长山列岛附近海域野生鱼类体内微塑料的分布特征研究

随着海洋微塑料污染的日益加剧,长山列岛附近海域生物体内微塑料的分布现状亟待研究。本文研究了长山列岛附近海域7种常见海洋野生鱼类的胃肠道和肌肉中微塑料的污染情况。结果显示,在鱼类肌肉中并未检测到微塑料的存在,微塑料普遍存在于鱼类胃肠道中,其丰度范围为0.19～3.79个/个体;微塑料的尺寸以<300μm为主,占微塑料总丰度的85.91%;微塑料的形状以纤维为主,其次为碎片和颗粒;微塑料的颜色大多为透明色;在鱼类胃肠道中检测到的聚合物类型为赛璐玢(Cellophane)、纤维素(Cellulose)和聚乙烯(Polyethylene),其中,以赛璐玢为主要类型。研究结果为探明微塑料对海洋生态环境中鱼类生物效应提供了基础数据和科学依据。     

微塑料在海洋渔业水域中的污染现状及其生物效应研究进展

海洋塑料污染已成为与全球气候变化、臭氧耗竭、海洋酸化并列的重大全球环境问题,其中尺寸小于5 mm的塑料碎片或颗粒(微塑料)更是倍受全球关注的新型污染物。研究表明,微塑料在海洋渔业水域中广泛存在,而且,作为人类优质蛋白重要来源的海洋渔业生物也已受到微塑料的污染。因此,微塑料在海洋渔业水域中的污染现状及其生物效应研究越来越受到关注。本文总结了海洋渔业水域中微塑料的主要来源及污染现状,归纳了微塑料对海洋渔业生物的主要毒性效应及致毒机制,探讨了微塑料沿食物链的传递作用及其对水产品质量安全的潜在影响,剖析了当前研究所面临的问题,并对未来的研究工作进行了展望,以期为科学评估微塑料对海洋渔业资源和水产品质量安全的影响提供科学依据。     

亚硝酸盐和微塑料胁迫对凡纳滨对虾鳃中免疫、解毒代谢和渗透调节相关指标的影响

鳃是对虾重要的呼吸器官,是亚硝酸盐毒性效应的主要靶器官,也是微塑料主要富集的部位之一。鳃组织参与了对虾渗透调节、氮排泄、免疫功能等生理过程,对对虾维持机体健康具有重要意义。为研究亚硝酸盐和微塑料单因素及复合胁迫对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)鳃组织生理功能的影响,将对虾分为对照组、20 mg·L-1亚硝酸盐胁迫组(NIT)、10μg·L^-1微塑料胁迫组(MP)、20 mg·L^-1亚硝酸盐和10μg·L^-1微塑料复合胁迫组(NM),于第14天测定对虾鳃中相关指标变化。结果显示：1)氧化应激指标丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H2O2)浓度及抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)活性在胁迫后发生不同程度的改变;2)解毒代谢指标细胞色素P450基因(CYP450)和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶基因(GST)相对表达水平在胁迫后发生不同程度的紊乱;3)渗透调节指标如离子转运酶液泡型ATP酶(VATP)、Na⁺/H⁺交换体7 (NH...     

升温与聚苯乙烯微塑料复合暴露对长牡蛎血细胞功能、免疫基因表达和能量代谢的影响

为阐明全球气候变暖和微塑料复合胁迫对长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)免疫应答、氧化应激和能量代谢的影响,本研究采用3个微塑料(microplastics, MPs)水平[无微塑料、小粒径聚苯乙烯微塑料(SPS-MPs,6μm)和大粒径聚苯乙烯微塑料(LPS-MPs,50～60μm)]和2个温度水平(20℃和25℃)对长牡蛎进行了为期21 d的单一和复合暴露,检测分析了各组长牡蛎血细胞功能[吞噬活性、活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)含量]、糖原含量以及免疫相关基因表达的变化。研究结果表明,SPS-MPs暴露能增加长牡蛎血淋巴细胞中ROS含量,降低血细胞吞噬活性,揭示SPS-MPs毒性作用更强。升温与微塑料的协同作用增加了长牡蛎消化腺组织中的糖原含量。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,升温与SPS-MPs复合暴露组长牡蛎消化腺组织通过上调热休克蛋白90 (heat shock protein90, HSP90)、核因子κB抑制蛋白(inhibitor of NF-κB, IκB)和p53基因表达量进行免疫应答;升温与微塑料的拮抗作用增加了鳃组织p53基...     

