土壤团聚体氧化亚氮排放及其微生物学机制研究进展

氧化亚氮(N_2O)是主要温室气体之一,土壤是N_2O的重要排放源,其排放主要受N_2O产生和还原的功能微生物影响。土壤团聚体是由原生颗粒(砂、粉、黏粒)、胶结物质和孔隙组成的土壤基本结构单元。土壤不同粒径团聚体之间因基质和孔隙差异形成特殊独立的微生境被视为N_2O的生物化学反应器。在不同的微生境中,N_2O产生和还原的功能微生物分布不同,因而土壤不同粒径团聚体N_2O排放可能存在差异。目前在不同生态系统土壤全土N_2O排放特征的报道较多,而对于不同粒径土壤团聚体N_2O排放相对贡献尚不清楚、功能微生物分布还未知、N_2O产生和还原热区尚未明确。本文综述了近年来国内外关于土壤团聚体对N_2O产生和排放机制的研究,总结了土壤团聚体性状特征对N_2O产生和还原的影响,阐述了不同粒径土壤团聚体对N_2O排放影响的微生物学机制,进一步明确了今后需加强土壤团聚体N_2O产生和还原的热区、环境因子阈值范围的确定、系列功能基因(酶)整体性的研究,以期为N_2O模拟排放模型优化提供参考,为土壤N_2O减排提供理论依据。     

土壤团聚体N_2O释放与反硝化微生物丰度和组成的关系

不同粒径团聚体的物理化学和生物学特性差异可能影响N2O的产生与释放,但目前有关团聚体N2O释放的微生物学机制少有研究。本研究从菜地土壤中分筛出粒径为1 mm、2~4 mm和4~8 mm的团聚体并开展培养试验,通过实时荧光定量PCR(Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction,q PCR)与末端限制性片段长度多态性分析(Terminal-Restricted Fragment Length Polymorphism,T-RFLP)技术的结合,研究了不同粒径团聚体反硝化微生物群落数量与组成的变化规律及其与N2O释放的相互关系。结果表明,不同粒径团聚体N2O释放速率表现为:粒径小于1 mm团聚体2~4 mm团聚体4~8 mm团聚体;硝酸还原酶基因(nar G)和氧化亚氮还原酶基因(nos Z)的丰度也表现为小粒径团聚体最高,随团聚体粒径增加而显著下降。然而,不同粒径团聚体间含nar G和nos Z基因的群落组成并没表现出显著差异。因此,不同粒径团聚体N2O释放速率差异与反硝化功能微生物丰度密切相关,而与它们的组成没有显著相关性。     

农田土壤N_2O排放研究进展

农田土壤的N2O排放主要是在微生物的作用下通过硝化和反硝化作用产生的。土壤中多变的理化性质影响各种微生物的生长,因而硝化和反硝化过程中产生N2O的途径也不同,尤其以硝化过程的研究进展最快。影响N2O的生成和排放有:土壤含水量、温度、O2以及土壤结构和质地等物理因素,pH和氮肥等其它因素。本文详细地阐述旱地和水田土壤中这些影响因子与N2O的作用机理的差异,及农田土壤中的N2O排放估计的方法。区分硝化和反硝化作用中生成N2O的贡献可用15N标记法和不同浓度的乙炔抑制法。     

农田土壤硝化反硝化作用及其对生物炭添加响应的研究进展

氧化亚氮（N2O）是重要的温室气体之一,还会破坏大气臭氧层,影响全球气候变化。农田土壤是N2O最主要的排放源,由微生物主导的硝化和反硝化作用是其最主要的排放途径,因此,土壤的硝化和反硝化作用备受关注。在综合国内外相关研究的基础上,就区分硝化和反硝化作用对N2O排放贡献的研究方法、土壤N2O产生途径及其影响因素以及施用生物炭对N2O排放的影响机理进行归纳总结。结果表明：硝化和反硝化作用对生物炭的响应不同,在N2O减排效应上也存在很大的不确定性,其内在机理尚不明确。在此基础上,提出区分硝化和反硝化作用对N2O排放贡献的最佳研究方法,并就农田土壤硝化反硝化作用的影响因素以及对生物炭的响应机制进行研究展望。     

