Determination of 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin produced by Streptomyces sp. and Anabaena PCC7120

A new sample preparation and enrichment technique, headspace liquid-phase microextraction (HS-LPME) linked to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), was developed for the determination of the off-flavor odorants, 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin, produced by Streptomyces sp. and Anabaena PCC7120. Some of the factors that influence the extraction efficiency of HS-LPME, such as the type of extraction solvent, ionic strength of sample solution, and sample agitation rate, were studied and optimized by a single factor test. Other factors, including extraction temperature, extraction time, microdrop volume, and headspace volume were optimized by orthogonal array design. Extraction of 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin was conducted by exposing 2.5 microL of 1-hexanol for 9 min at 50 degrees C in the headspace of a 20 mL vial with a 10 mL of sample solution saturated by NaCl and stirred at 800 rpm. The developed protocol demonstrated good repeatability (relative standard deviations (RSDs) < 5%), wide linear ranges (10-5000 ng/L, r2 > 0.999), and low limits of detection (LODs) for 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin (0.05 ng/L for both analytes). Subsequently, the method was successfully applied to extract the analytes in bacterial cultures with high recoveries (from 94% to 98%). Compared with headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), HS-LPME demonstrates better linearity, precision, and recovery. Importantly, the sensitivity is about 1 order of magnitude higher than that of most HS-SPME. The results showed that HS-LPME coupled with GC-MS is a simple, convenient, rapid, sensitive, and effective method for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin.     

2-methylisoborneol and geosmin,the main sources of soil odor,inhibit the germination of brassicaceae seeds

The effects of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmin, the main sources of soil odor produced by microorganisms, on plant seed germination were examined for 15 kinds of Brassicaceae seeds including radish (Raphanus sativus var. radicula). Authentic MIB or geosmin was used at the concentration of 100 mg L^-1 in the assay, the effects were quantitatively indexed based on four parameters of cumulative seed germination: the final germination percentage, germination onset, weighted mean rate, germination index. MIB and geosmin inhibited germination of all kinds of seeds tested for these parameters. Radish variety “Comet” was the most affected of all of the tested plant seeds. The estimated 50% inhibitory concentration values on germination of “Comet” were 70.5 and 7.5 mg L^-1 for MIB and geosmin, respectively. We also conducted the primary characterization of the inhibition by MIB and geosmin on “Comet” seeds. Our findings were as follows: (1) onset of seed imbibition was not affected; (2) germination of seeds pre-imbibed in the control solution until approx. 2 h before germination onset was inhibited by subsequent MIB or geosmin treatment; (3) growth of seedlings was not significantly affected; (4) the germination was restored by stratification, gibberellin A₃ treatment, or seed coat removal; and (5) light irradiation affected the degree of inhibition. These results suggest that inhibition by MIB and geosmin is restricted to the germination process, at least in the early stage of growth, that they act as growth -regulating substances.     

Enzymatic removal of off-flavors from apple juice

Contaminating microorganisms such as Actinomycetes, Alicyclobacillus, and Chlostridium can generate off-flavors in apple juices. Such bacterial metabolites represent, besides phenol types such as guaiacol and 2,6-dibromophenol, a broad range of other chemicals, for example, geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol, or alpha-terpineol. A laccase from Trametes hirsuta was purified, immobilized, and applied for the selective elimination of off-flavor substances in apple juice caused by microbial contamination. The evaluation using GC-MS showed that enzymatic treatment could reduce the amount of guaiacol and 2,6-dibromophenol in apple juice significantly by 99 and 52%, respectively. Upon addition of mediators, the degradation could be increased and the spectrum of substrates extented. Furthermore, commercial apple juices spiked with off-flavors were treated in a continuous-flow reactor and tested by sensory evaluation.     

Characterization of aroma-active compounds in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eliciting an off-odor

The aroma-active and off-flavor compounds of cooked rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were analyzed by sensory and instrumental analyses. Sensory analysis shows that the aromatic extract obtained by vacuum steam distillation was representative of rainbow trout odor. To obtain more information on odorants of volatile compounds, analyses were conducted on two gas chromatography columns of different polarities (DB-5 and DB-Wax). The results of the gas chromatography-olfactometry analysis showed that 38 odorous compounds were perceived when the DB-5 column was used and 36 with the DB-Wax column. Of these, 31 with the DB-5 and 28 with the DB-Wax were identified. (E)-2-Nonenal, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 2-methylisoborneol, geosmin, 2-methylnaphthalene, and 8-heptadecene were described as off-flavor compounds by the sniffing assessors. The most powerful off-flavor compounds identified in the extract were 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin, which were described as strong musty and earthy odors, respectively.     