青岛崂山近岸海域表层沉积物中微塑料的污染特征

微塑料污染已成为与全球气候变化、臭氧耗竭和海洋酸化并列的重大全球环境问题,其污染特征及生态环境风险已成为全球研究热点。城市近岸海域往往是高强度人类活动区域,其海底沉积物中微塑料的污染状况可能更为复杂。但至今为止,城市近岸海域沉积物中微塑料的污染现状、分布特征仍不清楚,亟待研究。为此,本研究以典型滨海旅游和海洋城市青岛市为例,对其崂山近岸海域表层沉积物中微塑料的丰度、形状、颜色和聚合物类型等进行了调查研究。结果显示,青岛市崂山近岸海域表层沉积物中微塑料丰度处于9.06～34.48 ind./kg之间,平均丰度为(21.97±8.32) ind./kg;微塑料主要形态为纤维状,占比53%,其余为颗粒状和薄层状;主要颜色为透明色,占比66%,其余为黑色、白色和其他颜色;粒径主要分布于0.5 mm以下,占比76%;聚合物类型主要为聚丙烯,占比45%,其余为聚苯乙烯、聚乙烯和纤维素。与国内外其他海域沉积物相比,青岛市崂山近岸海域表层沉积物中微塑料污染程度整体处于较低水平。但考虑到沿岸城市人类活动强度较大,其微塑料污染状况和分布特征需要长期关注。本研究结果将为城市近岸海域微塑料生态环境风险评估和管...     

连云港海州湾海域表层水体和沉积物中微塑料的分布特征

海洋微塑料污染是全球性的环境问题,南极周边海域的微塑料污染问题是其中不可或缺的一环。目前关于南极微塑料的研究多集中于南极附近海水与企鹅粪便等,对南极海域鱼类体内微塑料研究较少。由于侧纹南极鱼是栖息于南极陆架海域数量最多的中上层鱼类,其在南极海洋生态系统中发挥着承上启下的作用,实验以南极南设得兰群岛周边海域侧纹南极鱼为对象,探究其体内微塑料污染情况对于养护该资源有着重要的意义。将南极带回的样品解冻并记录好生物学信息后,将其胃肠道部分取出。在60 °C条件下,使用10% KOH在恒温摇床消解24 h以上,待溶液基本澄清后利用0.45 μm的滤膜过滤。抽滤后置于体式显微镜下,挑出疑似微塑料,再使用傅里叶红外光谱仪定性检测,最后利用扫描电子显微镜拍摄微塑料的微观形貌。结果显示,南设得兰群岛附近水域侧纹南极鱼体内微塑料平均丰度为(0.36±0.51)个/尾。侧纹南极鱼胃肠含物中微塑料丰度与鱼类体长之间存在正相关。整体上,南设得兰群岛北侧侧纹南极鱼胃肠含物中微塑料出现的概率略高于布兰斯菲尔德海峡南侧,但整体上处于低污染水平。侧纹南极鱼体内微塑料类型分为纤维状和碎片状,以纤维状为主。微塑料颜色以蓝色为主,其次是黑色,红色与透明色数量较少。微塑料的平均粒径为(584.6±419.2) μm,其中84.6%的微塑料粒径小于1 000 μm。聚酯类微塑料占比接近80%,是侧纹南极鱼微塑料的主要成分,其中绝大多数为聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)。渔船渔网和船员生活污水排放可能是其存在的主要来源。通过电镜分析微塑料表面特征,发现碎片类微塑料断裂处较为粗糙,其比表面积显著增加;两种纤维类微塑料电镜照片说明了微塑料在生物体内的变化。由于较大的表面积会导致其易与其他污染物结合,携带有毒有害物质进入生态系统,进而通过食物链进入人类生活中,因此仍需重视微塑料污染带来的生态效应。研究结果丰富了南极海洋生物微塑料研究的基础数据,可作为本底资料,为进一步研究南极生态系统微塑料提供科学依据。     

