致断奶仔猪腹泻、水肿病大肠杆菌F18菌毛a因子单克隆抗体的研制及其初步应用

以表达 F18ac菌毛参考菌株 2 134(O15 7∶ H19)为研究对象 ,摸索出了 F18ac菌毛表达的最佳条件 ,采用热洗脱法获得了较纯的 F18ac菌毛 ,并以之免疫小鼠 ,利用淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术 ,用直接玻板凝集法筛选出 1株杂交瘤细胞株 19B4 ,能稳定分泌针对 F18ac菌毛和 F18ab菌毛共同抗原表位 a因子的单克隆抗体。细胞培养上清对 F18ac菌毛参考菌株 2 134和 F18ab菌毛参考菌株 10 7/ 86的直接凝集价均可达 1∶ 8,腹水单抗直接凝集效价可达 1∶ 10 2 4 ,而与猪源产 F4、F5、F6和 F4 1粘附素大肠杆菌菌株、鸡源产 型菌毛大肠杆菌菌株及沙门氏菌不发生凝集反应。免疫印迹试验结果显示 ,腹水单抗可同时特异识别 F18ac菌毛 170 0 0和 F18ab菌毛 15 0 0 0左右的主要亚单位多肽。应用所研制的单抗对 2 15株断奶仔猪腹泻大肠杆菌分离株进行了检测 ,结果上述分离株 TSB培养物的 F18菌毛的检出率为13.4 % ,TSA培养物的检出率为 8.4 %。F18菌毛阳性分离株的 O血清型除了常见血清型 O139、O14 1外 ,还有非常见血清型 O10 7、O131和 O9等。TSB培养物的 F18菌毛检出率明显高于 TSA培养物的检出率 ,表明 F18菌毛在 TSB培养基中比在 TSA培养基上更容易表达 ,TSB培养基是适合 F18菌毛检测、流行病学调查的培养基     

大肠杆菌菌毛类型检测及表达因素的研究

产肠毒素性大肠杆菌(ETEC)是引起幼畜下痢的主要病原之一,而其菌毛则是ETEC引起腹泻的最主要毒力因子。菌毛和相应宿主动物肠上皮细胞相黏附,定居肠道,产生毒素进而引起疾病。迄今在动物ETEC中已经发现的菌毛主要有F1、F4(K88)、F5(K99)、F6(987P)、F41等。除F6外,每种菌毛均具     

禽病原性大肠杆菌Ⅰ型菌毛单克隆抗体的研制及其对分离株的检测

从禽病原性大肠杆菌分离株 TK3 ( O1 )提取 型菌毛免疫 BALB/c小鼠 ,取其脾细胞与小鼠骨髓瘤细胞融合 ,获得 4株能稳定分泌针对 型菌毛的单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株 ,分别命名为 a B6 、b G5 、c F3和 c G3。单抗阻断甘露糖敏感血凝试验、免疫胶体金和 Western blot试验证明 ,单抗是 型菌毛特异的。这些单抗培养上清及腹水的 ELISA效价为分别为 1 0 - 2～ 1 0 - 3和 1 0 - 5～ 1 0 - 6 ;腹水的平板凝集价为 1∶ 1 2 8～ 1∶ 2 56。上述4株单抗对 77株带 型菌毛的禽病原性大肠杆菌优势血清型分离株进行了检测 :O1 8分离株阳性率为72 %,O78分离株阳性率为 1 7%,O2分离株阳性率为 3 3 %,O88分离株阳性率 89%,O1 1分离株阳性率为60 %,O2 6分离株阳性率为 3 3 %。表明研制的 型菌毛单抗能检出大多数 O1 8、O88、O1 1分离株的 型菌毛 ,而对 O78、O2、O2 6分离株相应菌毛的检出率较低     