Chemical and sensory quantification of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from recirculated aquacultures in relation to concentrations in basin water

Globally, aquaculture systems with water recirculation experience increasing problems with microbial taste and odor compounds (TOCs) such as geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB). This study investigated the content of geosmin and MIB in water and the flesh of 200 rainbow trouts from eight recirculated aquaculture systems in Denmark. TOC content in the fish flesh was measured by a dynamic headspace extraction method and was evaluated by a sensory panel. The results showed significant correlations between TOC content in water and fish and between chemical analysis and sensory perception. When geosmin exceeded 20 ng/L in the water, 96% of the fish had an intense muddy flavor, but below 10 ng geosmin/L, 18% of the fish (only 3% in special depuration ponds) had an intense muddy flavor. The results indicate that TOC levels <10 ng/L will ensure that a negligible portion of the fish obtains an unpalatable taste and flavor due to TOCs.     

Determination of the microbial origin of geosmin in Chinese liquor

Geosmin is the major cause of the common earthy off-flavor in light-aroma type Chinese liquor and, thus, highly detrimental to the aromatic quality. To find out its origin, the evolving process of geosmin in light-aroma type liquor making was monitored, and microbial analysis of Daqu containing geosmin was carried out. The results showed that geosmin appeared in all the fermented sorghums at different fermentation periods. About 57% geosmin in the fermented sorghums was distilled into liquor. During the distillation process, the peak of geosmin concentration appeared when alcohol content was 50-60% vol. More importantly, high geosmin content was observed during the Daqu-making process. Furthermore, five Streptomyces strains were isolated from different types of Daqu used for the fermentation of light-aroma type liquor. All of them produced only geosmin as the main volatile metabolite but no 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB). It appears that microorganisms developing in Daqu are responsible for the presence of geosmin in liquor. Because of the relatively low detection threshold estimated at 110 ng/L in 46 vol % hydroalcoholic solution, the presence of geosmin in Daqu may pose a risk for Chinese liquor producers.     

High-affinity monoclonal antibodies for detection of the microbial metabolite, 2-methylisoborneol

The production of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) by certain fungi and algae can contribute musty off-flavors to foods and water supplies if uncontrolled. The goal of this research was to develop a nonsensory simple method for the detection of MIB. Anti-MIB monoclonal antibodies were produced by immunizing mice with borneol-conjugated protein and selecting positive clones with an MIB-protein conjugate. An indirect competitive immunoassay developed using this antibody had a detection limit of 0.6 microg L(-)(1) and an I(50) value of 5 microg L(-)(1). Detection was relatively specific for MIB and showed 20% cross-reactivity with borneol or isoborneol and 4-5% cross-reactivity with camphor. No cross-reactivity to geosmin was observed.     

Odor thresholds of microbially induced off-flavor compounds in apple juice

Microbially derived off-flavor is a major problem in apple juice production as it diminishes the sensory quality of the juice significantly. Fifteen relevant off-flavor compounds that are formed in apple juice, for example, by the strains Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris and Actinomycetes (Streptomyces ssp.) were investigated with respect to their sensory relevance. The odor threshold values (i.e., detection and recognition values) were determined for all compounds in the matrix apple juice. Odor threshold values for fenchyl alcohol are reported here for the first time. The obtained values were set in relation to the limits of detection and quantification of a previously published GC-MS method. Eight tainted apple juice samples were analyzed for the presence of the 2 strains and the 15 off-flavor compounds. Both strains could be found in the samples; the presence of Streptomyces ssp. as spoilage bacteria of apple juice is reported for the first time. In samples with distinct off-flavor, 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine, 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine, 2-methylisoborneol, 1-octen-3-ol, fenchyl alcohol, geosmin, and guaiacol as well as 2,6-dibromophenol were determined in concentrations higher than the detection threshold.     