森林土壤氧化亚氮排放对氮输入的响应研究进展

大气中氧化亚氮（N2O）浓度的上升加剧了全球变暖。森林土壤在调节大气N2O浓度中发挥着至关重要的作用。近年来,氮（N）输入对森林土壤N2O通量的影响备受关注。然而,森林土壤N2O排放对N输入响应的机制,尤其是植物和微生物对N2O通量的调控作用尚缺乏系统研究。因此,本文综述了N输入如何通过森林植被（根系N吸收、凋落物分解和形成丛枝菌根）和土壤微生物（微生物量和群落组成）调控N2O产生途径从而影响森林土壤N2O排放。结果表明,植物的竞争性氮吸收能降低氮输入对N2O排放的促进作用,其作用大小可能主要取决于土壤“氮饱和”状态。植物凋落物主要通过分解过程中的养分归还和次生代谢产物释放来影响氮输入背景下的森林土壤N2O排放,前者具有促进作用,而后者具有抑制作用。丛枝菌根主要通过吸收有效氮和水分、促进团聚体形成以及改变N2O相关功能基因群落调控森林土壤N2O通量。N输入导致的土壤酸化或养分限制,通常会降低微生物量和/或改变微生物群落组成,从而控制N2O排放。N输入对N2O不同产生途径也会造成影响,受土壤湿度、N2O底物浓度以及N2O相关功能基因丰度（AOB、 AOA、nirK、 nirS和nosZ）的调控。未来在模型预测中,需要将植物氮吸收、凋落物分解、菌根以及N2O产生途径充分纳入模型,以提高模型预测准确性,为全球变化背景下制订森林管理政策和温室气体减排措施提供支持。     

两种水分含量下生物质炭对黑土N2O排放及硝化反硝化基因丰度的影响

生物质炭对土壤结构改良、土壤肥力提升和农田温室气体排放具有重要意义。本研究以吉林省梨树县典型黑土为研究对象，通过培育实验，研究不同土壤水分含量（40%WHC和100%WHC）下，生物质炭种类（玉米秸秆生物质炭和稻壳生物质炭）和施加量（0%、1%和4%（w/w））对黑土N2O排放及硝化反硝化功能基因丰度的影响。结果表明，随着秸秆生物质炭施加量的增加，土壤N2O排放呈下降趋势，4%高量秸秆生物质炭添加下，土壤N2O排放量仅为1%低量秸秆生物质炭添加下的33.9%。同时土壤NO- 3-N也表现出一致性规律，4%高量生物质炭添加下土壤NO- 3-N含量显著低于1%低量生物质炭。在100%WHC土壤水分状况下，玉米秸秆生物质炭显著增加了土壤N2O排放，而稻壳生物质炭则显著降低了土壤N2O排放。高土壤水分显著促进了土壤N2O排放，进一步为实时荧光定量PCR结果所证实，高土壤水分通过增加nirS基因丰度进而促进了土壤反硝化作用过程，而4%高量稻壳生物质炭添加下nosZ基因丰度显著高于玉米秸秆生物质炭添加，表现出更强的N2O还原潜力。尽管amoA-AOA基因丰度在不同生物质炭添加量下并未发生显著变化，但amoA-AOB基因丰度在高量玉米秸秆生物质炭添加下显著下降。结果说明，土壤水分和生物质炭通过影响土壤硝化反硝化微生物的营养底物和代谢过程，进而影响土壤N2O排放特征。     

不同形态氮添加对长白山阔叶红松林土壤团聚体CO_2和N_2O排放的影响

以长白山阔叶红松林暗棕色森林土为研究对象,研究不同形态氮(N)添加对土壤不同粒级团聚体CO2和N2O排放的影响。采用室内短期培养试验(15 d),研究对照(CK)、氯化铵(NH4Cl,含N 150 mg kg-1)和硝酸钠(Na NO3,含N 150 mg kg-1)添加对全土(bulk soil)、大团聚体(250~1000μm)、微团聚体(53~250μm)、粉粒+黏粒(53μm)土壤组分CO2和N2O排放的影响。结果表明:CO2的排放量为大团聚体微团聚体全土粉粒+黏粒;NH4+-N添加对全土和各粒级团聚体的CO2排放没有显著影响;NO3--N添加对大团聚体和微团聚体的CO2排放有促进作用,并且在微团聚体中影响显著(P0.05),但对全土和粉粒+黏粒的CO2排放影响不显著。不同形态N添加对全土和各粒级团聚体N2O排放影响不同,NO3--N添加显著促进了N2O的排放,NO3--N添加后N2O排放量为全土大团聚体微团聚体粉粒+黏粒;NH4+-N的添加抑制了N2O的排放,NH4+-N添加后的土壤大团聚体、微团聚体和粉粒+黏粒的N2O排放量间无显著差异。由此可见,不同形态N添加影响土壤组分的CO2和N2O排放,且作用效果不一。     

