茶尺蠖性信息素的田间使用技术及防治效果

为明确茶尺蠖Ectropis obliqua性信息素的田间使用技术,在田间设置茶尺蠖性信息素诱捕器的5、10和20 m挂放密度处理区及其对照区,并对不同处理区和对照区中诱捕器诱集的茶尺蠖成虫和幼虫数量以及同一挂放密度下距性信息素诱捕器不同距离的茶尺蠖幼虫数量进行调查,确定性信息素诱捕器的最佳挂放间距;在此基础上确定性信息素诱捕器对茶尺蠖的田间防治效果,并利用性信息素诱捕器对茶尺蠖成虫的田间动态进行监测。结果表明:在任何一个挂放密度下,处理区诱捕器诱集的茶尺蠖成虫数量均显著高于对照区诱捕器,但在不同挂放密度的小区之间单个诱捕器诱集的成虫数量差异不显著;当茶尺蠖幼虫重度发生(1 361.57头/m~2)时,10 m间隔挂放1套性信息素诱捕器可显著降低茶尺蠖幼虫的发生数量;当茶尺蠖幼虫轻度发生(38.40头/m~2)时,间距为20 m挂放一套性信息素诱捕器时,茶尺蠖的校正防治效果可达88.44%;茶尺蠖性信息素诱捕器在6月上旬、8月上旬、8月下旬至9月初、9月下旬分别有一个明显的诱捕高峰期,与田间茶尺蠖的发生高峰期基本一致。表明茶尺蠖性信息素诱捕器可作为大量诱捕和虫情监测的手段在茶园中应用。     

灰茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒对两种尺蠖的致病性

灰茶尺蠖核型多角体病毒(Ectropis grisescens Nucleopolyhedrovirus,Eg NPV)是灰茶尺蠖幼虫的重要病原微生物。为明确其对茶树重要害虫尺蠖类的两个近缘种灰茶尺蠖Ectropis grisescens Warren和茶尺蠖E.obliqua Prout的致病性,进行了一系列的生物测定。结果表明,EgNPV对2龄灰茶尺蠖和茶尺蠖幼虫的剂量对数-死亡机率值回归方程和LC₅₀分别为y=0.943x+0.3582,LC₅₀=8.3×10⁴PIB/mL;y=0.663x+1.614,LC₅₀=1.3×10⁵PIB/mL。当使用不同浓度EgNPV处理不同龄期灰茶尺蠖和茶尺蠖幼虫时发现,两种幼虫致死率趋势大致相同;在虫龄一致时,达到相同的致病率,灰茶尺蠖所需的时间比茶尺蠖平均短一天。使用2×10⁶PIB/mL浓度处理不同代别灰茶尺蠖和茶尺蠖2龄幼虫,在第1、2和第6代,EgNPV对两种幼虫的致死率均大于80%。上述结果表明灰茶尺蠖核...     

茶尺蠖信息素诱捕茶园茶尺蠖试验报告

为验证英格尔公司生产的茶尺蠖信息素在茶园茶尺蠖防治上的作用和效果,以获取科学、准确的试验数据,优化集成茶叶绿色防控技术,我们开展了茶尺蠖信息素诱捕茶园茶尺蠖试验。1试验材料和方法1.1诱集材料茶尺蠖信息素诱芯,注塑三角型诱捕器,均由漳州市英格尔农业科技有限公司生产和提供。1.2试验地该试验设在英山县红山镇乌云山村三组石顺本、石立贵两农户茶园进行。该试验茶园地形较密闭,与其它的地块隔离较好,茶树为多年生,     

鄂南茶区茶尺蠖与茶毛虫发生规律及防治技术

<正>茶尺蠖和茶毛虫是鄂南茶树的主要害虫,造成茶叶减产,对茶叶生产影响大。茶尺蠖幼虫咬食叶片呈弧形缺刻,为害严重时,将茶树新梢吃成光秃,仅留秃枝,使树势衰弱,耐寒力差,易受冻害。大发生时,常将整片茶园啃食一光,状如火烧,茶叶减产60%以上。茶毛虫以幼虫咬食茶树成叶,影响茶树的生长和茶叶产量。为害严重时,可将茶树的嫩枝、花蕾、幼果咬食殆尽,仅留秃枝,远看似枯树,导致减产。由于茶     

