乡村产业振兴背景下中国蜂业发展现状与前景

全面实施乡村振兴战略的提出,使绿色健康发展、产业转型跃升成为乡村产业发展的主流。推动中国蜂业产业现代化发展,有利于促进乡村产业振兴。现阶段中国蜂农人数最多,饲养的蜂群占世界的1/8,蜂蜜总产量相对稳定;蜂业产量规模世界第一,同时也是世界蜂蜜出口大国,产地主要分布在华北、华东、华南、西南地区11个省份。然而,中国蜂业发展存在蜂产品相关企业多而不强、产品同质化严重、机械化程度不高、蜂蜜产品质量不优、蜂农收入低、在国际贸易中话语权不足等问题。在对比分析国外养蜂业现状的基础上,从蜂业生产管理现代化、蜂业产业多产融合、蜂业产品质量安全保障与销售渠道三方面提出了相应的建议,并从产量、规模、进出口、品牌建设等方面对未来中国养蜂业发展前景进行预测及展望。     

发展生态养蜂 促进农户增收

养蜂业作为畜牧业的一个分支,在农业生产和国民经济中占有重要的地位,尤其是蜜蜂授粉的生态价值已逐步被人们认同,因此利用蜜蜂授粉来提高农作物的产量和质量,已成为绿色食品生产和实现农业现代化的一项重要配套措施。我国加入WTO后,蜂业发展面临着新的机遇和挑战,中国蜂业参与国际竞争,发展空间广阔,也将为我国养蜂业的发展带来无限生机,但是我国蜂业如果还是采取传统的经营策略,很难在世界蜂业中占有一席之地。因此,中国养蜂业的发展必须进一步转变观念,调整结构,走生态养蜂之路,走产业化发展道路,发展无公害的生态养蜂,才能促进我国养蜂业持续、快速、健康地发展。     

中国农业蜜蜂授粉的经济价值评估

 【目的】通过研究蜜蜂授粉与农业生产的关系,评估农业蜜蜂授粉的经济价值,为明确养蜂业在中国农业生产中的经济地位,推动养蜂扶持政策的发展提供理论支撑。【方法】采用蜜蜂依存度估价法,评估2006—2008年间中国36种主要授粉农作物蜜蜂授粉的经济价值,并探讨农业生产对蜜蜂授粉的需求。【结果】蜜蜂授粉对中国农业生产具有显著的促进作用,2006—2008年间36种主要作物蜜蜂授粉的年均价值高达3 042.20亿元,是中国蜂业总产值的76倍,相当于中国农业总产值的12.30%。农业生产对蜜蜂授粉的需求很大,2008年仅蔬菜、果树、棉花等作物需要授粉蜂群的数量就达6 000—8 795万群（15框蜂）。【结论】养蜂业是现代农业的重要组成部分,蜜蜂授粉是不可或缺的农业生产投入,且需求巨大。应该重视养蜂业,既要提高蜜蜂授粉价值的社会认知度,同时也要为养蜂业的发展提供强有力的政策支持。     

农户家庭养蜂生产行为的实证研究——基于563户固定观察点蜂农的调研

根据国家蜂产业技术体系对蜂农固定观察点的连续跟踪调研数据,实证分析了农户家庭养蜂的生产行为,并运用二元Logistic模型分析了蜂农养蜂生产意愿的影响因素。结果表明:养蜂农户多为从业时间较长的中老年男性,文化程度相对较高;农户家庭养蜂存在"定地"、"定地+小转地"、"小转地"、"大转地"4种放蜂方式,蜂群饲养规模不大,养蜂生产目的是为了获取蜂产品而不重视授粉服务,养蜂比较收益偏低,技术相对落后,机械化和组织化程度偏低;放蜂方式、遭遇灾害事故状况、收益水平、获取养蜂技术情况与组织化程度对蜂农从事养蜂生产的意愿有显著性影响。根据调研结果提出大力推广蜜蜂授粉、发展现代养蜂业、尽快出台养蜂业扶持政策的建议。     

我国蜂农收入影响因素的实证分析

通过对2012年全国9个省市蜂业的调研,分析目前我国蜂农收入的基本特征,并应用多元线性回归模型实证分析蜂农收入的影响因素。结果表明,蜂农养殖方式、养殖规模、专业化程度及受灾情况对蜂农收入影响极显著,提出应从加强合作社管理、龙头企业建设、风险救助、发展蜜蜂授粉等方面提高蜂农收入,推动我国蜂产业发展。     