硝化微生物在土壤团聚体中的分布及其对种植方式的响应

【目的】硝化微生物在农田土壤氮转化过程发挥重要作用，深入开展团聚体中硝化微生物分布研究，有助于揭示土壤结构-微生物-土壤营养元素循环间的相互影响机制。【方法】选取旱地黄棕壤为研究对象，比较了玉米连作（M-M）和玉米/花生轮作（M-P）两种种植方式下土壤团聚体的性质和硝化潜势（NP）的变化，并通过荧光定量PCR和高通量测序研究了团聚体中不同类型硝化微生物功能基因的丰度和群落组成差异。【结果】与M-M相比，M-P能够显著提高团聚体pH、NH4+和全碳（TC）含量。M-P使NP显著提高，但团聚体粒径对NP无显著影响。氨氧化细菌（AOB）amoA基因丰度在M-P中高于M-M，且在较小粒级团聚体中分布更多，而氨氧化古菌（AOA）和全程氨氧化细菌（Comammox）amoA基因的分布模式与AOB大致相反，表明AOB更能适应较小团聚体环境，而AOA和Comammox倾向在较大团聚体中占据竞争优势。此外，与M-M相较，M-P团聚体间AOA/AOB和Comammox/AOB比值的差异减小，表明轮作促使土壤硝化微生物在不同粒级间的分布更加均匀。进一步对属水平土壤团聚体硝化菌群落组成分析，结果显示M-P提高了Nitrolancea属亚硝酸盐氧化细菌（NOB）和Candidatus Nitrosocosmicus属AOA的占比，降低了Nitrospira属NOB的占比，对AOB各属无显著影响。而团聚体粒径仅对Nitrosospira属AOB的占比产生显著影响。NH4+含量和pH是影响土壤团聚体NP和硝化微生物群落变化的最主要因子。NP与AOB amoA基因丰度显著正相关，与AOA amoA基因丰度负相关。但在群落组成上，Nitrosospira属AOB，Candidatus Nitrosocosmicus属AOA和Nitrospira属NOB均与NP呈现正相关。【结论】土壤团聚体粒径和种植方式能较大程度影响硝化微生物的分布，然而，不同硝化微生物在团聚体间分异机制具有明显差异，该研究为完善禾豆轮作下土壤硝化微生物在微域环境的生态适应机制提供了理论支持。     

亚硝酸盐添加对土壤硝化和反硝化基因转录活性及N2O排放的影响

设施菜田土壤氧化亚氮（N2O）脉冲式排放期间通常伴随着亚硝酸盐（NO2-）的大量积累,为揭示NO2-对设施菜田土壤N2O排放的影响机制,以两种典型蔬菜种植区土壤（碱性土壤/酸性土壤）为研究对象,通过室内培养试验,对比厌氧和好氧培养条件下添加NO2-后两种土壤无机氮转化与N2O、氮气（N2）和二氧化碳（CO2）等气体排放,以及氨氧化单加氧酶α亚基调控基因（amoA）、亚硝酸盐还原酶调控基因（nirK和 nirS,统称nir）和N2O还原酶调控基因（nosZ）的丰度和转录情况。结果显示：受pH等环境因素影响,土壤中NO2-含量并不一定与N2O排放之间存在相关性,但添加NO2-的处理显著增加了两种土壤的N2O排放量和N2O/(N2O+N2)指数（IN2O）（P<0.05）。碱性土壤中,60 mg?kg-1外源NO2-对土壤CO2排放无明显抑制作用,厌氧培养条件下nirK基因、好氧培养条件下amoA和nirS基因均出现了添加NO2-后转录拷贝数显著高于空白处理的现象,而nosZ基因无此现象。酸性土壤中,amoA转录活性整体较低,好氧空白处理时nirS基因转录拷贝数随培养时间的延长而增加（P<0.05）;60 mg?kg-1外源NO2-明显降低了酸性土壤的CO2排放量、相关基因的丰度及转录拷贝数。上述结果显示,土壤中积累的NO2-会通过诱导nir基因转录与N2O还原酶竞争电子和抑制N2O还原酶活性等途径,增加土壤的IN2O,影响有氧条件下N2O的排放途径,研究结果将为探索设施菜田土壤氮素高效利用和N2O减排提供科学依据。     

