of litterbag animals and slowed down the rate of decomposition in both landslide-disturbed and undisturbed sites. However, density (per unit area) and diversity of the litter animals and litter decomposition rate did not differ between the landslide-disturbed and undisturbed sites for both control and animal-excluded treatments. Our data suggest that the abundance of soil animals is not limited by litter mass. Furthermore, soil fauna recover quickly from landslides, and fauna's facilitative effect on litter decomposition is not altered after their recovery.     

Effects of the ecological restoration practices of prescribed burning and mechanical thinning on soil microbial enzyme activities and leaf litter decomposition

The effects of ecological restoration on belowground processes such as decomposition are generally unknown. To assess the immediate effects of prescribed fire and mechanical thinning on belowground processes, we measured the activities of five extracellular enzymes (phosphatase, β-glucosidase, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, phenol oxidase, and lignin-peroxidase) in soils and on decomposing Quercus falcata leaf litter in unburned, burned, and burned and thinned plots in a mesic forest in northern Mississippi. Decomposition rates of Q. falcata leaf litter were also assessed at each plot. Soil phosphatase activity decreased after a prescribed burn and was related to an increase in soil organic matter in plots that had been burned. Soil β-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity increased after a burn, and was related to a decrease in leaf litter. Leaf litter enzyme activity showed no consistent patterns amongst treatments, or between individual enzymes, while decomposition rates of leaf litter were slightly accelerated in the treatment plots, but not significantly so. Decomposition rates were related to cumulative enzyme activity, with phenol oxidase and lignin-peroxidase having the highest apparent efficiencies in degrading the leaf material. Overall, the microbial degradation of Q. falcata leaf litter was more efficient in plots that were burned and thinned than in the other plots. Increases in the efficiency of litter decomposition coupled with reductions in litter inputs due to canopy thinning likely allows for increased solar penetration to the soil, and could promote the restoration of the shade-intolerant species that once dominated the understory. Post-burn increases in β-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity and decreases in phosphatase activity also suggest a potential shift in the soil community from phosphorus limitation to nitrogen limitation following a fire.     

Cellulose decomposition rates and soil arthropod community in a Pinus halepensis Mill. forest of Greece after a wildfire

Decomposition rate and composition of the soil arthropod community were studied in a severely and a less-severely burned patch of a Mediterranean Aleppo pine forest burned by a large-scale summer wildfire. Decomposition rates were estimated from the dry mass loss of pure cellulose enclosed in coarse (7 mm) and fine (0.9 mm) mesh bags. The composition of the soil arthropod community was investigated by collecting samples of the burned organic horizon and extracting the animals. The decomposition of cellulose followed the same pattern in both burned patches and mesh bag treatments indicated a similar pattern of decomposer biota activity. Twenty-one arthropod taxa were collected in the less-severely burned patch and sixteen taxa in the severely burned patch; the annual density of their populations was 571.8 and 382.0 ind·m^–2, respectively. Season, post-fire age and fire severity were the determinants for the composition of soil arthropod community. Under the conditions studied, the role of soil arthropods in the decomposition process seems to be less critical as decomposition was successfully accomplished despite both the low number and density of soil arthropod taxa.     

Experimental evidence for the interacting effects of forest edge,moisture and soil macrofauna on leaf litter decomposition

Forest ecosystems have been widely fragmented by human land use. Fragmentation induces significant microclimatic and biological differences at the forest edge relative to the forest interior. Increased exposure to solar radiation and wind at forest edges reduces soil moisture, which in turn affects leaf litter decomposition. We investigate the effect of forest fragmentation, soil moisture, soil macrofauna and litter quality on leaf litter decomposition to test the hypothesis that decomposition will be slower at a forest edge relative to the interior and that this effect is driven by lower soil moisture at the forest edge. Experimental plots were established at Wytham Woods, UK, and an experimental watering treatment was applied in plots at the forest edge and interior. Decomposition rate was measured using litter bags of two different mesh sizes, to include or exclude invertebrate macrofauna, and containing leaf litter of two tree species: easily decomposing ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) and recalcitrant oak (Quercus robur L.). The decomposition rate was moisture-limited at both sites. However, the soil was moister and decomposition for both species was faster in the forest interior than at the edge. The presence of macrofauna accelerated the decomposition rate regardless of moisture conditions, and was particularly important in the decomposition of the recalcitrant oak. However, there was no effect of the watering treatment on macrofauna species richness and abundance. This study demonstrates the effect of forest fragmentation on an important ecosystem process, providing new insights into the interacting effects of moisture conditions, litter quality, forest edge and soil macrofauna.     