动物性食品源大肠杆菌O血清型鉴定及其K88菌毛基因检测

本研究对河北省冀东地区农贸市场和超市采集的生猪肉、生鸡蛋和生羊肉等分离得到的20株大肠杆菌进行大肠杆菌血清型鉴定;并检测不同血清型大肠杆菌的K88菌毛基因。采用常规方法进行大肠杆菌的O血清型鉴定,用PCR方法检测K88菌毛基因。分离鉴定的20株大肠杆菌有7种血清型,包括O38、O78、O88、O11、O107、O91、O9,其中O38、O78为优势血清型菌,均占分离菌株的25%(5/20)。在分离的动物性食品源大肠杆菌中有30%(6/20)的菌株K88菌毛基因扩增呈阳性。结果表明,O78、O38为冀东地区动物性食品源大肠杆菌常见血清型,30%(6/20)的菌株K88菌毛基因扩增阳性。     

致猪水肿病大肠杆菌F18ab菌毛单克隆抗体的研制及其初步应用

将致猪水肿病大肠杆菌 F18ab菌毛提纯 ,以其免疫 BAL B/ c小鼠 ,利用淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术 ,经 3次融合 ,共筛选出 4株能稳定分泌针对 F18ab菌毛的特异单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株 4 G8、4 H11、4 A2和 3A12 ,腹水单抗的直接凝集价最高可达 1∶ 32 0 0。免疫印迹试验表明 ,4株腹水单抗均可特异识别 F18ab菌毛 Mr 15 0 0 0左右的主要亚单位多肽。应用所研制的单抗对 11株猪水肿病大肠杆菌分离株 F18ab菌毛表达情况进行了检测 ,结果显示 ,上述分离株中F18ab菌毛的出现率为 72 .7% (8/ 11) ,检出的 F18ab菌毛阳性分离株的 O血清型均为 O1 39。     

海安县猪水肿病的流行病学与病原特性研究

对江苏省海安县2003年5月-2004年5月各乡镇猪水肿病的发病和死亡情况进行了流行病学调查,发现猪水肿病在该地区呈零星散发性发生,发病率为0.31%～1.84%,死亡率为0.07%～0.56%,病死率为16.0%～35.0%。水肿病主要侵害仔猪,育成猪也偶有发生,一般以气温比较高的季节多发。同时从疑似猪水肿病的病料中分离到12株大肠杆菌,经O血清型鉴定,5株为O139,2株为O45,O55、O93、O9、O101、O119各1株。经多重PCR检测毒素基因(STa、STb、LT、SLT-2e)和大肠杆菌粘附素单抗(F4、F5、F6、F41、F18)检测菌毛,共6个分离株带有SLT-2e基因,其中O139分离株5株,O55分离株1株,其余6株均带STb基因。12个分离株中,单独表达F18菌毛的4株(O1392株,O45、O119各1株),F5 F411株(O93),F41 F181株(O139),F5 F41 F182株(均为O139)。经药敏试验,多数分离菌株对壮观霉素和新霉素高度敏感。     

大肠杆菌菌毛基因多重PCR检测方法的建立与初步应用

为建立一种可以同时扩增大肠杆菌(E.coli)F4、F5、F6、F41和F18菌毛基因保守序列的多重PCR检测方法,本研究设计合成5对分别针对F4、F5、F6、F41和F18菌毛基因的特异性引物,以具有相应菌毛基因的E.coli参考菌株DNA为模板,通过对多重PCR反应条件的优化,建立了检测F4、F5、F6、F41和F18菌毛基因的多重PCR方法。所建立的多重PCR方法能够特异性扩增F4、F5、F6、F41、F18菌毛基因的目的片段,大小分别为770 bp、533 bp、422 bp、643 bp和1140 bp,该方法对沙门氏菌、猪丹毒杆菌、巴氏杆菌以及无菌毛基因的E.coli等参考菌株均无特异性扩增片段,检出F4、F5、F6、F41和F18菌毛基因的最低活菌浓度分别为5.3×10^5cfu/mL、3.7×10^6cfu/mL、3.1×10^5cfu/mL、3.7×10^7cfu/mL、6.9×10^5cfu/mL。用不同批次的引物和试剂进行3次多重PCR检测均能扩增出目的条带,表明建立的多重PCR方法有很好的批内和批间重复性。对90株大肠杆菌临床分离菌株菌毛基因进行检测,F4阳性率为3.33%,F5阳性率为2.22%,未检测到F6、F41和F18阳性菌株,其检测结果与常规单一PCR的检测结果一致。研究表明:建立的E.coli菌毛基因多重PCR分型方法具有很好的特异性、敏感性和重复性,可用于E.coli分离菌株菌毛基因型的快速鉴定,同时提高了检测效率。     