免耕对农田土壤N_2O排放影响及作用机制研究进展

免耕在促进农业可持续发展和有效分馏大气碳的同时还可影响土壤N2O排放,但迄今为止关于免耕对农田土壤N2O排放影响的研究结果却不尽一致,正效应间或负效应都存在。本文综述了免耕条件下土壤理化性状和生物性状的变化及其对N2O排放的影响,并指出实施免耕后土壤反硝化强度变化程度的不同是导致免耕对N2O排放影响效应不同的主要原因,最后提出了一些有待研究的问题。     

Contributions of soil biota to C sequestration varied with aggregate fractions under different tillage systems

It is increasingly believed that substantial soil organic carbon (SOC) can be sequestered in conservation tillage system by manipulating the functional groups of soil biota. Soil aggregates of different size provide diverse microhabitats for soil biota and consequently influence C sequestration. Our objective was to evaluate the contributions of soil biota induced by tillage systems to C sequestration among different aggregate size fractions. Soil microbial and nematode communities were examined within four aggregate fractions: large macroaggregates (>2 mm), macroaggregates (2–1 mm), small macroaggregates (1–0.25 mm) and microaggregates (<0.25 mm) isolated from three tillage systems: no tillage (NT), ridge tillage (RT) and conventional tillage (CT) in Northeast China. Soil microbial and nematode communities varied across both tillage systems and aggregate fractions. The activity and abundance of microbes and nematodes were generally higher under NT and RT than under CT. Among the four aggregate fractions, soil microbial biomass and diversity were higher in microaggregates, while soil nematode abundance and diversity were higher in large macroaggregates. Structural equation modelling (SEM) revealed that the linkage between microbial and nematode communities and their contributions to soil C accumulation in >1 mm aggregate fractions were different from those in <1 mm aggregate fractions. Higher abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could enhance C retention within >1 mm aggregates, while more gram-positive bacteria and plant-parasitic nematodes might increase C accumulation within <1 mm aggregates. Our findings suggested that the increase in microbial biomass and nematode abundance and the alteration in their community composition at the micro-niche within aggregates could contribute to the higher C sequestration in conservation tillage systems (NT and RT).     

连续施肥20年后棕壤团聚体分布和碳储量变化

利用两种不同分离方法(干筛法与湿筛法)对耕作施肥20年后棕壤的团聚体组成、团聚体有机碳含量以及有机碳储量进行了研究。结果表明:棕壤团聚体以0.25～1mm团聚体为主。与长期不施肥比较,除0.25～1mm粒级外长期施用氮磷化肥使风干团聚体和水稳性团聚体中较大团聚体和微团聚体数量下降,降低了各级风干团聚体中有机碳积累,增加了水稳性团聚体中有机碳积累;长期施用有机肥较大团聚体和微团聚体数量增加及其相连的有机碳含量和储量均增加;长期有机无机肥配施大团聚体数量下降,微团聚体数量增加,有机碳含量均增加,大团聚体碳库储量下降,微团聚体碳库储量增加。由此可见长期施有机肥土壤结构改善,固C潜力增加。长期高量有机肥与无机肥配施可能有利于土壤固碳,但不利于作物生长。     

Effects of Organic Amendments on Soil Physical Attributes and Aggregate-Associated Phosphorus Under Long-Term Rice-Wheat Cropping