Effects of prescribed fire on rates of decomposition and nitrogen mineralization in a ponderosa pine ecosystem

Summary The effects of a prescribed fire in a ponderosa pine ecosystem on the rates of decomposition and nitrogen mineralization (including ammonification and nitrification) in the forest floor and mineral soil horizons were evaluated. The prescribed fire immediately increased the rates of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in the forest floor of all burned plots and in the mineral soil of one plot. The rates of decomposition, as measured by CO2 evolution, in both the forest floor and mineral soil were not significantly different immediately after the burn when expressed on an organic matter basis. The rates of nitrogen mineralization in the forest floor and mineral soil were higher 6 and 10 months after the burn. The rate of decomposition (as measured by respiration) was lower in the forest floor but not in the mineral soil 6 and 10 months after the burn. Volatile organics that may inhibit rates of nitrogen mineralization may have been consumed by prescribed fire.     

Combined effects of multifactor climate change and land-use on decomposition in temperate grassland

Climate change is likely to alter decomposition rates through direct effects on soil biotic activity and indirect effects on litter quality with possible impacts on the global carbon budget and nutrient cycling. Currently, there is a need to study the combined effects of climatic drivers and agricultural practises on decomposition.In an in situ litter bag experiment, we studied the effects of rainfall variability (including drought combined with heavy rain pulses as well as regular irrigation) interacting with winter warming and increased winter precipitation and with changes in cutting frequency, on decomposition in a temperate grassland. Litter bags contained mixed and species-specific litter of all different climate and land-use manipulations and were placed within the plots of litter origin. Moreover, we aimed to disentangle the causes of changes in decomposition by investigating two further approaches: Firstly, we studied the effects of changes in leaf chemicals as a result of the manipulations by removing litter from the experiment that has been pre-exposed to the manipulations before placing it on an untreated standard plot outside the experiment. Secondly, we assessed the effects of changes in soil faunal activity by investigating the decomposition of standard material under differing rainfall variability.As a result, decomposition was reduced when litter bags were exposed to drought for six weeks within an 11 months period. Neither additional winter rain nor winter warming had an effect on decomposition, likely because winter warming reduced snow cover and increased variability of surface temperatures. Climate manipulations did not change litter quality. Furthermore, decomposition on the untreated standard plot was not affected by the climate manipulations that the litter was previously exposed to. Thus, reduced decomposition under extreme rainfall variability and drought may mainly be caused by a decrease in soil biotic activity, as indicated by reduced decomposition of standard material during drought.More frequent cutting strongly stimulated decomposition, however, this stimulating effect was absent under extreme rainfall variability including drought. The stimulation of decomposition under more frequent cutting was attributed to changes in litter quality, namely a decrease in C/N ratio. Accordingly, litter from more frequently cut communities decomposed faster on the untreated control plot outside the experiment.Projected increases in drought frequency and increased rainfall variability under climate change may inhibit decomposition and alter nutrient and carbon cycling along with soil quality. Especially decomposition in frequently cut grassland appears vulnerable towards drought.     

Can the invasive earthworm,Amynthas agrestis,be controlled with prescribed fire?