17株益生菌对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌抑制作用研究

为了快速检测益生菌对革兰氏阳性菌(金黄色葡萄球菌)和革兰氏阴性菌(大肠杆菌)的体外抑制作用,试验采用间隔24 h先后或同时定植的体外抑菌法,分别观察从不同样品中分离所得乳杆菌、芽孢杆菌等17株常见益生菌与常见致病菌(大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌)竞争排斥作用,根据建立的益生菌对致病菌抑制效果的量化标准进行计分,分值越高表明抑制活性越强。结果表明：当益生菌早期定植时,除了蔬菜芽孢杆菌GXNN20201206-5对2株致病菌生长没有抑制作用外,其余16株益生菌对2株致病菌的生长都有一定的抑制作用;当致病菌早期定植时,致病菌仅对4株益生菌有抑制作用;当益生菌与致病菌同时定植时,嗜酸乳杆菌GX20200417-2、粪肠球菌GX20200417-3、植物乳杆菌GX20200417-4、副干酪乳杆菌GX20200417-5均对大肠杆菌的抑制作用最好,植物乳杆菌GX20200417-4对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用最好。说明益生菌对致病菌的抑制作用不仅具有菌株特异性,还与定植时间顺序有关。     

大肠杆菌Nissle 1917隐秘质粒消除方法的建立

质粒消除旨在获得无质粒菌株,是对益生菌进行遗传改造所需的一项重要技术。本试验建立在质粒不相容性的基础上,引入自杀性载体pRE112作为辅助工具,使用分子生物学方法构建重组自杀质粒pMUT1-pRE112和pMUT2-pRE112,将其分别导入携带2个大隐秘质粒pMUT1和pMUT2的益生菌大肠杆菌Nissle 1917(Escherichia coli Nissle 1917,EcN),利用重组自杀质粒去除EcN内原有隐秘质粒并在含有10%蔗糖的LB培养基上实施自杀质粒自身消除。结果试验成功获得EcN无质粒克隆菌株(Escherichia coli Nissle 1917cured of its two cryptic plasmids pMUT1and pMUT2,EcNc),为优质益生菌EcN更好的潜在应用研究奠定基础。     

鸡致病性大肠杆菌菌毛分型的初步研究

以鸡致病性大肠杆菌F1菌毛特异性单抗1F4－1、2C3、3H3和F11菌毛特异性单抗FA1、FB11作为检测试剂，将111株已知O抗原的鸡致病性大肠杆菌经MD液体培养基连续传代培养后，通过直接玻板凝集法对各菌毛进行初步分型。结果发现F1、F11菌毛与O78、O1及O2三种优势O抗原型菌株之间存在较为明显的相关性，即致病性大肠杆菌主要集中在上。F1、F11菌毛在这三种O抗原型上的总检出率分别为95．6％、75．4％及73．3％。另外，在所检测的111株鸡致病性大肠杆菌中，只表达F1菌毛的大肠杆菌占菌杆总数的33．3％。只表达F11菌毛的大肠杆菌占菌株总数的8．1％，两者都表达的占菌株总数的36％，F1、F11菌毛的总检出率为78．3％。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.