Analysis of 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin in catfish by microwave distillation--solid-phase microextraction

The semivolatile cyclic alcohols 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmin (GSM) impart muddy or musty flavors to water and food products. A rapid quantitative analytical technique has been developed whereby microwave distillation is used to remove the volatile organic compounds from a lipophilic matrix into an aqueous matrix. Solid-phase microextraction (MD-SPME) is then used to extract and concentrate the analytes, which are then desorbed in the injection port of a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) for analysis. Limits of detection are 0.01 microg/kg and limits of quantification are 0.1 microg/kg. MD-SPME is comparable in precision, requires no solvents, and is faster than current methods of analysis. This methodology allows detection of MIB and GSM at concentrations below human sensory thresholds in fish tissue.     

Volatile methoxybenzene compounds in grains with off-odors

More than 20 volatile methoxybenzene compounds were found in a set of 745 corn, sorghum, soybean, and wheat samples obtained from official grain inspectors. Most samples containing methoxybenzenes were off-odor. By using an autosampler, volatiles were purged from whole grain at 80 degrees C, collected on Tenax, and then thermally desorbed and transferred to a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer for separation and identification. Use of an infrared detector aided identification of some compounds, especially isomers with similar mass spectra. Samples with insect odor had 1,4-dimethoxybenzene and its 2-methyl, 2-ethyl, and 2-methoxy derivatives that appeared to be derived from 1,4-quinones, which are known (except for 2-methoxy) defensive secretions of Tribolium insects. Samples with mostly musty, sour, and/or smoke odors commonly contained methoxybenzene and 1, 2-dimethoxybenzene along with their 4-ethyl and 4-ethenyl derivatives, 4-chloro-1-methoxybenzene, and/or 2-methoxyphenol and its 4-ethyl derivative. Other methoxybenzenes were also found, including methoxy derivatives of other phenols and N-heterocyclic compounds. Co-occurrences and correlations of levels of some compounds were also reported to indicate relationships with odors and inter-relationships among compounds.     

去除冷却猪肉辐照异味方法初探

为了探索去除冷却猪肉辐射后异味的方法,研究了气调处理,吸附剂处理及气调与吸附剂组合处理对异味去除的效果,对吸附剂种类,添加量,吸附进程也作了分析。结果表明,预冷猪肉经60% O2 30% CO2 10% N2气调包装,或内置0.01 g/(50 g)肉小包装吸附剂（氯化锌/氧化锌）的薄膜包装后,辐照2.8 kGy,辐照后及冷藏期感觉不出辐照异味,猪肉品质正常。二者组合处理经4.2 kGy辐照后异味达不可察觉程度。     

旱地石灰性土壤上长期施磷对小麦籽粒铁锰铜锌含量的影响

  【目的】  研究石灰性土壤上施用磷肥引起的小麦铁、锰、铜、锌含量的变化及其与作物养分吸收和土壤养分有效性的关系,为旱地小麦磷肥合理施用和丰产优质生产提供科学依据。  【方法】  于2004年在陕西杨凌设置不同磷肥用量的长期定位田间试验,土壤为石灰性土壤,pH 8.3。试验在每个小区施氮(N) 160 kg/hm2的基础上,设置施用P₂O₅ 0、50、100、150、200 kg/hm2 5个水平。于2013—2016年3个收获期取样,测定了小麦地上部各器官生物量和铁、锰、铜、锌含量,及0—20和20—40 cm土层土壤有效铁锰铜锌含量。  【结果】  与不施磷相比,施用磷肥提高了小麦产量和籽粒铁、锰含量,但降低了籽粒铜、锌含量,同时提高了土壤有效铁、锰、锌含量,对有效铜含量影响不显著。进一步回归分析得出,施P₂O₅ 165 kg/hm2时产量最高,为6492 kg/hm2;施P₂O₅ 100 kg/hm2时籽粒铁含量最高,为41.7 mg/kg;施P₂O₅ 94 kg/hm2时籽粒锰含量最高,为37.5 mg/kg;施P₂O₅ 136 kg/hm2时籽粒锌含量最低,为25.4 mg/kg;籽粒铜含量在每增施P₂O₅ 100 kg/hm2时会降低0.4 mg/kg。土壤有效锰、锌在施P₂O₅ 100 kg/hm2时达到最大值,比对照分别提高24%和35%;土壤有效铁在施P₂O₅ 200 kg/hm2时增幅最大,为8%;土壤有效铜在各施磷量下无显著变化。产量为最高产量的95% 时施磷量为 108 kg/hm2,当超过这一施磷量时,产量增幅减小,籽粒铁锰含量不再增加,铜锌含量持续降低。  【结论】  黄土高原石灰性旱地土壤上,长期施磷提高了小麦籽粒铁、锰含量,降低了籽粒铜、锌含量。籽粒铁、锰含量增加与土壤有效铁、锰增加促进了小麦的吸收及向籽粒的转移有关,而籽粒铜、锌含量降低与施磷后土壤有效铜没有显著提高,且高磷抑制铜转运和锌吸收有关。为了兼顾小麦高产与营养平衡,这一地区的施磷量应不超过P₂O₅ 108 kg/hm2,以防止小麦籽粒铜、锌含量进一步降低,并维持合适的籽粒铁、锰含量。     