中国蜂农的养蜂生产风险与灾害补偿机制研究

中国蜂农在养蜂生产过程中面临着自然灾害、农药中毒、蜂病疫情、偷盗、交通事故等诸多风险,风险发生率较高且损失严重。作为“中国蜜蜂之乡”的浙江省江山市在建立蜂业救助保障机制,提高养蜂业抗御灾害风险能力方面做了有益的探索和尝试。通过分析江山市养蜂业积极加入浙江省养蜂业风险救助、办理养蜂综合保险两种灾害补偿模式的具体做法、运行机制及优缺点对比,提出了积极推进风险救助办法的实施、加强政府对经营蜂业险种的保险公司扶持力度与保险立法建设、探索蜂业政策性农业保险以及在全国范围内推广浙江省江山市蜂业灾害补偿做法的政策性建议。     

关于对加快新疆蜂产业发展的建议

养蜂业是新疆农业的重要组成部分,发展养蜂业是增加农民收入、改善农民生活水平的有效途径,也是促进农业增产、改善生态环境的重要举措。如何提高我区养蜂业科技生产水平,保障蜂蜜食品安全和产品质量,是推进新疆蜂产业发展,促进蜂农增收致富的现实问题。本文针对新疆蜂产业发展现状和存在的问题,提出推进新疆蜂产业发展的建议措施。     

浙江蜂产业转型升级发展思路及政策建议

浙江是全国的养蜂大省,针对浙江蜂产业养殖规模小、比较效益低、产品低价同质化、从业人员老龄化等问题,提出积极发展规模化养蜂业、创新发展蜂产品加工业、大力发展蜜蜂授粉产业、挖掘蜜蜂文化产业等促进蜂产业转型升级的发展思路,并提出相关政策建议。     

农业农村部:对养蜂机械敞开补贴

<正>根据《农业农村部、财政部关于做好2018年农业生产发展等项目实施工作的通知》(农财发[2018]13号),为深入推进农业供给侧结构性改革,助力特色畜牧业发展,2018年中央财政支持部分省实施蜂业质量提升行动。为推动养蜂业健康发展,各地农业农村、财政部门要进一步深化对养蜂业在促进农业绿色发展、节本增效和保护生物多样性方面重要意义的认识,更加重视蜜蜂授粉酿蜜的"月下老人"作用和"健康益     

我国蜂业可持续发展的问题和战略探讨

在我国蜂业可持续发展的大前提下,分析了影响我国蜂业发展的主要问题,确定了蜂业可持续发展的战略定位和目标,并从科教兴蜂、蜂资源保护与发展、蜜粉源保护、蜜蜂授粉产业化等方面重点探讨了我国蜂业可持续发展战略与思路。     

河南省农产品加工业的产业关联和产业波及效应分析

依据河南省投入产出表的数据,计算直接消耗系数、完全消耗系数、影响力系数和感应度系数,利用这些系数分析河南省农产品加工业的关联效应和波及效应,最后提出了推进农产品加工业发展的政策建议.     

天津市酿酒葡萄与葡萄酒产业现状和发展前景分析

天津在我国葡萄酒产业中占有重要地位。2004年葡萄酒产量排在山东、河北之后，位居全国第三；税金和利润，均位居全国第二。天津的生态条件适宜优质葡萄酒原料的生产，特别是以汉沽所产玫瑰香葡萄为原料的干白葡萄酒具有独特的风格，深受消费者欢迎。未来10年，我国葡萄酒产业将进入快速发展时期，葡萄酒消费将急剧增加。面对这一形势，我们只有认真分析现状和竞争潜力，并尽快采取有效措施，才能继续保持天津葡萄、葡萄酒产业在全国的领先地位。     

Science and industry

Industry is concerned with basic science as the source of its technology, as the force of its philosophy of deductive thought, as its eye to the future, and as the impetus it provides for industrial innovation. Industry's strengthened advocacy of the support of basic science is essential for its future growth.     