The quantification of phosphorus(P) in bulk soil and P distribution in different size fractions of water-stable aggregates(WSAs)are important for assessing potential P loss through runoff. We evaluated available and total P distribution within WSAs of a sitty clay to clay soil in a long-term fertility experiment of a rice-wheat cropping system in India. Surface soil samples were collected from seven plots amended with NPK fertilizers in combination with or without organic amendments, farmyard manure(FYM), green manure(GM), and paddy straw(PS). The plot with no NPK fertilizers or organic amendments was set as a control. The soil samples were separated by wet sieving into four soil aggregate size fractions: large macroaggregates( 2.0 mm), small macroaggregates(0.25–2.0 mm), fine microaggregates(0.05–0.25 mm), and a silt + clay-sized fraction( 0.05 mm). Structural indices were higher in the soil receiving organic amendments than in the soil receiving inorganic fertilizer alone. Organically amended soil had a higher proportion of stable macroaggregates than the control and the soil receiving inorganic fertilizer alone, which were rich in microaggregates. Total and available P contents within WSAs were inversely related to the aggregate size, irrespective of treatment. The distribution of available and total P in the soil aggregate size fraction was as follows: silt + clay-size fraction small macroaggregates fine microaggregates large macroaggregates. Within a size class, aggregate-associated available and total P contents in the organically amended soil were in the following order: FYM PS ≥ GM. The available P content of the microaggregates( 0.25 mm) was 8-to 10-times higher than that of the macroaggregates( 0.25 mm), and the total P content of the microaggregates was 4-to 5-times higher than that of the macroaggregates. Cultivation without organic amendments resulted in more microaggregates that could be checked by the application of organic amendments such as FYM and GM, which increased the proportion of water-stable macroaggregates by consolidating microaggregates into macroaggregates.     

Small-scale heterogeneity in carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane production from aggregates of a cultivated sandy-loam soil

Spatial variability in carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH₄) emissions from soil is related to the distribution of microsites where these gases are produced. Porous soil aggregates may possess aerobic and anaerobic microsites, depending on the water content of pores. The purpose of this study was to determine how production of CO₂, N₂O and CH₄ was affected by aggregate size and soil water content. An air-dry sandy loam soil was sieved to generate three aggregate fractions (<0.25 mm, 0.25–2 mm and 2–6 mm) and bulk soil (<2 mm). Aggregate fractions and bulk soil were moistened (60% water-filled pore space, WFPS) and pre-incubated to restore microbial activity, then gradually dried or moistened to 20%, 40%, 60% or 80% WFPS and incubated at 25 °C for 48 h. Soil respiration peaked at 40% WFPS, presumably because this was the optimum level for heterotrophic microorganisms, and at 80% WFPS, which corresponded to the peak N₂O production. More CO₂ was produced by microaggregates (<0.25 mm) than macroaggregate (>0.25 mm) fractions. Incubation of aggregate fractions and soil at 80% WFPS with acetylene (10 Pa and 10 kPa) and without acetylene showed that denitrification was responsible for 95% of N₂O production from microaggregates, while nitrification accounted for 97–99% of the N₂O produced by macroaggregates and bulk soil. This suggests that oxygen (O₂) diffusion into and around microaggregates was constrained, whereas macroaggregates remained aerobic at 80% WFPS. Methane consumption and production were measured in aggregates, reaching 1.1–6.4 ng CH₄–C kg⁻¹ soil h⁻¹ as aggregate fractions and soil became wetter. For the sandy-loam soil studied, we conclude that nitrification in aerobic microsites contributed importantly to total N₂O production, even when the soil water content permitted denitrification and CH₄ production in anaerobic microsites. The relevance of these findings to microbial processes controlling N₂O production at the field scale remains to be confirmed.     

Distribution of microbial biomass and its activity in different soil aggregate size classes as affected by cultivation

Cultivation is known to influence the organic matter status and structural stability of soil. We investigated the effects of 69 yr of cultivation on the nature, distribution and activity of microbial biomass (MB) in different aggregate size classes of an Orthic Brown Chernozemic soil. Cultivation decreased MB content, its activity and enzyme activity in soil. Microaggregate (<0.25mm) size classes in both native and cultivated soils contained lower organic-C, MB-C, fungal biomass, arylsulfatase, acid phosphatase and respiratory activities as compared to macroaggregates. However, the negative effects of cultivation were more pronounced on macroaggregate size classes. Nutrient ratios of both whole aggregates and microbial biomass were narrower in aggregates from cultivated soil as compared to native soil. In both native and cultivated soils, mineralization of C. N and S was greater in macroaggregates as compared to that in microaggregates. The greatest effect of cultivation on nutrient and microbial characteristics was observed in the 0.25 to 1.00 mm dia size classes. These results suggest that microbial biomass, especially fungal biomass, plays an important role in the formation of macroaggregates and is the labile organic matter that serves as the primary source of C and nutrients released following cultivation.     