北方麦区土壤有效磷阈值及小麦产量、籽粒氮磷钾含量对监控施肥的响应

  【目的】  分析我国北方麦区不同土壤有效磷水平下,监控施肥后小麦籽粒产量与养分吸收利用变化,为保证减施磷肥后小麦的丰产、优质、绿色生产提供理论依据。  【方法】  于2018—2020年在我国北方麦区49个地点进行了田间试验。所有试验均设农户施肥(FF)、监控施肥(RF)和监控无磷(RF-P) 3个处理,监控施肥的磷(P₂O₅)肥用量较农户施肥平均减少60 kg/hm2,相当于减少了46%。在小麦成熟期调查了土壤不同磷素水平下,小麦产量、产量构成、籽粒氮磷钾含量,并计算了磷素养分吸收利用率;在小麦收获期,采样测定土壤有效氮磷钾含量。  【结果】  当土壤有效磷<15 mg/kg时,小麦产量最低,为5155 kg/hm2;当土壤有效磷在25～30 mg/kg时,产量达到最高,为7217 kg/hm2;有效磷过高并不能持续提高小麦产量,反而因穗数、千粒重低导致产量降低。土壤有效磷<15、15～20、20～25、25～30和>30 mg/kg时,监控施肥处理小麦产量与农户施肥处理相比差异虽然未达显著水平,但小麦的磷肥吸收效率与磷肥偏生产力平均分别为1.03和104.7 kg/kg,分别较农户处理显著提高了119.6%和112.2%,籽粒氮磷钾含量与农户施肥处理相比无显著差异。当土壤有效磷<15 mg/kg,或速效钾达171和200 mg/kg、有效磷为15～20和>30 mg/kg时,不施磷肥小麦显著减产;但土壤速效钾为147和158 mg/kg、有效磷在20～25和25～30 mg/kg时,不施磷肥不减产。土壤有效磷含量越高,小麦籽粒平均氮含量越低、磷含量越高,籽粒平均钾含量在有效磷为20～25 mg/kg时达到最高。  【结论】  在北方麦区,过高的土壤有效磷含量有降低小麦氮素营养的风险,适当降低磷肥用量在保证产量的同时,还可大幅提高磷肥的利用率。土壤有效磷维持在20～30 mg/kg时,减施或不施磷肥依然可以实现小麦高产,但若速效钾>170 mg/kg时不施磷肥小麦有减产风险。因此,应基于对小麦目标产量、籽粒养分含量和土壤有效磷钾的监控,确定合理的磷肥用量,实现北方麦区化肥减施,小麦稳产提质增效和绿色生产。     