短稳杆菌对茶尺蠖药效试验

农业部2年4地药效试验结果表明,短稳杆菌100亿孢子/ml悬浮剂对抗药性较强的小菜蛾、斜纹夜蛾、稻纵卷叶螟幼虫有较高的致死效果。为探讨该药对茶树害虫的应用价值,本试验选择茶尺蠖为应用对象,以当地常用的高效氯氰菊脂4.5%乳油为对照,进行药效对比。结果表明：药后1 d,茶尺蠖低龄幼虫全部死亡,3龄以上高龄幼虫部分死亡;药后3 d,茶尺蠖幼虫死亡率高达100%,且药后3~7 d内未见田间有新的茶尺蠖幼虫出现。由此可见,短稳杆菌100亿孢子/mL悬浮剂对茶尺蠖也具有较高的致死效果。     

茶尺蠖绒茧蜂放蜂试验

茶尺蠖(茶尺蛾)Ectropis obliqua hypulina Wehrli是我国华东地区的一种主要茶树害虫。单寄生于其幼虫体内的茶尺蠖绒茧蜂Apanteles sp.是目前已知的最主要的天敌。为了在此虫防治上开辟一条新的途径,减少用药,减少农药残留和环境污染,在几年来茶尺蠖幼虫期寄生天敌自然寄生率考查、茶尺蠖绒茧蜂生物学特性研究以及     

灰茶尺蠖为害诱导茶树释放的互利素的鉴定

为鉴定灰茶尺蠖为害诱导茶树释放的互利素,遂以SDE法提取灰茶尺蠖为害茶梢和正常茶梢挥发物,经GC-MS检测,分别鉴定出31和25种组分,二者总含量相对于等剂量内标的含量分别是1863.8%和1124.6%。与正常茶梢相比,灰茶尺蠖为害茶梢挥发物中苯甲醛、反-2-癸烯醛、吲哚、水杨酸、反-2-己烯醛和己醛含量显著增加。将灰茶尺蠖为害茶梢挥发物的18种主要组分分别溶于液体石蜡制成10^-4g/mL味源,以Y形嗅觉仪检测茶尺蠖绒茧峰对味源的趋性;与液体石蜡相比,苯甲醛、水杨酸、反-2-己烯醛和己醛诱效显著,反-2癸烯醛、4-庚烯醛和吲哚的诱效明显,其他11组分无明显诱效。再将前7种组分配成10^-2g/mL引诱剂,分别载于橡皮头制成诱芯,附于芽绿粘板上,在茶园茶尺蠖绒茧蜂盛发期实施诱捕,携带前4种诱芯的芽绿粘板诱捕的蜂数明显多于后3种、且显著多于无诱芯的芽绿粘板,而且携带10^-2g/mL苯甲醛、水杨酸和反-2-己烯醛等量混合物诱芯的诱效最强。认为苯甲醛、水杨酸、反-2-己烯醛和己醛是灰茶尺蠖取食诱导的茶树互利素。     

4种生物农药对茶尺蠖的控制效果评价

2016—2017年调查了杭州临安茶园的茶尺蠖发生情况,开展了100亿孢子/mL短稳杆菌悬浮剂、茶核·苏云菌、0.6%苦参碱水剂、1%苦皮藤素乳油4种生物农药防治茶尺蠖的田间试验,明确各药剂的防虫效果及对茶树的安全性。结果表明,在茶尺蠖低龄幼虫高峰期按推荐剂量施用上述生物农药进行防治,药后7d内均能有效控制茶尺蠖为害,第7天防效达97%以上,与对照化学药剂25 g/L联苯菊酯乳油防效相当,且对茶树生长安全。     

大蒜精油对灰茶尺蠖的室内毒力及田间防效

采用大蒜精油对灰茶尺蠖进行了室内及田间药效试验,结果表明大蒜精油对灰茶尺蠖的致死中浓度(LC50)为1 038.60 mg/L,50%大蒜精油100~250倍液对灰茶尺蠖低龄幼虫具有良好的速效性和持效性,建议生产中可在灰茶尺蠖1~2龄幼虫发生期喷施100~250倍液大蒜精油。这一结果为开发大蒜精油作为茶树主要害虫的新型低毒高效植物源药剂提供了依据。     

茶尺蠖和灰茶尺蠖幼虫两种共有寄生蜂的鉴定

茶尺蠖Ectropis obliqua (Prout)及其近缘种灰茶尺蠖E. grisescens Warren是我国茶树上最为重要的两种食叶性害虫,茶尺蠖绒茧蜂Apanteles sp.和单白绵绒茧蜂Apanteles sp.是茶尺蠖Ectropis spp.幼虫期最重要的两种寄生性天敌昆虫。为了明确这两种绒茧蜂的物种名称及形态差别,同时探明这两种绒茧蜂是否是茶尺蠖和灰茶尺蠖的共有寄生蜂,本研究采集了我国8省22个地方的茶尺蠖或灰茶尺蠖幼虫,通过室内饲养获得两种绒茧蜂的标本,对标本进行形态鉴定;同时将两种绒茧蜂的COI基因序列与Bold数据库中已知物种进行比对。结果表明,从野生茶尺蠖和灰茶尺蠖幼虫中均饲养出之前报道的茶尺蠖绒茧蜂Apanteles sp.和单白绵绒茧蜂Apanteles sp.两种寄生蜂;形态鉴定和分子比对结果表明,这两种广义绒茧蜂Apantelesspp.实为尺蠖原绒茧蜂Protapantelesimmunis(Haliday,1834)和单白绵副绒茧蜂Parapanteles hyposidrae (Wilkinson, 1928)。本研究明确了40多年前国内报道...     