Biological invasions are one of the most significant global-scale problems caused by human activities. Earthworms function as ecosystem engineers in soil ecosystems because their feeding and burrowing activities fundamentally change the physical and biological characteristics of the soils they inhabit. As a result of this “engineering,” earthworm invasions can have significant effects on soil physical, chemical and biological properties. The species Amynthas agrestis (family Megascolecidae) was introduced to the United States from Asia, and has expanded its distribution range to include relatively undisturbed forests. Here, to clarify life history traits, we reared individuals under seven different conditions of food provision using litter, fragmented litter and soil, and also analyzed the stable isotope ratios of field-collected specimens to investigate their food resources in the field. Second, we examined whether prescribed fire can be used to manage invasive earthworms. We constructed eight experimental plots, each with 100 individuals of A. agrestis each, and burned half of the plots. The feeding experiment showed that the earthworms in units containing soil and some form of organic matter (litter and/or fragmented litter) produced many cocoons, indicating that litter and fragmented litter are important food resources for them. Stable isotope analyses also supported this result. During the experimental fires, average soil temperature at 5 cm depth increased by only 7.7 °C (average maximum of 32.2 °C). Litter mass was significantly reduced by the fires. Although numbers of A. agrestis and cocoons recovered from burned and unburned plots were not different, the viability of cocoons was significantly lower in burned plots. Fire may also reduce the survival rate of juveniles in the next year by depriving them of their preferred food resource. Most native earthworms in the United States live in the soil, while many invasive ones live in the litter layer and soil surface. Therefore, prescribed fire could be a viable tool for control of invasive earthworms without negatively impacting native earthworm populations.     

大兴安岭北部火烧迹地兴安落叶松人工林土壤水文效应

对大兴安岭北部火烧迹地落叶松人工林土壤水文效应进行初步研究,结果表明:(1)未火烧落叶松天然林枯落物积累量最高,为56.21t/hm2,其次为1988年落叶松人工林,为58.37t/hm2,最低为2000年落叶松人工林,为20.19t/hm2。表现出随火烧年限的减少而降低。最大持水量的变动范围为62.24～286.15t/hm2,1988年落叶松人工林最高,2000年落叶松人工林最低,而未火烧落叶松天然林为184.40t/hm2。表现出火烧后20年落叶松人工林枯落物持水量已达到未火烧天然林水平。(2)枯落物吸水速度在开始1h内较快,6h后下降速度逐渐减慢。枯落物持水量与浸泡时间呈明显对数关系,吸水速率与浸泡时间呈明显幂函数关系。(3)土壤容重表现为随着火烧年限的减少而增加的趋势,未火烧天然林最低,为0.80g/cm3,2000年落叶松人工林最高,为0.97g/cm3。土壤孔隙度变化趋势与土壤容重相反。土壤蓄水能力与土壤容重变化趋势相同。(4)土壤入渗用霍顿公式拟合较好。     

不同下垫面径流小区次降雨对产流产沙的影响

[目的]揭示南方红壤区人工径流小区次降雨对径流泥沙作用规律,为区域水土保持工程实践与基础理论研究提供参考。[方法]基于云南摩布小流域3种下垫面(林地、农地、裸地)人工径流小区2013—2015年自然降雨观测资料,采用M-K趋势检验、灰色相关分析及双累积曲线等方法研究了次降雨量、径流量、泥沙量和入渗率的变化趋势及相关关系,以及降雨因子对径流泥沙的影响。[结果](1)2013—2015年摩布径流小区月降雨均呈先增加后减少的波动性变化趋势,3a降雨量无显著性变化趋势。(2)相同降雨量各下垫面径流小区产流差异显著(p0.05),其中林地最小,农地次之,裸地最大;3种下垫面次降雨径流深增长速率大小规律与此相同。(3)次降雨产沙量与降雨量、径流量均存在密切相关关系,相关系数分别为0.67~0.82,0.69~0.85。径流小区产沙能力随雨强增大而增强。相同雨量下,林地产沙能力最小,而裸地累积产沙量增速最大。(4)3个径流小区的入渗率均随降雨量和雨强增大而增大,其中林地入渗率最大,平均入渗率为94.03%;裸地入渗率最小,平均入渗率为86.28%。[结论]与农地和裸地相比,林地不同程度提高了土壤入渗性能,降低了产流量和产沙量。