Long‐term effects of soil management regimes on carbon contents and respiration rates of aggregate size fractions

This study investigated long‐term effects of soil management on size distribution of dry‐sieved aggregates in a loess soil together with their organic carbon (OC) and their respiratory activity. Soil management regimes were cropland, which was either abandoned, left bare fallow or cropped for 21 yr. Abandonment increased the abundance of macroaggregates (>2 mm) in the surface soil layer (0–10 cm) and reduced that of microaggregates (<0.25 mm) relative to Cropping, whereas the Fallow treatment reduced the abundance of macroaggregates at depths of 0–10 and 10–20 cm. All treatments yielded similar aggregate size distributions at a depth of 20–30 cm. The SOC content of aggregate size fractions in the surface soil from the Abandoned plots was greater (by 1.2–4.8 g/kg) than that of the corresponding fractions from the Cropped plots, but the opposite trend was observed in the subsurface soils. Conversely, the Fallow treatment reduced the SOC content of every aggregate size fraction. Smaller aggregates generally exhibited greater cumulative levels of C mineralization than larger ones. However, the bulk of the SOC losses from the soils via mineralization was associated with aggregates of >2 mm. Abandonment significantly increased the relative contribution of macroaggregates (>2 mm) to the overall rate of SOC loss, whereas the Fallow treatment significantly reduced the contribution of 0.25–2 mm aggregates to total SOC loss in the surface soil while substantially increasing their contribution in the subsurface soil.     

长施马粪对暗棕壤团聚体腐殖质数量和质量的影响

运用元素和红外光谱分析研究了暗棕壤长期施用马粪(每3年施肥1次)、施低量化肥和马粪配施高量化肥对水稳性大团聚体(2 mm和2~0.25 mm)、微团聚体(0.25~0.053 mm)和粉/黏粒粒级(0.053 mm)中腐殖物质-胡敏酸(HA)的分布及其结构特征的影响,探讨施肥对农田土壤肥力的贡献及其团聚体的固碳机制。施用马粪和马粪配施高量化肥分别提高(49.06%)和降低(31.04%)了2~0.25 mm大团聚体比例,3种施肥措施均提高了土壤有机碳(SOC)数量,但对土壤HA数量影响不显著。不同施肥措施对不同粒级团聚体中HA的分子结构特征影响不同,3种施肥措施均降低了2~0.25 mm大团聚体HA的缩合度,芳香性增加;微团聚体HA缩合度降低,脂族性增强;施用马粪提高了粉/黏粒HA的缩合度和脂族性,马粪配施高量化肥提高了粉/黏粒HA的缩合度和芳香性,施用低量化肥,粉/黏粒HA缩合度下降,芳香性提高。因此,长施马粪提高了土壤SOC数量,促进2~0.25 mm大团聚体的形成,大团聚体中HA的稳定性提高,利于土壤固碳,而0.25~0.053 mm微团聚体和0.053 mm粉/黏粒HA的活性增强,利于土壤肥力供给,这些团聚体是评估长施马粪对腐殖质质量产生影响的重要粒级。     