New South Wales Department of Agriculture,Entomology Branch,Annual Report 1966-7 (extracts)

Abstract

Damage to tea plants due to a root infection was observed on an estate in southern Malawi. Initial symptoms on plants in the infected areas varied from yellowing of leaves on individual branches followed by dieback to a more frequent rapid wilting of the leaves of entire bushes. The bark surface of superficial roots and collar region was covered by a loose mat of coarse fungal mycelium varying from white or cream to pale or bright yellow in colour. Infection was well developed on a large proportion of roots of affected plants before foliage symptoms appeared. The causal agent was identified as Pseudophaeolus baudonii (Pat.) Ryv.; this is the first record of the fungus in Malawi and the first record of its occurrence anywhere on tea. The fungus is widely distributed in Africa on a range of hosts. It is not yet known how the fungus is transmitted and definite control methods cannot be recommended although it is suggested that entire tea crops in diseased areas be removed and the land used for tobacco production. It is unlikely thatP. baudonii will have serious economic effects on tea crops in the area.     

土庄绣线菊化学成分的分析及综合评价

采用GB/T8312、GB/T8313、GB/T8314、GB/T5009.12、GB/T5009.13、GB/T5009.18等方法对11个不同生长期的土庄绣线菊不同利用部位的11种化学成分进行了枪测.从11项检测指标中提取3个主成分指标构建数学评价模型,并基于综合评价得分(Z)将12个样品(包括砖茶)聚为5类,第1...     

Efficacy of various fungicides and indigenous biocontrol agents against red root rot disease of tea plants

An experiment was conducted to study the effectiveness of contact, systemic and botanical fungicides, and indigenous biocontrol agents in controlling red root rot disease of tea plants. In general, all tested bioagents, the combination of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma atroviride reduced red root disease incidence recorded in two consecutive field experiments. Among the fourteen treatments tested, soil drenching of systemic fungicides was superior but similar to the combination between P. fluorescens and T. atroviride. In contrast, the maximum green leaf yield and plant growth was achieved when soil application of biocontrol agents was carried out. However, the performance of these biocontrol agents under various combinations was on par with systemic fungicides, but superior to botanical fungicides. Correspondingly, the physiological and biochemical parameters were also greatly increased in plants in several treatments when compared to untreated control. The disease increased from 31.5 % to 40.0 % in untreated control plots and those plants were unhealthy in terms of leaf yellowing, stunted growth with heavy flowering, drying of branches and sudden death of bushes. The tea quality parameters were significantly improved in treated plants including total liquor colour, thearubigins, theaflavins, highly polymerized substance and caffeine contents.     

茶园间作功能植物对茶小绿叶蝉的调控作用

为研究间作功能植物对茶园主要害虫茶小绿叶蝉的影响,于2017—2018年在福建省泉州市安溪县茶园间作白三叶Trifolium repens L.、金花菜Medicago hispida Gaertn.、金盏菊Calendula officinalis L.,以自然留养杂草茶园为对照,用网捕法采集茶小绿叶蝉并于室内计数,镜检剥查法调查其茶梢着卵量。结果表明,在4种不同生境管理茶园网捕茶小绿叶蝉总个体数及每月个体数均无显著差异;茶小绿叶蝉个体数分别在2017年8月与2018年6月达到高峰。茶梢各节间着卵量不同,主要产卵在顶芽之下第2～5节间,以第4节着卵量最多。间作金盏菊茶园茶小绿叶蝉在茶梢第1节着卵量显著高于间作白三叶和金花菜茶园。不同生境管理茶园茶小绿叶蝉在茶梢第4节着卵量从大到小依次为间作金盏菊(8.13)、间作金花菜(7.50)、自然留养杂草(7.17)和间作白三叶茶园(6.57)。不同时间段4种不同生境管理茶园茶小绿叶蝉在茶梢各节之间的着卵量存在差异,且均在9月上中旬着卵量达到高峰。在茶园间作功能植物,短期内未见其显著降低茶小绿叶蝉网捕量和茶梢着卵量的效应。     