微塑料对海洋生物的影响研究进展

塑料制品被广泛应用于农业、工业和医疗等众多领域,由此产生的塑料垃圾,特别是粒径小于5 mm的微塑料在海洋中不断累积。微塑料因其粒径小、分布广等特点,对海洋生态系统造成巨大的威胁;其还可沿食物链进行传递,进而对人类健康产生潜在的危害,因此,海洋微塑料污染已成为国内外备受关注的环境问题。从海洋微塑料来源和污染现状入手,综述了微塑料对海洋浮游生物、甲壳类、贝类、鱼类和其他海洋生物的影响,重点关注了微塑料与其他污染物的复合毒性效应等,并在此基础上,提出了未来研究的参考方向,以期为进一步研究微塑料对海洋生物的影响提供理论依据。     

上海市松江地区河道微塑料分布特征#br#

为揭示上海松江地区河道微塑料的分布规律和影响因素,利用表层现场采样、密度悬浮法分离、光学体式镜和拉曼光谱结合的观察分析方法,研究了上海市松江区4条流经不同功能区的河道水体中微塑料的含量、粒径范围、来源及影响因素。结果表明,松江地区4条河道中微塑料含量为2~5个·m^-3,微塑料含量与河道水径流量成线性负相关(R²=0.81,P<0.05),水流较缓的河道微塑料更容易停留在水体中。河道中微塑料粒径在0.5~5.0 mm范围内,粒径较大,属于刚形成的微塑料。微塑料主要来源于人类生活塑料垃圾和工农业生产中的塑料包装。研究结果可为分析城市河道微塑料污染现状提供参考,并为进一步防控城市微塑料污染打下基础。     

微塑料染污及其对不同栖息地、不同食性海洋鱼类影响的研究进展

随着微塑料在海洋环境和海洋生物中的发现,海洋微塑料污染问题越来越受到关注.本文对海洋微塑料的来源、类型、分布规律、毒性以及不同栖息地、不同食性海洋鱼类对微塑料的摄取特性和受到影响进行了梳理,对后续研究方向进行了分析和展望.结果显示,微塑料来源广泛、种类繁多、分布在海洋的各个角落,在海洋中垂直分布特点为底层沉积物含量较高...     

雄性中国鲎不同组织重金属含量分析和比较

采用原子吸收分光光度计法测定天然海区野生平均体质量（1.23±0.12）kg成年中国鲎（Tachypleus tridentatus）结缔组织、血液、书鳃和肌肉中Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn的含量，旨在揭示海洋典型重金属类污染物在雄性中国鲎体内组织特异性富集特征。结果表明：肌肉中Pb、Cu和Zn的蓄积最高，其次是书鳃；Cd在书鳃中蓄积最高，其次是肌肉、血液和结缔组织。中国鲎不同组织的均值污染指数（PI）由大到小排序为：书鳃>肌肉>血液>结缔组织，其中结缔组织属于微污染级别，血液属于中污染级别，书鳃和肌肉达到严重污染级别，因此，食用中国鲎存在一定的健康风险。本研究结果可为濒危物种中国鲎种群数量恢复提供技术参考。     

Atlantic Fisheries Technological Conference,Moncton, NB,August 21, 1995

No abstract available for this article.     