不同土壤管理措施下塿土团聚体的大小分布及其稳定性

土壤团聚体是土壤的重要组成部分,其大小分布影响土壤的功能。本文利用22年土长期定位试验,研究不同土壤管理措施和不同施肥对土壤机械稳定性和水稳性团聚体的分布及其稳定性的影响。土壤管理措施包括裸地休闲、 撂荒和小麦/玉米轮作体系,其中小麦/玉米轮作体系中有9种施肥处理,分别为不施肥（CK）,化肥氮（N）、 磷（P）和钾（K）不同配施5个处理（N、 NP、 NK、 PK、 NPK）,秸秆还田与化肥配合（SNPK）,有机肥与化肥配施2个处理（M1NPK、 M2NPK）。结果表明,不同管理措施显著影响表层（010 cm）和亚表层（1020 cm）土壤的机械稳定性和水稳性团聚体的分布。与作物体系比较,长期休闲可显著增加机械稳定性微团聚体（0.25 mm）的含量,对水稳性团聚体的含量和分布没有显著影响。而长期撂荒显著增加了大于2 mm 的团聚体含量及团聚体的稳定性。长期不同施肥显著影响 030 cm 土层的机械稳定性和水稳性团聚体的分布,总趋势为施肥比不施肥处理降低了1 mm的团聚体含量,增加了0.25~1 mm的团聚体含量,但对土壤团聚体的稳定性没有显著影响。因此,土撂荒22年后显著增加了土壤团聚体的稳定性,而种植作物和不同施肥处理对土壤团聚体的稳定性影响甚微。     

引黄灌溉耕作对土壤团聚体有机碳的影响

为研究灌溉耕作影响下土壤团聚体及有机碳的特征情况,以宁夏引黄灌区为研究对象,选取对照土壤与耕作土壤,通过干、湿筛结合的方法,得到大团聚体(2mm)、中间团聚体(2~0.25mm)、微团聚体(0.25~0.053mm)和粉+黏团聚体(0.053mm),并测定团聚体有机碳含量,分析团聚体有机碳与总有机碳之间的关系。结果表明,灌溉耕作对团聚体分布具有极显著影响(P0.01),其中大团聚体和中间团聚体质量分数上升,微团聚体和粉+黏团聚体质量分数下降,灌溉土壤团聚体分布趋势为微团聚体粉+黏团聚体中间团聚体大团聚体。经灌溉耕作后土壤团聚体稳定性大于对照土壤,不同类型的灌溉土壤稳定性基本一致,对照土壤间差异明显。除0.053mm外,团聚体有机碳分布在经过灌溉耕作后有显著性差异(P0.05),团聚体有机碳分布随粒级大小基本呈"V"形分布。团聚体有机碳含量均表现出灌溉土壤高于对照土壤,其中灌溉土壤中灌淤土和潮土团聚体有机碳总量较高。未受人为灌溉耕作影响的自然土壤团聚体有机碳与总有机碳间具有显著的正相关性,土壤总有机碳增加主要依赖0.053mm团聚体有机碳增加。引黄灌溉耕作有利于增加大粒级团聚体的比例,提升团聚体稳定,显著增加有机碳含量。     

Effects of compost on the chemical composition of SOM in density and aggregate fractions from rice–wheat cropping systems as shown by solid‐state 13C‐NMR spectroscopy

The 4‐year application of pig‐manure compost (PMC) to crop fields in Jiangsu significantly increased organic‐C and total N concentrations compared to chemical fertilization and control treatment. To identify the soil processes that led to these changes, ¹³C cross‐polarization magic‐angle spinning nuclear‐magnetic resonance (¹³C CPMAS NMR) and dipolar‐dephasing nuclear‐magnetic‐resonance spectroscopy (DD NMR) were conducted on soil organic matter (SOM) fractions separated by wet‐sieving and density fractionation procedures. This allowed characterization of the SOM quality under three contrasting fertilizer regimes. The results indicate that PMC application can alter the distribution of functional groups and improve alkyl C‐to‐O‐alkyl C ratios compared to chemical‐fertilizer treatment (CF). Alkyl C contents were increased from macroaggregate fractions (> 2 mm) to microaggregate fractions (0.05–0.25 mm) for all treatments, suggesting that recalcitrant material accumulates in the microaggregate fractions. The O‐alkyl C contents were decreased from macroaggregate fractions (> 2 mm) to microaggregate fractions (0.05–0.25 mm) under CF and PMC treatments, while no consistent trend was found for the control (NF) treatment. The alkyl C‐to‐O‐alkyl C ratios in macroaggregates were lower than those in microaggregates, indicating that the degrees of SOM decomposition were lower in macroaggregates compared to microaggregates. In all aggregate‐size classes, the amount of organic matter appeared to depend on the fertilization regime. This study provides useful information regarding the buildup of organic material in soil from long‐term manure‐compost enrichment.