冬小麦上短控释期尿素的适宜施用量与施用方法研究

【目的】控释尿素受土壤温度、 水分等环境条件的影响,应用效果不一。对比相同施氮量下一次性基施控释尿素与尿素分期施用,以及控释尿素和普通尿素追施对冬小麦籽粒产量、 品质, 氮肥利用率及综合经济效益的影响,可为控释尿素的合理施用提供理论和技术依据。【方法】采用大田试验,选用新麦26为供试材料,随机区组试验设计,调查了冬小麦籽粒产量、 主要品质性状、 氮肥利用率及经济效益。设两个试验,试验1: 控释尿素和普通尿素各设5个氮肥水平,即N 0、 120、 160、 200和240 kg/hm2; 试验2: 设不施氮肥、 N 200 kg/hm2总氮量下普通尿素和控释尿素均40%返青期追施3个处理。【结果】 1)与不施氮(CK)相比,控释尿素和普通尿素均可显著提高小麦籽粒产量,且随着施氮量的增加而增加,其中以分期施用普通尿素N 240 kg/hm2处理籽粒产量最高。相同施氮量下,分期施用普通尿素处理小麦籽粒产量显著高于一次性基施控释尿素处理(N 160 kg/hm2除外)。然而,返青期追施控释尿素处理小麦籽粒产量显著高于同期追施普通尿素处理,增产率达15.8%; 2)相同施氮量下,分期施用普通尿素处理较一次性基施控释尿素处理的小麦籽粒容重、 蛋白质含量、 水分含量、 湿面筋含量均有所提高,且两种尿素处理间籽粒容重在N 160 kg/hm2和N 200 kg/hm2时差异达显著水平。然而,返青期追施控释尿素处理小麦籽粒容重、 湿面筋含量、 蛋白质含量等品质指标显著高于同期追施普通尿素处理; 3)两种尿素处理氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力随施氮量的增加而降低,在相同施氮量下分期施用普通尿素处理显著高于一次性基施控释尿素处理。此外,与分期施用普通尿素处理相比,一次性基施控释尿素处理减少了小麦拔节期追肥人工成本投入,但由于一次性基施控释尿素处理籽粒产量较低和氮肥价格较高,导致经济效益相对较低。然而,试验2结果表明,返青期追施控释尿素处理氮素利用率(氮肥农学效率、 氮肥偏生产力及氮素回收率)和经济效益显著高于同期追施普通尿素处理。【结论】本研究地区较适宜的推荐氮肥施用量为N 200 kg/hm2,一次性基施控释尿素较适宜于劳力欠缺的农户,而对于个别劳力充足的农户则适宜采用分期追施普通尿素或者小麦返青期追施控释尿素的氮肥管理技术。因此,在当前农村劳动力日益减少,用工成本日益增加以及种粮比较效益持续降低的大环境下,氮素肥料合理选择和施用技术要依据实际情况而定。     

Quantitative determination of geosmin in red beets (Beta vulgaris L.) using headspace solid-phase microextraction

An improved analytical method for the determination of geosmin in red beets was developed using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HSPME). Volatiles of beet juice were extracted in headspace for 2 h using a polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene fiber, thermally desorbed from the fiber, and analyzed by gas chromatography. The HSPME method was determined to be suitable for geosmin analysis as evidenced by high relative recovery (99.2%), low relative standard deviation (7.48%), and reasonable detection limit (1 microg/kg of beet root tissue). The concentrations of geosmin in four beet cultivars ranged from 9.69 +/- 0.22 to 26.7 +/- 0.27 microg/kg, depending on cultivar.     

Volatiles obtained from whole and ground grain samples by supercritical carbon dioxide and direct helium purge methods: observations on 2,3-butanediols and halogenated anisoles.

Volatile compounds were obtained from whole and ground grain samples by two methods. In the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method, volatiles were extracted from the grain with supercritical carbon dioxide, trapped at -78 degrees C, and then transferred via a purge-and-trap instrument to a gas chromatograph with mass and infrared detectors (GC-MS/IR) for separation and identification. In the direct-helium-purge method (DHP), volatiles were purged directly from the grain into the purge-and-trap instrument for subsequent transfer to the GC-MS/IR system. With SFE, extraction of volatiles was favored by ground grain, low pressures (相似文献   