Anguilla huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009, is a junior synonym of Anguilla luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009

Anguilla luzonensis and A. huangi were each described in 2009 using eels obtained from northern Luzon Island. We examined the taxonomic status of these two groups of eels using morphological and molecular genetic characters. There were no significant differences in two vertebrae counts between eels of A. luzonensis and A. huangi. Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes sequences were obtained and compared among 28 specimens of A. luzonensis, the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi, and one specimen of the other 15 anguillid species. The specimens of A. luzonensis exhibited almost identical sequences, including the holotype, with only a few site differences, and the genetic difference between the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi was within the range of differences of specimens of A. luzonensis. The other anguillid species were genetically very different from A. luzonensis and A. huangi, although A. interioris is a closely related species. It is clear that A. luzonensis and A. huangi are the same species, and according to the principle of priority in zoological nomenclature, A. luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009 is the valid species name, and A. huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009 is a junior synonym of A. luzonensis.     

Surface disinfection of Pacific threadfin, Polydactylus sexfilis, and amberjack, Seriola rivoliana, eggs

The effects of exposing the eggs of Pacific threadfin and amberjack eggs (AEs) to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for 5 min on hatch rate and survival were assessed in a series of experiments using a petri dish model rearing system. Despite significant inter‐batch variation in hatch rate, it was shown that eggs of both species could be safely exposed to up to 11 340 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min. Exposure to 34 230 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min was shown to be lethal to AEs at a late stage of development. In two further experiments, it was demonstrated that Pacific threadfin eggs were resistant to all tested concentrations of a range of polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (PVP‐I) concentrations and contact times (up to 1000 mg L⁻¹ PVP‐I for 10 min). The level of bacteria adhering to the eggs of both species was highly variable. Where eggs were heavily colonized (>10⁴ cfu egg⁻¹), hydrogen peroxide concentrations of at least 11 340 mg L⁻¹, or PVP‐I concentrations higher than 500 mg L⁻¹ for 10 min, were required for effective sterilization. In less colonized batches, rinsing in sterile seawater or exposure to lower (550 mg L⁻¹) concentrations of H₂O₂ was sufficient to result in high apparent levels of surface sterility (<1 cfu egg⁻¹).     

Age,growth, maturity and the overfishing of the iconic sciaenid,Argyrosomus japonicus,in south-eastern,Australia

Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) occur in estuarine and coastal waters surrounding Australia, Africa, India, Pakistan, China, Korea and Japan, where they are important in fisheries. This study identified that mulloway in south-eastern Australia had similar growth rates, but matured at smaller lengths and younger ages, to those in South Africa and Western Australia. Growth of both sexes was similar to about 5 years, after which females grew faster and attained a greater maximum length than males. Female mulloway matured at 4–5 years of age with a L₅₀ of 68 cm, whereas males matured at 2–3 years of age with a L₅₀ of 51 cm. The commercial fishery in New South Wales was characterised by declining catches and a reduction in the proportion of mulloway of mature lengths in landings. During 2002–2005 commercial landings were dominated (83%) by fish within 15 cm of the current minimum legal total length of 45 cm and aged 2 and 3 years (>80%), even though mulloway can attain lengths of 200 cm and live >30 years. Estimates of the rates of instantaneous total mortality ranged between 0.34 and 0.45, whilst the rate of instantaneous natural mortality (M) was estimated to be approximately 0.12. Yield-per-recruit analyses indicated that mulloway in New South Wales are being growth overfished and substantial increases in yield could be achieved by increasing the length at first harvest. Values of the spawning potential ratio were below 0.2 under a range of mortality estimates, suggesting that mulloway are at risk of recruitment overfishing. These results suggest that the spawning stock of mulloway in south-eastern Australia has been depleted and that remedial management action is required to protect this iconic species.     