Innovation in industry and the diffusion of technology

The varied definitions used in the sources that have been discussed make any aggregate analysis difficult. A simple three-stage analysis of flows to, from, and within the firm was used to facilitate comparisons. Even so, each of the generalizations is drawn from relatively small and unrepresentative samples. Case studies may continue to be a source of ideas and hypotheses for further research, but do not appear to offer a means for deeper understanding of the innovation process. The retrospective nature of nearly all of the sources discussed probably means that the process has been viewed as much more rational and well-ordered than it is in fact. This failing is partially overcome in firsthand accounts such as those of Suites and Bueche (63) and Frey and Goldman (64). Each of these accounts involves a successful innovation according to technical or commercial criteria, or both. However, many of the characteristics of innovations that have failed commercially (10) appear to be similar to those of successful cases. The few longitudinal studies, and studies comparing more and less successful cases, do support the main conclusions drawn above (10, 32, 38). More serious problems are raised by the distinctly nonrepresentative nature of the samples used. There are few cases (17, 33, 65) in which the contributions of more than one organization, or details of interactions over a significant period of time, are discussed. There is a wide variation in the importance of the innovations included, ranging from those affecting the economy as a whole to cases involving production in a single firm, albeit with significant commercial results (66). In addition to questions of comparability and sampling, a central problem for further research on innovation will be to devise an operational model to account for interfirm and interindustry differences. Polar definitions used in past studies, "high technology" and "mature industry," for example, are insufficient. One possibility is to use the strategy for growth or competition evident in a firm or an industry, such as sales maximization (automotive), cost minimization (transportation, communications), performance maximization (aircraft, chemicals), or control of materials resources (mining, petroleum), as a basis for drawing distinctions (67). For example, in an industry that seeks to maximize sales, one would expect innovations that would be highly visible to consumers to be developed rapidly (68). In a cost-minimizing situation, production, as opposed to product technology, would be a major source of uncertainty, while the reverse might be the case in a performance-maximizing situation. Greater uncertainty arising from technical sources would imply greater sophistication in effective firms' product planning approaches, while a more stable technology would imply greater sophistication in market research and market-oriented strategies for innovation, and so forth. Much more work is needed along these lines if outcomes of interventions in the innovative process are to be predicted with any accuracy. Some implications for providing incentives and reducing barriers do seem clear from the work to date. Effective directions for federal action lie in strategies such as creating new markets through purchases or procurement policies; aggregating or focusing markets through regulation and other means; providing for market entry by contracts to smaller firms, venture capital, stronger patent protection, and so on; and providing for mobility and informal contacts within the technical community. Technology "push" strategies (such as tax incentives) to increase most research spending, prizes for new technology, and documentation and information retrieval systems would probably be less important in stimulating innovation. Definitive answers will require the most difficult kind of research-experiments in the field. Since the interventions required are difficult and expensive in most cases, they will not be under the researcher's control. Nor will the effect of policy changes be visible over a short period. Thus it seems imperative to take advantage of interventions that occur fortuitously to construct "quasi-experiments" (69) with as great a degree of control over other factors as possible. For example, have recent changes in policy regarding federally held patents increased the commercial use of these patents? Have changes in the capital gains laws retarded the development and growth of "spin-off" enterprises? Has the identification of technology gaps (3) and competitive opportunities stimulated innovation? The effects of such actions on technical innovation could be carefully observed with a modest but sustained research effort, which promises to yield valuable information beyond that available from largely historical sources.     

种业投资与发展浅谈

“国以农为本,农以种为先”,中国是一个农业大国,更是一个种子生产与需求大国。《中华人民共和国种子法》的颁布实施,种子的垄断经营被彻底打破,种子市场进一步开放,准入门槛的降低无疑给广大投资者进入种子行业提供了公平、均等的机会。种业已成为企业家们纷纷看中的一块投资热土。1中国种业面临的形势1.1种子企业两极分化《中华人民共和国种子法》     

闽台乳业现状及福建省乳业发展的思考

分析闽台乳业现状 ,提出福建省乳业发展的思路 ,即提高产品质量 ;加速奶牛发展和改良 ,搞好奶源基地建设 ;转换产业发展机制掌握市场产品信息动态 ,及时调整适销对路的产品结构 ;健全社会化服务体系。     

世界大豆产业概况

大豆是农业的重要作物,在世界各国的农业领域占据了重要的地位。本文对全球大豆 主要产地和产业情况进行概述。