施磷量与小麦产量的关系及其对土壤、气候因素的响应

【目的】分析在有效磷含量不同的土壤中磷肥施用量对小麦籽粒产量的影响,探明在保证小麦高产的前提下,不同有效磷含量土壤中施磷量与小麦籽粒产量之间的关系,为小麦生产中合理施用磷肥、改善农田生态环境提供理论依据。【方法】本研究根据1990—2017年间已公开发表的有关中国磷肥田间试验的文献,建立土壤有效磷、施磷量和小麦籽粒产量的数据库。采用数据整合分析方法(Meta-analysis),研究在3个土壤有效磷梯度(< 10、10～20、> 20 mg/kg)下,不同施磷(P₂O₅)量(< 60、60～90、90～120、120～150、> 150 kg/hm2)对小麦籽粒产量的影响,分析施磷量与小麦籽粒产量之间的关系及其对环境因素的响应。【结果】1)除在有效磷 > 20 mg/kg的土壤上施用P₂O₅ > 90 kg/hm2的高量磷肥外,在其它有效磷含量土壤上施用磷肥对小麦籽粒产量的提高均具有正影响。具体表现为:在有效磷 < 10 mg/kg的土壤上,小麦籽粒产量随施磷量的升高而呈直线上升趋势,其中施P₂O₅ > 150 kg/hm2的磷肥对小麦的增产作用最强(36.6%);在有效磷含量为10～20 mg/kg的土壤上,90～120 kg/hm2的P₂O₅施用量对小麦的增产作用最强(25.8%);在有效磷含量 > 20 mg/kg的土壤上,小麦籽粒产量与施磷量的关系符合米歇里西方程,即小麦籽粒产量随施磷量先增加后达到平衡,且磷肥施用对小麦的有效增产作用相对较弱(< 8%)。2)在不同的环境因素下磷肥施用对小麦籽粒产量的提高均为正影响。具体表现为:在不同的气候类型条件下,亚热带季风气候条件下施用磷肥对小麦籽粒产量的提高幅度为19.4%,高于亚热带季风气候区(10.7%);在不同土壤类型条件下,黑垆土中磷肥施用对小麦籽粒产量的提高幅度为34.4%,显著高于黄棕壤(10.3%)、棕壤(9.2%)和褐土(15.6%);在不同小麦种植区中,春小麦区中磷肥施用对小麦籽粒产量的提升幅度为32.9%,显著高于北方冬小麦区(13.9%)和南冬小麦区(10.8%)。【结论】在试验前初始有效磷含量不同的土壤中,磷肥施用量对小麦籽粒产量的影响程度不尽相同,其中在亚热带季风气候、黑垆土、春小麦区条件下施磷的增产作用较强。因此,在小麦生产过程中施用磷肥时应充分考虑当地的土壤有效磷含量,适量施肥,减少磷素浪费,保护农业生态环境。     

旱地高产小麦品种籽粒锌含量差异与产量构成和锌吸收利用的关系

【目的】 明确旱地条件下高产小麦品种籽粒锌含量差异与产量构成及锌吸收利用的关系,对通过品种选育和施肥调控提高旱地小麦籽粒产量和锌营养,实现小麦高产优质生产有重要意义。 【方法】 于2013—2016年连续三年在黄土高原典型旱地进行了小麦裂区田间试验。 以我国主要麦区的123个小麦品种为试材,每个品种设置不施肥和施N 150 kg/hm2、P₂O₅ 100 kg/hm2两个处理。分析了高产小麦籽粒锌含量差异及其与干物质累积、产量构成、锌吸收和分配之间的关系。 【结果】 施肥条件下,高产小麦品种籽粒锌含量存在显著差异,小麦籽粒锌含量与籽粒产量间无显著相关性,但与千粒重、锌吸收量、锌收获指数和籽粒锌形成效率呈显著正相关,与穗粒数呈显著负相关。在高产品种中,无论施肥与否高锌品种的籽粒锌含量均显著高于低锌品种;高锌品种的籽粒锌含量因施肥而显著提高,低锌品种却降低。施肥条件下,高锌品种的籽粒产量、生物量和收获指数与低锌品种相比无显著差异,穗数却显著降低;高锌品种的籽粒锌吸收量、地上部锌吸收量、锌收获指数和籽粒锌形成效率均显著高于低锌品种。且高锌品种的产量、生物量、穗数、穗粒数和锌吸收量因施肥引起的提高幅度均亦显著高于低锌品种。 【结论】 在黄土高原旱地低锌土壤上,无论是品种选育还是施肥调控,促进小麦锌的吸收和向籽粒的转移是提高小麦籽粒锌含量的关键。      