Marine and coastal protected and conserved areas strategy in Brazil: Context,lessons, challenges,finance, participation,new management models,and first results

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Reproductive condition of the pearl oyster, Pinctada imbricata, Röding, in Port Stephens, New South Wales, Australia

In an investigation of the potential for pearl production in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, changes in the physical and reproductive condition of the pearl oyster, Pinctada imbricata, were monitored for over 2 years. Using wild oysters gathered from close to the southern extent of the species' range in Port Stephens, NSW, a series of macroscopic and histological observations were made. Reproductive activity in P. imbricata was greatest from late spring to early autumn with oysters in poor reproductive condition during winter. Peaks in reproductive indices occurred in November 1998, March 1999, December 1999 and April 2000. Four indices of physiological condition were used: shell growth, byssal attachment, mantle thickness and mucoprotien layer. With the exception of the thickness and extent of the mucoprotein layer, these indices either showed little variation or the variation that occurred was not related to seasonal or reproductive changes. Changes in the mucoprotein layer were correlated with water temperature and suggest that this layer is metabolized during periods of high demand such as during gonadogenesis. Collectors deployed at two sites in Port Stephens demonstrated that spatfall occurs largely in the months of December and January following the spring and early summer peaks in reproductive activity (November 1998 and December 1999). Spatfall was not observed following the autumnal peaks (March 1999 and April 2000) in reproductive activity. Overall, reproductive patterns in P. imbricata are poorly suited to spat supply in Port Stephens. Farmers require spat in early spring (September) to allow maximum use of the ‘growing’ season (September–May). Reproductively capable oysters are not available from the wild until September and quantity of natural spatfall is too variable and occurs too late in the season (December–January). As a result, oysters are being conditioned in the hatchery in July, spawned in August and spat are supplied to farmers in mid September.     

驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

对驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态特征进行了详细的观察与研究,描述了从受精卵到仔、稚、幼鱼各发育期的时间和形态特征变化。结果表明,在水温25-26℃、盐度30的海水中,受精卵历时27 h 25 min完成整个胚胎发育过程,经历从卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚到肌节形成、各器官的逐渐形成、变化、完善等一系列的胚胎发育和变化过程;根据其卵黄囊消长情况、鳞片的覆盖状态、体色发生的不同变化以及第二背鳍和腹鳍的消长,将胚后发育分为仔、稚、幼鱼3个阶段。在水温22-26℃、盐度29-31、DO≥5 mg/L的条件下,2-3 d仔鱼卵黄囊消失,开口摄食;生长发育至31 d,仔鱼已变态进入稚鱼期;培育至57 d,稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长与收缩等石斑鱼类早期发育的共性生长特征及其体表特性体色变化特征为驼背鲈胚后发育过程中最明显的特征。     

Effects of Mosquitofish,Gambusia affinis,on Channel Catfish,Ictalurus puncatatus,Production Ponds

Mosquitofish, Gambusia sp., have been spread throughout the world to biologically control mosquitoes. However, the fish has gained a reputation as an invasive species and has been implicated in displacing native aquatic species. Gambusia affinis are native to the southeastern United States and commonly occur in commercial channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, production ponds. We investigated effects of mosquitofish presence on zooplankton populations, water quality, disease occurrence, and fish production in experimental ponds. There were no differences between ponds with or without mosquitofish in numbers of calanoid copepods, cyclopoid copepods, total copepods, Bosmina sp., Ceriodaphnia sp., Moina sp., Daphnia sp., or total cladocerans. There were also no differences in copepod and cladoceran sizes. Copepod nauplii were more numerous during the summer months in ponds with mosquitofish. There were no differences in water quality variables (soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH) or phytoplankton density between ponds stocked with and without mosquitofish. Catfish production and disease occurrence were also similar between ponds with and without mosquitofish. Although mosquitofish may cause problems when stocked outside their native range, there does not appear to be any adverse effects of mosquitofish presence in catfish production ponds.     

Brazilian wetlands: their definition,delineation, and classification for research,sustainable management,and protection

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