Coffee berry disease in Kenya. I. Colletotrichum spp. colonizing the bark of Coffea arabica

Several species ofColletotrichum occur in maturing bark ofCoffea arabica branches in Kenya. TheColletotrichum population inhabits the bark tissue external to the developing phellogens in the cortex. TheColletotrichum species are unable to invade green bark tissue, where the phellogen has not yet been differentiated, while colonization ceases on the phelloderm of the true bark. Only one of theColletotrichum species discussed in this paper,C. coffeanum, can infect green coffee berries. Shortly after the initiation of the first phellogen in the cortex the parasite is in a small area in the bark. It cannot be found in bark tissues where more phellogens have been formed and where the colour of the bark has changed from yellow-green to brown or black. From the bark ofC. liberica trees, grown in Kenya, andC. arabica cv. ’lsBourbon’, grown in greenhouses in the Netherlands one of the saprophytic components of theColletotrichum population could be isolated. It was impossible to induce ddie-back symptoms or mere infection by inoculation of green internodes even after wounding of live branches ofC. arabica with any of theColletotrichum components colonizing the bark. It is suggested that die-back systems of coffee in Kenya are primarily caused by unfavourable growing conditions.     

保存昆虫幼虫“原色”标本的初步研究

通过若干种昆虫幼虫皮层生理結构的解剖观察,初步明确了体色、花斑、花纹等在皮层分布規律与幼虫体色的形成,从而探知幼虫标本在固定保存过程中变色的原因,并根据这些观察结果,研究出一种幼虫“原色”标本的保存法。     

茶蚜在茶树不同部位上刺探行为的差异

电子学穿刺记录技术(EPG)研究表明,茶蚜口针在茶树芽下第1叶、芽头、嫩茎和第4叶韧皮部中分泌(E1)和吸食(E2)的历时分别占总试验时间的30.6%、22.8%、9.6%和5.4%,差异显著(P＜0.05).在第1叶上,多数供试茶蚜的口针第1次刺探就能够深入韧皮部、分泌消化液而产生E1波,第1次在韧皮部中的分泌(E1)就能引发从韧皮部的吸食(E2).但在芽头、嫩茎和第4叶上,只有少数供试茶蚜有这样的刺吸活动.证实茶蚜嗜好第1叶.该习性与第1叶的营养组分和物理特性相关.     

不同生态茶园昆虫群落多样性研究

对4种不同类型生态茶园中昆虫群落进行调查,共发现茶树害虫50种,天敌45种;生态茶园与纯茶园相比,其昆虫群落丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度指数较高,而优势度指数较低;昆虫群落多样性为梨茶间作>林窗式茶园>杉茶间作>纯茶园。茶园物种的多样性与它的稳定性紧密相关,多样性越强,其稳定性越好,害虫大发生的几率较小。     

Ecological Studies on the Larger Grain Borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Col.: Bostrichidae) and their Implications for Integrated Pest Management

In this article, we review studies of the ecology of the larger grain borer, Protephanus truncatus, both outside and within the maize storage systems. Laboratory studies have shown that P. truncatus can breed on a wide range of woody substrates (branches, roots, and seeds). Pheromone trap catches in different habitats strongly suggest that P. truncatus is well-established in certain non-agricultural environments, presumably breeding in dead or dying wood. In Meso-America, West and East Africa, P. truncatus reproduction in the field has been documented in branches ring-barked by cerambycid beetles. Within a maize store, P. truncatus densities can increase from very small initial colonies of probably less than 200 individuals to densities in excess of 1000 beetles per kg after about 4–6 months of storage. Insect parasitoids are very often found in smallholders' grain stores attacked by P. truncatus, but they do not contribute significantly to population regulation. Declines in maize store population levels in Benin from 1993 to 1996, and in adult abundance in pheromone traps in the natural environment in Kenya, have been attributed to predation by the introduced predator, Teretrius nigrescens, but in recent years pheromone trap catches in West Africa suggest that the situation may be complex. Several environmental factors, notably temperature, humidity, and daylength, and their interactions, have been correlated with P. truncatus flight activity, as well as, in West Africa, the emptying of maize stores. Laboratory experiments have shown food quality also affects flight activity. Factors terminating dispersal and flight are most likely attraction to the male-released aggregation pheromone. Short range attraction to plant volatiles has also been recorded. In Africa the highest densities of P. truncatus tend to occur in humid lowlands, which contrasts with the situation in meso-America where P. truncatus tend to occur in greatest numbers in cooler upland regions. Pheromone trap catches can be significant predictors of the risk of stores becoming infested. Coupled with the development of a rule-based model of flight activity, these studies may offer the prospect of predicting the risk of store infestation based upon temperature and humidity measurements.