不同形态氮肥及其用量对强筋小麦氮素转运、产量和品质的影响

【目的】研究强筋小麦产量品质形成的适宜氮肥形态和施氮量,对增加小麦产量、提高籽粒品质及减少农田氮污染有重要意义,同时为合理精确运筹施氮提供理论依据。【方法】田间试验采用二因素裂区设计,氮肥形态为主区(硝态氮肥、铵态氮肥、酰铵态氮肥),氮肥用量为副区(低氮75kg/hm^2、中氮150kg/hm^2、高氮225kg/hm^2)。分析小麦的氮转运量和产量、品质。【结果】1)在同一形态氮肥下,小麦成熟期氮累积量、籽粒产量和收获指数均在中氮(150kg/hm^2)处理达到最大值,中氮(150kg/hm^2)处理能通过显著增加花前氮转运量和花后氮积累量进而提高籽粒含氮量。生物产量、籽粒蛋白质组分含量(除醇溶蛋白)、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、面筋指数、总淀粉、直链淀粉、支链淀粉、可溶性糖和蔗糖含量均随施氮量增加而提高。2)在同一施氮量下,硝态氮肥和酰胺态氮肥处理的小麦各时期植株含氮量、生物产量和籽粒产量均显著高于铵态氮肥(P<0.05),硝态氮肥和酰胺态氮肥的籽粒产量处理无显著差异(除低氮处理)。铵态氮肥处理的品质最差,酰胺态氮肥处理更有利于增加蛋白质和淀粉含量,改善籽粒品质,酰胺态氮肥处理的氮素吸收效率和氮素生产效率最高。3)不同形态氮肥显著影响穗数,施氮量显著影响千粒重。产量和品质达到最优所需的氮肥用量不同,中氮(150kg/hm^2)时产量最高,高氮(225kg/hm^2)时品质最优。4)方差分析表明,不同形态氮肥和施氮量对冬小麦各生育阶段氮素积累量及所占比例有极显著的影响(P<0.01),且二者存在极显著的互作效应。通径分析表明,叶片花前氮转运量对产量的直接影响最大,直接通径系数为0.614。【结论】酰胺态氮肥是适合该地区的氮肥种类,酰胺态氮肥在中氮(150kg/hm^2)条件下能显著提高强筋小麦产量和籽粒含氮量,在高氮(225kg/hm^2)条件下能显著改善强筋小麦品质,因此在实际小麦生产中要根据产量品质要求合理运筹氮肥。     

锌与氮磷钾配合喷施对小麦锌累积、分配及转移的影响

【目的】 在作物上喷施锌肥与目前应用较广泛的喷施大量元素肥料 (氮、磷或钾肥) 相配合,是解决人体锌缺乏问题的重要途径。本研究初步阐明了锌与氮、磷及钾肥配合喷施对小麦籽粒锌营养品质的影响机制,为小麦籽粒有效可行富锌方法提供理论参考。 【方法】 2010—2014年连续进行了4年裂区田间试验。主处理为不同氮肥用量土施 (N 0、120和240 kg/hm2),副处理为喷蒸馏水 (CK)、喷0.3% ZnSO₄ (Zn)、喷0.3% ZnSO₄和1.7%尿素 (Zn + N)、喷0.3% ZnSO₄和0.2% KH₂PO₄ (Zn + P + K)、喷0.3% ZnSO₄和0.5% K₂SO₄ (Zn + K)。分析测定小麦开花期地上部以及成熟期各部位 (籽粒、叶片、颖壳和茎秆) 锌含量,研究锌与氮、磷或钾肥配合喷施对锌在成熟期小麦各部位的分配,以及花前和花后锌分配比例及其对籽粒锌累积的表观贡献率的影响。 【结果】 喷施Zn、Zn + N、Zn + P + K或Zn + K处理后锌含量提升幅度以叶片最大 (2.4～7.7倍),颖壳 (2.0～4.7倍) 和籽粒 (1.8～2.4倍) 次之,茎秆最小 (0.2～1.0倍),锌在叶片和颖壳分配比明显提高。与单喷Zn相比,Zn + N或Zn + K处理籽粒和叶片锌含量进一步增加,而Zn + P + K处理籽粒和叶片锌含量均有所降低。与Zn处理相比,花后营养器官锌吸收量及其向籽粒的转移量在喷Zn + N时分别增加12和14 g/hm2,在喷Zn + K时增加44和32 g/hm2,但喷Zn + P + K时分别降低37和18 g/hm2。土施氮肥亦可显著增加籽粒和各营养器官锌含量,以及锌在营养器官的累积和再转移,但增幅明显低于各喷锌处理。此外,与Zn处理相比,Zn + N、Zn + P + K或Zn + K处理未进一步影响锌在小麦各部位的分配,但锌肥的回收率在Zn + N或Zn + K处理下显著提高,在Zn + P + K处理下显著降低。 【结论】 锌肥与氮肥或钾肥配合喷施,主要通过增加营养器官对锌的吸收及向籽粒的转移量,进一步提高籽粒锌含量,而磷锌配合喷施通过降低营养器官对锌的吸收及向籽粒的转移进而降低籽粒锌含量。